📚 GCSE WJEC Philosophy: Vocabulary and Terminology Memory Guide | GCSE WJEC 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise language of philosophy is your key to top marks in GCSE WJEC Philosophy. This guide breaks down the essential terminology from 'Issues of Philosophy' and 'Ethical Studies Thematic' into memorable English–Chinese pairs, complete with quick tips to help you recall definitions under exam pressure.
掌握哲学精确的语言是你在 GCSE WJEC 哲学考试中取得高分的钥匙。本指南将“哲学议题”和“伦理专题研究”中的核心术语分解为中英配对，并附快速记忆技巧，帮你在考试压力下准确回调定义。
1. Epistemology & Knowledge | 认识论与知识术语
A Priori knowledge that is independent of experience and can be known through reason alone, such as '2+2=4'. Mnemonic: Prior to experience.
先天知识：不依赖于经验、仅通过理性即可获得的知识，如“2+2=4”。助记：先于经验。
A Posteriori: knowledge that depends on experience or empirical evidence, such as 'the kettle is boiling'. Mnemonic: Post-experience.
后天知识：依赖于经验或实证根据的知识，如“水壶在沸腾”。助记：后于经验。
Analytic Statement: a statement that is true by definition, where the predicate is contained within the subject, e.g. 'A triangle has three sides'. Mnemonic: Analysing the word gives truth.
分析陈述：按定义为真的陈述，谓词涵括于主词之中，如“三角形有三条边”。助记：分析词语即得真。
Synthetic Statement: a statement where the predicate adds new information not contained in the subject; its truth depends on how the world is, e.g. 'The cat is on the mat'. Mnemonic: Synthesising idea + world.
综合陈述：谓词增添了主词未含的新信息，其真值依赖于世界状况，如“猫在垫子上”。助记：综合观念与世界。
2. Metaphysics & Reality | 形而上学与实在术语
Dualism: the view that humans consist of two distinct substances – body (physical) and soul (non-physical). Often linked to Plato and Descartes. Mnemonic: Two parts – dual.
二元论：认为人由两种不同实体构成——身体（物质）和灵魂（非物质），常与柏拉图和笛卡尔关联。助记：两部分——二元。
Materialism: the belief that only physical matter exists, and mental states are entirely physical brain processes. Mnemonic: It's all material.
唯物主义：认为只有物质存在，心理状态完全是物理大脑过程的信念。助记：一切皆物质。
Idealism: the philosophical position that reality is fundamentally mental or spiritual, not physical. Berkeley argued 'to be is to be perceived'. Mnemonic: Reality is in the idea.
唯心主义：认为实在本质上是精神或心灵而非物质的哲学立场。贝克莱主张“存在即被感知”。助记：实在在观念中。
Transcendent: existing outside the material world, beyond space and time. God is often described as transcendent. Mnemonic: Tran-scend – going beyond.
超然的：存在于物质世界之外，超越时空。上帝常被描述为超然的。助记：超越——跨出之外。
3. Arguments for God's Existence | 上帝存在论证术语
Cosmological Argument: an a posteriori argument that argues from the existence of the universe to a First Cause (God). Aquinas' 'Uncaused Cause'. Mnemonic: Cosmos → cause.
宇宙论论证：一种后天论证，从宇宙存在推理至第一因（上帝）。阿奎那的“不被推动的推动者”。助记：宇宙→原因。
Teleological Argument: the argument from design; the world's order and purpose suggest a Designer. William Paley's watchmaker analogy. Mnemonic: Telos (purpose) → Design.
目的论论证：源自设计的论证；世界的秩序与目的暗示有一位设计者。佩利的钟表匠比喻。助记：目的→设计。
Ontological Argument: an a priori argument that defines God as 'that than which nothing greater can be conceived', and concludes God must exist. Anselm's Proslogion. Mnemonic: Ontology (being) → existence in the definition.
本体论论证：一种先天论证，将上帝定义为“无法设想比之更伟大者”，并推出上帝必然存在。安瑟伦《宣讲》。助记：本体（存在）→定义中含存在。
Infinite Regress: a chain of causes going back forever. The cosmological argument claims this is impossible. Mnemonic: Infinite backwards chain – unacceptable.
