📚 GCSE Eduqas Law: Key Terminology Quick Revision Guide | GCSE Eduqas 法律：关键术语速记指南
Understanding and memorising legal terminology is essential for success in GCSE Eduqas Law. This guide breaks down key terms into clear definitions, helping you to quickly revise and apply them in exam questions. Whether you are studying criminal law, civil law, or the English legal system, mastering these terms will boost your confidence and performance.
理解和记忆法律术语对 GCSE Eduqas 法律考试至关重要。本指南将关键术语分解为清晰的定义，帮助你快速复习并应用于考题。无论你正在学习刑法、民法还是英国法律体系，掌握这些术语都将提升你的信心和成绩。
1. Foundation of Legal Systems | 法律体系基础
Criminal Law is the body of law that deals with conduct considered harmful to society. It is enforced by the state, and a person found guilty may be punished by imprisonment, fine, or community order. The prosecution represents the state.
刑法 是处理被认为对社会有害行为的法律体系。它由国家强制执行，被认定有罪的人可能面临监禁、罚款或社区服务令。控方代表国家。
Civil Law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations. The aim is to resolve the dispute and provide a remedy, usually compensation (damages), rather than to punish. The person bringing the case is the claimant.
民法 处理个人或组织之间的纠纷。其目的是解决纠纷并给予救济，通常是赔偿金，而非惩罚。提起诉讼的一方被称为原告。
Public Law governs the relationship between individuals and the state. It includes constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Judicial review is a key public law remedy, allowing courts to review decisions of public bodies.
公法 规范个人与国家之间的关系。它包括宪法、行政法和刑法。司法复核是公法中的一项重要救济，允许法院审查公共机构的决定。
Private Law deals with rights and duties between private individuals. It covers areas such as contract law, tort law, and family law. The state is not directly involved as a party.
私法 处理私人之间的权利和义务。涵盖合同法、侵权法和家庭法等领域。国家不作为当事方直接参与。
Standard of Proof in criminal cases is 'beyond reasonable doubt' – the highest standard. In civil cases it is 'the balance of probabilities', meaning more likely than not. These standards reflect the seriousness of the outcome.
证明标准 在刑事案件中是“排除合理怀疑”——最高标准；在民事案件中则是“或然性权衡”，即可能性大于不可能性。这些标准反映了后果的严重程度。
2. Core Concepts in Criminal Law | 刑法核心概念
Actus Reus refers to the 'guilty act' – the physical element of a crime. It can be an act, a failure to act (omission), or a state of affairs. For theft, the actus reus is the appropriation of property belonging to another.
犯罪行为 (Actus Reus) 指“犯罪行为”——犯罪的身体要素。可以是作为、不作为或某种状态。就盗窃而言，犯罪行为是侵占他人财产。
Mens Rea means 'guilty mind' – the mental element. It includes intention, recklessness, and in some cases negligence. For murder the mens rea is intention to kill or cause grievous bodily harm.
犯罪意图 (Mens Rea) 意为“犯罪意图”——犯罪的心理要素。包括故意、轻率，有时为疏忽。谋杀罪的犯意为故意杀人或造成严重身体伤害。
Strict Liability offences require no proof of mens rea for at least one part of the actus reus. The prosecution only needs to prove the defendant did the act. Common examples include selling alcohol to minors and food safety offences.
严格责任 罪行对于至少部分犯罪行为无需证明犯意。检方仅需证明被告实施了该行为。常见例子包括向未成年人售酒和食品安全犯罪。
Causation in criminal law requires the prosecution to prove that the defendant's act was both the factual cause and the legal cause of the prohibited consequence. The injury must be attributable to the defendant's conduct and there must be no intervening act that breaks the chain of causation.
因果关系 要求检方证明被告的行为既是禁止结果的事实原因，也是其法律原因。损害必须归因于被告行为，且不存在中断因果链条的介入因素。
Self-defence is a general defence allowing reasonable force to protect oneself, others, or property. The force used must be proportionate to the threat as the defendant honestly believed it to be.
正当防卫 是一项一般抗辩，允许为保护自己、他人或财产而使用合理武力。所用力必须与被告真诚相信的威胁相称。
3. Core Concepts in Civil Law | 民法核心概念
Tort is a civil wrong that causes harm to another person or their property. The main aims are to compensate the injured party and to deter future wrongdoing. Negligence, nuisance, and defamation are prominent torts.
侵权 是给他人或其财产造成损害的民事不法行为。其主要目标是赔偿受损方并阻吓未来的不当行为。过失、妨害和诽谤是重要的侵权行为。
Negligence arises when a person fails to take reasonable care, and that failure causes damage. To succeed, a claimant must establish a duty of care, a breach of that duty, and damage caused by the breach. The 'neighbour principle' from Donoghue v Stevenson is central.
过失 在一个人未能尽到合理注意义务并因此造成损害时成立。要胜诉，原告必须确立注意义务、违反该义务以及由此引起的损害。Donoghue v Stevenson 案中的“邻人原则”至关重要。
Damages are the primary remedy in civil law. They are a monetary award intended to put the claimant back in the position they would have been in had the wrong not occurred. They can be special damages (quantifiable losses) or general damages (pain and suffering).
损害赔偿金 是民法中的主要救济，是旨在使原告恢复到若无侵权行为本应处于的地位的金钱补偿。可分为特别损害赔偿（可量化损失）和一般损害赔偿（疼痛和痛苦）。
Injunction is an equitable remedy that orders a party to do or refrain from doing something. It is awarded when damages would be inadequate, such as to stop a continuing nuisance.
禁令 是一种衡平法救济，命令一方为或不为某事。当损害赔偿不充分时
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