📚 GCSE WJEC Music: Vocabulary & Terms Quick Memory Guide | GCSE WJEC 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical vocabulary is the key to unlocking higher marks in the WJEC GCSE Music exam. Whether you are describing a set work, analysing an unfamiliar piece, or evaluating a composition, precise terminology shows the examiner you really understand how music works. This guide organises the essential terms into clear, bite-sized sections so you can learn, revise and recall them quickly.
掌握音乐词汇是在 WJEC GCSE 音乐考试中取得高分的关键。无论你在描述规定作品、分析陌生乐曲还是评价一首作品，准确的术语都能向考官表明你真正理解音乐的运作方式。本指南将必备术语整理成清晰、简短的小节，方便你快速学习、复习和回忆。
1. Tempo Markings | 速度标记
Grave means very slow and solemn, while Largo is slow and broad, and Lento means slow. Adagio is slow and stately, Andante suggests a walking pace, and Moderato indicates a moderate speed. Moving quicker, Allegretto is moderately fast but lighter than Allegro, Allegro means fast and lively, Vivace is lively and brisk, Presto very fast, and Prestissimo as fast as possible.
庄板指非常缓慢且庄严，广板缓慢而宽广，慢板意为缓慢。柔板缓慢而庄重，行板好比步行速度，中板表示中速。加快后，小快板稍快但比快板轻巧，快板快速活泼，活板充满活力且轻快，急板非常快，而最急板达到尽可能快的速度。
Changes in speed are just as important: Accelerando (accel.) means gradually getting faster, Ritardando (rit.) and Rallentando (rall.) both indicate gradually slowing down. Ritenuto is an immediate, held-back slowing. A tempo tells the performer to return to the original speed, while Rubato allows expressive freedom by flexibly pushing and pulling the tempo.
速度变化同样重要：渐快含义是逐渐加快，渐慢和渐宽广地放慢均表示逐渐减速。突慢指立刻收住速度并放慢。回原速要求演奏者回到最初的速度，而弹性速度则允许通过灵活地拉伸或缩短拍子来赋予表情。
2. Dynamics and Dynamic Changes | 力度与力度变化
Italian dynamic markings range from very soft to very loud: pianissimo (pp) – very quiet, piano (p) – quiet, mezzo piano (mp) – moderately quiet, mezzo forte (mf) – moderately loud, forte (f) – loud, fortissimo (ff) – very loud. You may also encounter fortississimo (fff) for an extreme extra loud effect.
意大利语力度记号从极弱到极强：最弱——非常安静，弱——安静，中弱——中等安静，中强——中等响亮，强——响亮，最强——非常响亮。你或许还会遇到极强以表示超常的响亮效果。
Dynamic changes are described by Crescendo (cresc.), gradually getting louder, and Diminuendo (dim.) or Decrescendo (decresc.), gradually getting softer. Sforzando (sfz) means a sudden, strong accent on a single note or chord, and Forte-piano (fp) means loud then immediately soft. Hairpin signs (< and >) visualise these swells and fades.
力度变化由渐强（逐渐变响）和渐弱（逐渐变轻）来描述。突强指在单个音或和弦上突然给予强烈的重音，而强后即弱表示先响随后立即变轻。渐强渐弱的标记（< 和 >）将这些起伏视觉化。
3. Articulation and Phrasing | 演奏法与乐句
Staccato instructs you to play notes short and detached, often marked by a dot above or below the note. Legato means smoothly, with notes connected without breaks – indicated by a slur line. Tenuto (ten.) requires holding the note for its full value, sometimes with a slight emphasis. An Accent (>) means playing a note with more force, while Marcato (ˆ) is an even stronger, more marked accent. Portato (staccato dots under a slur) combines smoothness and slight separation.
断奏要求把音符演奏得短促并彼此分离，常在音符上或下方加圆点表示。连奏意为平滑地演奏，音符之间没有间隙，通过连线标记。保持音要求把音符奏满其时值，有时略带强调。重音表示更有力地奏出一个音，而强重音则是更强、更突出的重音。半连音（连线下的断奏点）则融合了平滑感与轻微的分离感。
Phrasing shapes musical sentences. A Slur connects notes of different pitches to create a legato group, while a Phrase Mark is a longer slur indicating a complete musical idea. Respecting phrase marks brings out the natural breathing and expression of a melody.