无穷回溯：一个永无止境向后追溯的因果链。宇宙论论证认为这不可能。助记：无穷的后退链——不可接受。
4. Religious Experience | 宗教经验术语
Numinal Experience: an experience of a holy, awesome, wholly 'other' reality. Otto called it 'mysterium tremendum'. Mnemonic: Feeling of awe – numinous.
努秘体验：一种对神圣、可畏、全然“他者”之实在的经验。奥托称其为“敬畏的神秘”。助记：敬畏之感——努秘。
Mystical Experience: a direct, personal encounter with the divine, often involving unity of the soul with God. St Teresa of Ávila. Mnemonic: Misty union – mystical.
神秘体验：一种与神圣直接的个人遭遇，常涉及灵魂与上帝的合一。阿维拉的德兰。助记：迷之合一——神秘。
Corporate Religious Experience: a spiritual experience shared by a group of people, e.g. the Toronto Blessing. Mnemonic: Corporate = company, group.
集体宗教经验：一群人共同分享的灵性经验，如多伦多祝福。助记：集体即群体。
Principle of Credulity: Swinburne's idea that we should believe things are as they appear, unless we have good reason not to. Mnemonic: Cred-ulity – give credit to experience.
轻信原则：斯温伯恩认为，若无充分反证，我们应相信事物如所显现的样子。助记：信任经验——给予信任。
5. Problem of Evil | 恶的问题术语
Natural Evil: suffering caused by the natural world, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and diseases. Mnemonic: Nature brings it.
自然恶：由自然界引起的苦难，如地震、海啸和疾病。助记：自然带来。
Moral Evil: suffering caused by human free choices and actions, e.g. murder, theft, lying. Mnemonic: Moral = human choice.
道德恶：由人类自由选择与行为导致的苦难，如谋杀、盗窃、撒谎。助记：道德层面的人为选择。
Theodicy: an attempt to justify God's goodness and omnipotence in the face of evil. The word comes from Greek 'God' + 'justice'. Mnemonic: Theo-dicy – God's justice.
神义论：在恶面前试图为上帝的善和全能辩护的学说。该词源于希腊语“神”+“正义”。助记：神-义——上帝的正义。
Free Will Defence: the argument that God gave humans free will, and moral evil results from misuse of that freedom. It is better to have free will. Mnemonic: Freedom -> evil, but valuable.
自由意志辩护：论证上帝赋予人类自由意志，道德恶源于对此自由的误用；拥有自由意志更可贵。助记：自由→恶，但宝贵。
6. Ethical Theories | 伦理理论术语
Utilitarianism: the consequentialist theory that the right action is the one that maximises overall happiness or pleasure. Bentham's hedonic calculus. Mnemonic: Util-ity – useful for happiness.
功利主义：一种后果论，认为正确行为是最大化总体幸福或快乐。边沁的快乐计算法。助记：功-利——对幸福有用。
Kantian Ethics: deontological theory based on duty and the categorical imperative: act only according to that maxim which you can will to become a universal law. Mnemonic: Kant – can't make exceptions.
康德伦理学：基于义务和绝对命令的义务论：只按照你同时愿意其成为普遍法则的准则行动。助记：康德——不可例外。
Situation Ethics: Joseph Fletcher's theory that the only absolute rule is agape (selfless love), and decisions should be made based on the most loving outcome in each situation. Mnemonic: Situation determines loving action.
情境伦理学：约瑟夫·弗莱彻的理论，唯一的绝对规则是圣爱，决定应取决于每一情境中最具爱心的结果。助记：情境决定仁爱行为。
Virtue Ethics: an approach focusing on the agent's character and virtues (e.g. courage, honesty) rather than rules or consequences. Aristotle's golden mean. Mnemonic: Virtue = character strength.
德性伦理：一种关注行为者品格与德性（如勇气、诚实）而非规则或后果的方法。亚里士多德的中道。助记：德性即品格优势。
7. Beginning and End of Life | 生命始终术语
Sanctity of Life: the view that all human life is sacred, intrinsically valuable, and belongs to God; only God has the right to end it. Mnemonic: Sanct-ity – life is holy.
生命神圣性：认为所有人类生命是神圣的、具有内在价值，属于上帝，只有上帝有权终结。助记：神圣——生命乃圣。
Quality of Life: the alternative approach that considers the well-being, happiness, and ability of a person to live a valuable life. Used in some utilitarian arguments. Mnemonic: Quality over mere existence.
