📚 GCSE WJEC Physical Education: Key Terms Quick-Memorise Guide | GCSE WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology in WJEC GCSE Physical Education is a non-negotiable part of exam success. Whether you are explaining the mechanics of a lever system, evaluating training methods, or analysing psychological factors in sport, precise use of key terms demonstrates depth of understanding. This guide breaks down the essential vocabulary into digestible clusters, pairing each term with a clear explanation and a practical sporting example. Use the paired English-Chinese sections to reinforce memory through dual-language encoding, a proven technique for long-term retention.
掌握 WJEC GCSE 体育学科中的术语是考试成功的必要条件。无论你是在解释杠杆系统的力学原理、评估训练方法，还是分析运动中的心理因素，准确使用关键术语能够体现理解的深度。本指南将核心词汇拆解成易于记忆的模块，每个术语都配有清晰的解释和实际运动案例。通过中英双语对照的方式，利用双重语言编码强化记忆，这是一种经过验证的长期记忆方法。
1. Skeletal System & Movement | 骨骼系统与运动
The skeleton provides attachment points for muscles, enabling movement through a system of levers. Joints are classified by the type of movement they allow, and knowing the names of articulating bones is essential for movement analysis questions. For example, the elbow is a hinge joint where the humerus, radius and ulna meet, allowing flexion and extension like a door hinge.
骨骼为肌肉提供附着点，通过杠杆系统实现运动。关节根据其允许的运动类型进行分类，掌握关节组成骨的名称对于运动分析题至关重要。例如，肘关节是一个铰链关节，由肱骨、桡骨和尺骨组成，像门铰链一样允许屈曲和伸展。
- Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint (e.g., bending the elbow in a bicep curl).
- Extension – increasing the angle at a joint (e.g., straightening the knee when kicking a ball).
- Abduction – movement away from the midline (e.g., lifting the arm sideways in a star jump).
- Adduction – movement towards the midline (e.g., bringing the arm back to the body after a forehand in tennis).
- Rotation – turning around an axis (e.g., shaking the head, or the hip rotating during a golf swing).
- Cartilage – tough, smooth tissue covering bone ends to reduce friction and absorb shock.
- Ligaments – bands of connective tissue joining bone to bone, providing stability.
- Tendons – cords attaching muscle to bone, transmitting the force needed for movement.
- 屈曲 – 减小关节角度（例如，二头肌弯举时弯曲肘部）。
- 伸展 – 增大关节角度（例如，踢球时伸直膝盖）。
- 外展 – 远离身体中线的运动（例如，开合跳中手臂向侧面抬起）。
- 内收 – 靠近身体中线的运动（例如，网球正手击球后将手臂收回体侧）。
- 旋转 – 绕轴转动（例如，摇头，或高尔夫挥杆时髋部旋转）。
- 软骨 – 覆盖骨头末端的坚韧光滑组织，减少摩擦并吸收冲击。
- 韧带 – 连接骨与骨的结缔组织束，提供稳定性。
- 肌腱 – 连接肌肉与骨骼的索状组织，传递运动所需的力量。
| Joint | Type | Movement allowed | Sporting example |
| Shoulder | Ball and socket | Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation | Swimming front crawl recovery |
| Elbow | Hinge | Flexion, extension | Javelin throwing arm action |
| Knee | Hinge | Flexion, extension | Football penalty kick |
| Wrist | Condyloid | Flexion, extension, adduction, abduction | Table tennis wrist flick |
2. Muscular System & Contractions | 肌肉系统与收缩类型
Muscles work in antagonistic pairs to produce coordinated movement. The agonist (prime mover) contracts while the antagonist relaxes. Muscle contractions are categorised into isotonic (concentric and eccentric) and isometric types. An understanding of these terms is vital for analysing sporting movements and explaining how force is generated.
肌肉以拮抗对的形式工作，产生协调的运动。主动肌（原动肌）收缩，而拮抗肌舒张。肌肉收缩分为等张收缩（向心和离心）和等长收缩。理解这些术语对于分析运动动作和解释力量如何产生至关重要。
- Agonist – the muscle that contracts to create movement (e.g., biceps during a pull-up).