乐句划分塑造音乐的语句。连线连接不同音高的音符以构成连奏组，而乐句连线是更长的连线，标志着一条完整的乐思。尊重乐句连线能带出旋律自然的呼吸与表情。
4. Ornaments and Embellishments | 装饰音
A Trill (tr) is the rapid alternation between the written note and the note above. An Upper Mordent (short zigzag) moves up and back, while a Lower Mordent (zigzag with a vertical line) moves down and back. A Turn (sideways S) goes to the note above, the main note, the note below, and the main note. Appoggiatura is a leaning note that takes half the value of the main note and resolves by step, whereas an Acciaccatura (grace note with a slash) is crushed, played almost instantly before the main note.
颤音是在本音与上方音之间快速交替。上波音是快速奏本音、上方音再回到本音，而下波音则是本音、下方音再回到本音。回音依次演奏上方音、本音、下方音、本音。倚音是占用本音一半时值、靠级进解决的长前音，而短倚音（带斜线的碎音）几乎在瞬间出现并立刻滑向本音。
5. Texture Terms | 织体术语
Monophonic texture consists of a single melodic line with no accompaniment — one voice alone or many in unison/octaves. Homophonic texture features a clear melody supported by chordal accompaniment, which is typical in hymns and most pop songs. Polyphonic (or contrapuntal) texture weaves two or more independent melodic lines together, as found in fugues and canons. Heterophonic texture occurs when two voices simultaneously play variations of the same melody, common in some folk and world music. Imitative texture happens when a melody is echoed or copied by another part. Antiphonal texture involves alternating groups of voices or instruments, often with spatial separation.
单声部织体只有一条旋律线，没有伴奏——独唱/独奏或众人齐奏同一旋律。主调织体有一条清晰的旋律加上和弦伴奏，常见于赞美诗和多数流行歌曲。复调织体（对位织体）将两条或多条独立旋律编织在一起，比如赋格与卡农。支声复调是两个声部同时演奏同一旋律的不同变体，在一些民间音乐和世界音乐中较为常见。模仿式织体是指某一旋律被另一声部应答或复制。交替式织体则指不同组的声部或乐器交替出现，常伴有空间分割。
6. Structure and Form | 结构与曲式
Binary Form (AB) has two distinct sections, each usually repeated. Ternary Form (ABA) opens with a section, moves to a contrasting middle section, and returns to the first section. Rondo Form (e.g. ABACA) brings back a recurring main theme between contrasting episodes. Theme and Variations presents a theme followed by a series of altered versions. Strophic form repeats the same music for each verse, while Through-composed has new music for each stanza, avoiding repetition. Sonata Form (Exposition – Development – Recapitulation) is fundamental in Classical instrumental works. Other structural terms include Introduction, Coda (ending section), Bridge (transitional passage), 12-Bar Blues, and Verse-Chorus structure.
二部曲式 (AB) 有两个不同段落，每段通常反复。三部曲式 (ABA) 起始段落、对比中部、再回到第一段。回旋曲式（如 ABACA）在对比的插部之间反复出现主题。主题与变奏先呈示主题，然后接一系列变化形态。分节歌形式每段歌词重复同一音乐，而通体歌每段新词配新音乐，避免反复。奏鸣曲式（呈示部—展开部—再现部）是古典时期器乐作品的核心。其他结构术语包括引子、尾声（结束段落）、连接段（过渡乐句）、12小节布鲁斯以及主歌-副歌结构。
7. Melody and Pitch Terms | 旋律与音高术语
A melody can move conjunct (by step) or disjunct (by leap). A scalic passage moves up or down a scale pattern. Arpeggio and broken chords spread the notes of a chord in succession. The range of a melody is the distance between its highest and lowest notes, and its register describes whether it sits high, middle, or low. An ostinato is a persistently repeated musical figure, while a short memorable idea is called a riff or motif. Sequence repeats a phrase at a different pitch level. Call and response (question and answer) is a structural conversation often heard in African, gospel, and blues music.