生命质量：另一进路，考量一个人的福祉、幸福和活出有价值生命的能力，用于某些功利主义论点。助记：质量胜于单纯存活。
Personhood: the criteria that define a being as a 'person' with full moral rights, e.g. rationality, self-consciousness. Key in abortion and euthanasia debates. Mnemonic: Who counts as a person?
位格性：界定一个存有者为享有完全道德权利的“位格”的标准，如理性、自我意识。关于堕胎和安乐死的核心议题。助记：谁算作位格？
Voluntary Euthanasia: intentionally ending a person's life with their competent, persistent request to relieve suffering. Mnemonic: Voluntary = willing request.
自愿安乐死：在当事人出于自愿、持续且清醒的请求下，为解除痛苦而有意终止其生命。助记：自愿即主动要求。
8. Animal Ethics & Environment | 动物伦理与环境术语
Speciesism: Peter Singer's term for discrimination against beings based purely on their species membership, analogous to racism. Mnemonic: Species prejudice.
物种歧视：彼得·辛格用语，指纯粹基于物种归属的歧视，类似于种族主义。助记：对物种的偏见。
Sentientism: the ethical view that all sentient beings (able to feel pleasure and pain) deserve moral consideration. Mnemonic: Sentient = able to senses pain.
感觉中心主义：认为所有有感知力（能感受快乐与痛苦）的存有都应获得道德考量的伦理观点。助记：感觉即能感知疼痛。
Stewardship: the belief that humans have a God-given duty to care for the environment and animals as caretakers, not owners. Mnemonic: Steward looks after property.
管家责任：相信人类有上帝赋予的职责，作为看护者而非拥有者来照料环境与动物。助记：管家照管产业。
Deep Ecology: a radical environmental philosophy that demands a fundamental rethinking of human–nature relationships, valuing the biosphere for itself. Mnemonic: Deep change, not shallow fix.
深度生态学：一种激进环保哲学，要求对人类与自然的关系进行根本性反思，重视生物圈本身的价值。助记：深度变革，而非表面修补。
9. Philosophical Enquiry & Logic | 哲学探究与逻辑术语
Deductive Argument: arguments where the conclusion necessarily follows from the premises; if premises are true, the conclusion must be true. Mnemonic: De-duce – inevitable result.
演绎论证：结论必然从前提推出的论证；前提真，结论必真。助记：演绎——必然导出。
Inductive Argument: arguments where the premises provide good evidence for the conclusion, but do not guarantee it; the conclusion is probable. Mnemonic: In-duce probability.
归纳论证：前提为结论提供良好证据但不保证其为真的论证；结论是概然的。助记：归纳出概率。
Validity: a property of deductive arguments: if premises are true, the conclusion must be true, based purely on logical structure. Mnemonic: Valid structure.
有效性：演绎论证的一种属性：若前提为真，结论必为真，纯基于逻辑结构。助记：有效的形式。
Soundness: a deductive argument that is both valid and has all true premises. Mnemonic: Sound = valid + true premises.
稳固性：一个演绎论证既有效且所有前提为真。助记：稳固 = 有效 + 真前提。
10. Key Critical Thinking Terms | 关键批判性思维术语
Begging the Question: an informal fallacy where the conclusion is assumed in one of the premises, e.g. 'Stealing is wrong because it is illegal' assumes illegality equals wrongness. Mnemonic: Begging the very point at issue.
乞题谬误：一种非形式谬误，结论已在前提中被假定，如“偷窃是错误的，因为它违法”假定了违法即错误。助记：直接乞求论题本身。
Reductio ad Absurdum: a strategy of disproving a claim by showing that it leads to an absurd or contradictory consequence. Mnemonic: Reduce to absurdity.
归谬法：通过显示某主张导出荒谬或矛盾的后果来反驳该主张的方法。助记：归于荒谬。
Empirical Evidence: information acquired by observation or experimentation. Central to a posteriori reasoning. Mnemonic: Empirical – experience-based.
经验证据：通过观察或实验获得的信息，是后天推理的核心。助记：经验——基于体验。
Counterargument: an argument that challenges or opposes another argument, essential for evaluation questions. Mnemonic: Counter the claim.
反论证：挑战或反对另一论证的论证，对评估题至关重要。助记：反击论点。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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