- Antagonist – the muscle that relaxes to allow movement (e.g., triceps during a pull-up).
- Concentric contraction – muscle shortens under tension (e.g., lifting phase of a bicep curl).
- Eccentric contraction – muscle lengthens under tension, controlling the return (e.g., lowering phase of a bicep curl, or landing from a jump).
- Isometric contraction – muscle length stays the same while tension develops, no movement (e.g., holding a plank, or gripping a hockey stick without moving the wrist).
- Deltoid – shoulder muscle responsible for abduction (lifting the arm at a 90° angle).
- Quadriceps – group of four muscles on the front of thigh, extend the knee (kicking a ball).
- Hamstrings – group of muscles on the back of thigh, flex the knee (sprinting leg recovery).
- 主动肌 – 收缩产生运动的肌肉（例如，引体向上时的肱二头肌）。
- 拮抗肌 – 舒张以允许运动的肌肉（例如，引体向上时的肱三头肌）。
- 向心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下缩短（例如，二头肌弯举的举起阶段）。
- 离心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下伸长，控制回程（例如，二头肌弯举的放下阶段，或落地缓冲）。
- 等长收缩 – 肌肉长度保持不变而产生张力，无关节运动（例如，平板支撑，或握住曲棍球杆而不移动手腕）。
- 三角肌 – 肩部肌肉，负责外展（手臂侧举至90°）。
- 股四头肌 – 大腿前侧的四块肌肉，伸展膝关节（踢球）。
- 腘绳肌 – 大腿后侧的肌群，屈曲膝关节（短跑腿部回收）。
3. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Systems | 心血管与呼吸系统
The heart, blood vessels and lungs work together to deliver oxygen and nutrients during exercise. Key terms here include heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, and the mechanics of breathing. Immediate and long-term responses to exercise form the core of applied physiology questions in WJEC exams.
心脏、血管和肺部协同工作，在运动中输送氧气和营养物质。此处关键术语包括心率、每搏输出量、心输出量以及呼吸机制。运动时的即时反应和长期适应是 WJEC 考试中应用生理学问题的核心。
- Heart rate (HR) – number of heart beats per minute (measured in bpm).
- Stroke volume (SV) – amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
- Cardiac output (Q) – volume of blood pumped out by the heart per minute; Q = HR × SV.
- Tidal volume – amount of air inhaled or exhaled per normal breath; increases during exercise.
- Minute ventilation – volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute; tidal volume × breathing rate.
- Vasodilation – widening of blood vessels near the skin to increase blood flow and heat loss.
- Vasoconstriction – narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow and conserve heat.
- Lactic acid – a by-product of anaerobic respiration, associated with muscle fatigue.
- 心率 (HR) – 每分钟心跳次数（以 bpm 为单位）。
- 每搏输出量 (SV) – 左心室每次搏动泵出的血量。
- 心输出量 (Q) – 心脏每分钟泵出的血量；Q = 心率 × 每搏输出量。
- 潮气量 – 每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的空气量；运动时增加。
- 每分钟通气量 – 每分钟进出肺部的空气量；潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
- 血管扩张 – 靠近皮肤的血管变宽，增加血流量和散热。
- 血管收缩 – 血管变窄，减少血流量以保存热量。
- 乳酸 – 无氧呼吸的副产品，与肌肉疲劳相关。
4. Movement Analysis & Levers | 运动分析与杠杆
Every joint in the body acts as a lever system, magnifying either speed or force depending on its class. WJEC requires you to identify first, second and third class levers and apply them to sporting examples. The terms effort, load and fulcrum must be memorised in order to draw and label lever diagrams correctly.
身体的每个关节都作为一个杠杆系统运作，根据其类别放大速度或力量。WJEC 要求你识别一类、二类和三类杠杆，并将其应用到运动实例中。必须记住力点、重点和支点，才能正确绘制和标记杠杆图。
- Fulcrum – the pivot point of the lever (a joint).
- Effort – the force applied by the muscle.
- Load – the resistance to be moved (weight of body part plus any external load).
- First class lever – fulcrum between effort and load; e.g., head nodding (atlanto-occipital joint).