旋律可以级进（逐级移动）或跳进（跳跃移动）。音阶式片段沿音阶模式上行或下行。琶音与分解和弦依次奏出和弦内的音。旋律的音域指最高音与最低音之间的距离，音区描述其处于高、中还是低位置。固定音型是持续重复的音乐片段，而短小好记的乐思称为连复段或动机。模进把乐句在不同音高上重复。呼唤与应答是一种结构性的对话，常见于非洲音乐、福音歌曲和布鲁斯中。
8. Rhythm and Metre Terms | 节奏与节拍术语
Simple time signatures like 2/4, 3/4, and 4/4 divide beats into two equal parts, while compound time signatures such as 6/8, 9/8, and 12/8 divide beats into groups of three. Syncopation shifts accent onto normally weak beats or off-beats. Anacrusis is an upbeat, a note or group before the first strong beat. Dotted rhythm creates a long–short pattern; triplets fit three notes into the time of two. Cross-rhythm contrasts two conflicting rhythmic patterns, and polyrhythm layers multiple independent rhythms simultaneously. Hemiola gives an impression of shifting from three-time to two-time. Augmentation lengthens note values, while diminution shortens them – often used in thematic development.
单拍子拍号如 2/4、3/4、4/4 将每一拍均分为两部分，而复拍子拍号如 6/8、9/8、12/8 将每拍分成三部分。切分音将重音移至原本的弱拍或弱位。弱起是一个上拍，在第一个强拍之前的音或音群。附点节奏构成前长后短的模式；三连音则把三个音挤进两个音的时长里。交错节奏让两种冲突的节奏型形成对比，复合节奏则同时叠置多条独立节奏。希米奥拉制造出从三拍子变为二拍子的错觉。增值将音符时值拉长，减值则缩短时值，这两种技术常用于主题发展。
9. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Diatonic harmony uses notes belonging to the key, whereas chromatic harmony introduces notes outside the key for colour and tension. Music is typically in a major or minor key; minor keys often use the harmonic minor (raised 7th) or melodic minor (raised 6th and 7th ascending). Modal music employs old church modes, and pentatonic uses a five-note scale (e.g. black keys on piano). Atonal music avoids a key centre entirely. Modulation is a change of key; common cadences include Perfect (V–I, full close), Imperfect (ending on V), Plagal (IV–I, 'Amen'), and Interrupted (V–vi, surprise). A pedal note sustains while chords change above, and a drone is a continuous held note or chord. Consonance feels stable and pleasant, while dissonance creates tension that usually resolves.
自然音和声使用调内音，而半音和声引入了调外音以增添色彩与紧张度。音乐通常在大调或小调中；小调常涉及和声小调（升高第Ⅶ级）或旋律小调（上行升高第Ⅵ、Ⅶ级）。调式音乐使用古老的中古调式，五声音阶则使用五个音的音阶（如钢琴黑键）。无调性音乐完全回避了调性中心。转调即调性转换；常见终止式包括正格终止（Ⅴ—Ⅰ，完全收束）、半终止（停留在Ⅴ）、变格终止（Ⅳ—Ⅰ，“阿门”）和阻碍终止（Ⅴ—Ⅵ，意外进行）。持续音在和弦变化时延留某音，长音衬托则是长时间保持的音或和弦。协和音听感稳定悦耳，而不协和音制造紧张，通常需要解决。
10. Instrumental Techniques and Performance Directions | 乐器技巧与演奏指示
For strings: Pizzicato (pizz.) means pluck the strings, Arco means use the bow; Tremolo is rapid bowing on one note or rapid alternation between two notes; Vibrato is a slight fluctuation of pitch for warmth; Sul ponticello bow near the bridge for a glassy sound, Sul tasto bow over the fingerboard for a soft tone; Col legno means hit or bow with the wooden stick; Double stopping plays two notes at once; Harmonics produce high, bell-like overtones. Con sordino means with mute, senza sordino without mute. For piano: Una corda softens the tone, sustain pedal lifts dampers.
弦乐技巧：拨奏是拨弦，拉奏是用弓拉；震音是在一个音上快速运弓或两音间快速交替；揉弦通过音高微小颤动增添温暖感；近马演奏在琴码附近运弓产生粗砺光泽的声音，近指板演奏在指板上方运弓获得柔和音色；弓杆击弦用弓的木质部分击弦或拉奏；双音同时奏两音；泛音奏出高亢似钟声的泛音。加弱音器，取下弱音器。钢琴技巧：弱音踏板使音色变柔，延音踏板抬起制音器。
For wind and brass: Flutter-tonguing produces a rolled 'r' effect, multiphonics creates more than one pitch at once, and glissando slides smoothly between notes. Portamento is a vocal slide between pitches. Percussion often uses rolls, rimshots Published by TutorHao | GCSE 音乐 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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