- Second class lever – load between fulcrum and effort; e.g., standing on tiptoes (ball of foot as fulcrum, body weight as load, calf as effort). It favours force.
- Third class lever – effort between fulcrum and load; e.g., bicep curl (elbow fulcrum, bicep effort, hand weight load). Most body levers are third class, favouring speed and range of motion.
- Mechanical advantage – when the effort arm is longer than the load arm, allowing a small effort to move a large load. Second class levers always have mechanical advantage.
- 支点 – 杠杆的旋转点（关节）。
- 力点 – 肌肉施加的力量。
- 重点 – 需要移动的阻力（肢体重量加上任何外部负荷）。
- 一类杠杆 – 支点在力点和重点之间；例如，点头动作（寰枕关节）。
- 二类杠杆 – 重点在支点和力点之间；例如，踮脚尖站立（脚掌球部为支点，体重为重点，小腿三头肌为力点）。它省力。
- 三类杠杆 – 力点在支点和重点之间；例如，二头肌弯举（肘为支点，二头肌为力点，手中重量为重点）。人体大部分杠杆为三类，有利于速度和活动范围。
- 机械效益 – 当力臂长于重臂时，较小的力就能移动较大的负荷。二类杠杆总是具有机械效益。
5. Components of Fitness & Testing | 体适能要素与测试
Health-related and skill-related fitness components are the building blocks of any training programme. You must be able to define each component, choose an appropriate fitness test, and interpret normative data. Linking components to specific sports is a common exam requirement.
健康相关和技能相关的体适能要素是任何训练计划的基础。你必须能够定义每个要素，选择适当的体适能测试，并解读常模数据。将体适能要素与具体运动联系起来是常见的考试要求。
- Aerobic endurance (cardiovascular fitness) – ability to exercise continuously using oxygen. Test: 12-minute Cooper run or multi-stage fitness test (bleep test).
- Muscular endurance – ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly without fatigue. Test: 1-minute press-up or sit-up test.
- Flexibility – range of movement around a joint. Test: sit and reach test.
- Speed – time taken to cover a distance or perform a movement. Test: 30-metre sprint.
- Power – product of strength and speed (explosive strength). Test: vertical jump or standing broad jump.
- Agility – ability to change direction quickly. Test: Illinois agility test.
- Balance – ability to maintain centre of mass over a base of support. Test: flamingo stand test (static balance).
- Coordination – ability to use two or more body parts together smoothly. Test: wall toss test.
- Reaction time – time between a stimulus and the start of the response. Test: ruler drop test.
- 有氧耐力（心血管适能）– 利用氧气持续运动的能力。测试：12分钟库珀跑或多阶段体能测试（蜂鸣测试）。
- 肌肉耐力 – 肌肉重复收缩而不知疲劳的能力。测试：1分钟俯卧撑或仰卧起坐测试。
- 柔韧性 – 关节的活动范围。测试：坐位体前屈测试。
- 速度 – 覆盖一定距离或执行一个动作所需的时间。测试：30米冲刺。
- 爆发力 – 力量与速度的乘积（爆发性力量）。测试：纵跳或立定跳远。
- 灵敏性 – 快速改变方向的能力。测试：伊利诺伊灵敏性测试。
- 平衡 – 在支撑面上保持重心的能力。测试：火烈鸟站立测试（静态平衡）。
- 协调性 – 顺畅地同时使用两个或以上身体部位的能力。测试：墙壁抛接球测试。
- 反应时 – 从刺激出现到反应开始之间的时间。测试：直尺下落测试。
6. Principles of Training & Methods | 训练原则与方法
Designing an effective training programme relies on applying the principles of training (FITT and SPORT) and selecting appropriate methods. WJEC expects you to explain how each principle prevents plateauing or injury, and to evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of methods like continuous, interval, circuit, weight, plyometric, and fartlek training.
设计有效的训练计划依赖于应用训练原则（FITT 和 SPORT）并选择合适的方法。WJEC 希望你解释每个原则如何防止平台期或受伤，并评估持续训练、间歇训练、循环训练、力量训练、增强式训练和法特莱克训练等方法优缺点。
- FITT – Frequency, Intensity, Time, Type. Adjusting these variables ensures progressive overload.
- SPORT – Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility, Tedium (boredom).
- Specificity – training must match the demands of the sport or activity.
- Progressive overload – gradually increasing the training stimulus to force adaptation. Achieved by increasing frequency, intensity or time.
- Reversibility – fitness gains are lost when training stops ("use it or lose it").
- Continuous training – steady-state exercise for 20+ minutes without rest, develops aerobic endurance.
- Interval training – alternating periods of high-intensity work with rest or recovery. Develops speed and anaerobic fitness.
- Circuit training – series of exercises (stations) completed one after another, targeting multiple fitness components.
- Plyometric training – explosive movements involving rapid eccentric-concentric transitions (e.g., box jumps), develops power.
- FITT – 频率、强度、时间、类型。调整这些变量可确保渐进超负荷。
- SPORT – 专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性、单调性（厌倦）。
- 专项性 – 训练必须与运动或活动的需求相匹配。
- 渐进超负荷 – 逐渐增加训练刺激以迫使身体适应。通过增加频率、强度或时间来实现。
- 可逆性 – 训练停止后体能增益会丧失（“不进则退”）。
- 持续训练 – 进行20分钟以上不间断的稳定状态运动，发展有氧耐力。
- 间歇训练 – 高强度运动与休息或恢复交替进行。发展速度和无氧能力。
- 循环训练 – 依次完成一系列练习（站点），针对多种体适能要素。
- 增强式训练 – 涉及快速离心-向心转换的爆发性运动（例如，跳箱），发展爆发力。
7. Sports Psychology: Skills & Feedback | 运动心理学：技能与反馈
Psychological factors heavily influence performance. The terms relating to skill classification, goal setting, mental preparation and types of feedback appear frequently in both short-answer and extended-response questions. Understanding the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic feedback, and between open and closed skills, is fundamental.
心理因素对运动表现影响巨大。与技能分类、目标设定、心理准备和反馈类型相关的术语频繁出现在简答题和论述题中。理解内在反馈与外在反馈、开放技能与闭锁技能之间的区别是基础。
- Open skill – performed in an unpredictable, changing environment; the performer must adapt (e.g., dribbling past defenders in football).
- Closed skill – performed in a stable, predictable environment; the performer can plan movements in advance (e.g., a tennis serve, a free throw in basketball).
- Gross skill – involves large muscle groups and big movements (e.g., running, tackling).
- Fine skill – involves small, precise movements (e.g., a darts throw, putting in golf).
- Intrinsic feedback – information received internally from proprioceptors; the feel of a movement.
- Extrinsic feedback – information received from an external source, e.g., a coach, video replay, or the result.
- Knowledge of performance (KP) – feedback about the quality of the movement execution (technique).
- Knowledge of results (KR) – feedback about the outcome (e.g., the score, time, distance).
- SMART targets – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Recorded, Timed. Used to set effective goals.
- 开放技能 – 在不可预测、变化的环境中执行；运动员必须适应（例如，足球中带球过人）。
- 闭锁技能 – 在稳定、可预测的环境中执行；运动员可以预先计划动作（例如，网球发球，篮球罚球）。
- 大肌肉群技能 – 涉及大肌肉群和大幅度动作（例如，跑步、抢断）。
- 精细技能 – 涉及小范围、精确的动作（例如，飞镖投掷，高尔夫推杆）。
- 内在反馈 – 通过本体感受器从内部接收的信息；动作的感觉。
- 外在反馈 – 从外部来源接收的信息，如教练、录像回放或比赛结果。
- 表现认知反馈 (KP) – 关于动作执行质量（技术）的反馈。
- 结果认知反馈 (KR) – 关于结果的反馈（例如，比分、时间、距离）。
- SMART 目标 – 具体的、可衡量的、可实现的、有记录的、有时限的。用于设定有效目标。
8. Nutrition & Hydration | 营养与水合作用
A balanced diet and optimal hydration are fundamental to health and performance. WJEC questions often ask about the roles of macronutrients, the importance of carbohydrate loading, and the effects of dehydration. Specific terminology like glycaemic index, creatine and ergogenic aid may be examined.
均衡饮食和最佳水合作用是健康与表现的基础。WJEC 试题经常询问宏量营养素的作用、碳水化合物负荷的重要性以及脱水的影响。血糖生成指数、肌酸和运动表现增强剂等特定术语可能会考到。
- Carbohydrates – main energy source; stored as glycogen in muscles and liver. Complex carbs (pasta, rice) provide sustained energy.
- Proteins – essential for muscle repair and growth. Amino acids are the building blocks.
- Fats – provide energy for low-intensity, long-duration exercise. Also insulate and protect organs.
- Carbohydrate loading – strategy used by endurance athletes to maximise glycogen stores before an event (typically involves tapering training while increasing carb intake).
- Glycaemic index (GI) – ranking of carbohydrate foods based on how quickly they raise blood glucose. High GI for quick energy; low GI for sustained release.
- Dehydration – excessive loss of body water; impairs thermoregulation, increases heart rate, and reduces performance. Defined as >2% loss of body mass in fluid.
- Ergogenic aid – any substance or technique that enhances performance (e.g., creatine to increase phosphocreatine stores for explosive activities).
- 碳水化合物 – 主要能量来源；以糖原形式储存在肌肉和肝脏中。复合碳水化合物（意面、米饭）提供持续能量。
- 蛋白质 – 对肌肉修复和生长至关重要。氨基酸是其基本单位。
- 脂肪 – 为低强度、长时间运动提供能量。同时起到保温和保护器官的作用。
- 碳水化合物负荷 – 耐力运动员在赛前最大化糖原储备的策略（通常包括减少训练量同时增加碳水化合物摄入）。
- 血糖生成指数 (GI) – 根据碳水化合物食物升高血糖的速度进行排序。高 GI 提供快速能量；低 GI 持续释放。
- 脱水 – 身体水分过量流失；损害体温调节，增加心率，降低运动表现。定义为体液流失超过体重的2%。
- 运动表现增强剂 – 任何提升表现的物质或技术（例如，补充肌酸以增加磷酸肌酸储备，用于爆发性活动）。
9. Injury Prevention & Treatment | 伤害预防与处理
Injuries can interrupt training and competition. The WJEC specification includes risk assessment, methods of minimising injury (such as warm-ups and protective equipment), and immediate treatment protocols like RICE. You should also be able to identify overuse injuries like shin splints and stress fractures.
损伤会中断训练和比赛。WJEC 考纲包括风险评估、减少损伤的方法（如热身和保护性装备），以及立即处理方案如 RICE。你还应能够识别过度使用损伤，如胫骨骨膜炎和应力性骨折。
- Warm-up – gradually increases heart rate, blood flow, and muscle temperature; includes a pulse-raiser, stretches, and sport-specific drills. Reduces injury risk.
- Cool-down – low-intensity exercise after activity; helps remove waste products and reduces muscle soreness.
- RICE protocol – Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation. Immediate treatment for soft tissue injuries (sprains, strains).
- Sprain – stretching or tearing of ligaments (connects bone to bone).
- Strain – stretching or tearing of muscle fibres or tendons (connects muscle to bone).
- Concussion – a traumatic brain injury from a blow to the head; must be recognised and managed using the "if in doubt, sit them out" principle.
- Shin splints – pain along the shin bone, often caused by overuse, running on hard surfaces, or inadequate footwear.
- 热身 – 逐渐增加心率、血流量和肌肉温度；包括脉搏提升活动、拉伸和专项练习。降低受伤风险。
- 整理活动 – 运动后的低强度活动；帮助清除代谢废物，减少肌肉酸痛。
- RICE 原则 – 休息、冰敷、加压包扎、抬高患肢。用于软组织损伤（扭伤、拉伤）的即时处理。
- 扭伤 – 韧带（连接骨与骨）的拉伸或撕裂。
- 拉伤 – 肌纤维或肌腱（连接肌肉与骨）的拉伸或撕裂。
- 脑震荡 – 因头部受到撞击导致的创伤性脑损伤；必须遵循“有疑问就退出”的原则进行识别和管理。
- 胫骨骨膜炎 – 沿胫骨的疼痛，常由过度使用、在硬地上跑步或鞋子不合适引起。
10. Data & Analysis Skills | 数据与分析技能
Interpreting graphs, tables, and normative data is a vital skill. Terms like mean, median, mode, and range are used to describe data sets. You may be asked to evaluate the validity or reliability of fitness tests and suggest improvements. Understanding these terms ensures accurate analysis in the coursework and exam.
解读图表和常模数据是一项重要技能。诸如平均数、中位数、众数和极差等术语用于描述数据集。你可能需要评估体适能测试的有效性或可靠性并提出改进建议。理解这些术语能确保课程作业和考试中的分析准确。
- Mean – average value, calculated by summing all data points and dividing by the number of data points.
- Median – the middle value when data is ordered from lowest to highest.
- Mode – the most frequently occurring value in a data set.
- Range – difference between the highest and lowest values; indicates data spread.
- Validity – whether the test actually measures what it claims to measure (e.g., the Cooper run is a valid test for aerobic endurance, but not for agility).
- Reliability – the consistency of results; a test is reliable if it produces similar results under the same conditions when repeated.
- Normative data – tables of standardised scores allowing comparison of an individual's result to a population average.
- 平均数 – 平均值，所有数据点之和除以数据点个数。
- 中位数 – 数据按从低到高排序后，中间的那个值。
- 众数 – 数据集中出现频率最高的值。
- 极差 – 最大值与最小值之差；表明数据的离散程度。
- 有效性 – 测试是否真正测量了它声称要测量的内容（例如，库珀跑是测试有氧耐力的有效方法，但对灵敏性无效）。
- 可靠性 – 结果的一致性；如果一项测试在相同条件下重复进行能得出相似结果，则它是可靠的。
- 常模数据 – 标准化分数表，用于将个人结果与群体平均值进行比较。
11. Socio-Cultural Influences & Ethical Issues | 社会文化影响与伦理问题
Sport does not exist in a vacuum. Participation is influenced by factors such as gender, ethnicity, disability, and socio-economic group. The WJEC syllabus also covers commercialisation, media, and the use of technology in sport. Key terms include stereotypes, role models, sponsorship, and deviance like match-fixing or doping.
体育并非存在于真空中。参与受到性别、种族、残疾和社会经济群体等因素的影响。WJEC 大纲还涵盖商业化、媒体和体育中的技术使用。关键术语包括刻板印象、榜样、赞助以及偏离行为如操纵比赛或使用兴奋剂。
- Commercialisation – the process by which sport becomes a product to be bought and sold, involving sponsorship, media rights, and merchandising.
- Stereotyping – a fixed, oversimplified belief about a particular group (e.g., "women are less interested in rugby"). Can act as a barrier to participation.
- Role model – a person looked up to by others, whose behaviour influences participation patterns.
- Gamesmanship – bending the rules without actually breaking them, to gain an advantage (e.g., taking a long time over a throw-in to waste time).
- Sportsmanship – fair, ethical behaviour and respect for the opponent and rules (e.g., kicking the ball out of play when an opponent is injured).
- Deviance – behaviour that breaks the rules or goes against the ethics of sport (e.g., doping, deliberate foul play, bribery).
- Inclusion – ensuring all groups have equal access and opportunity in sport, regardless of background.
- 商业化 – 体育成为可以买卖的商品的过程，涉及赞助、媒体版权和商品销售。
- 刻板印象 – 对特定群体的固定、过度简化的看法（例如，“女性对橄榄球不太感兴趣”）。可能成为参与的障碍。
- 榜样 – 被他人敬仰的人，其行为影响参与模式。
- 取巧行为 – 在不真正违规的情况下，利用规则的边缘获取优势（例如，故意拖延掷界外球的时间以浪费时间）。
- 体育精神 – 公平、道德的行为，尊重对手和规则（例如，对手受伤时将球踢出界外）。
- 偏离行为 – 违反规则或违背体育道德的行为（例如，使用兴奋剂、故意犯规、贿赂）。
- 包容性 – 确保所有群体无论背景如何，都有平等的体育参与机会和途径。
Published by TutorHao | GCSE WJEC Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
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