📚 GCSE WJEC Law: Quick Guide to Key Legal Terms | GCSE WJEC 法律：核心法律词汇速记指南
Building a strong command of legal vocabulary is the fastest way to boost your confidence and marks in GCSE WJEC Law. This guide presents over a hundred key terms across all major units, organised topic by topic with clear English–Chinese pairs. Use it for daily revision, flashcards or quick self‑testing.
掌握法律词汇是提升 GCSE WJEC 法律考试信心与分数的最快途径。本指南按主要单元梳理了上百个关键术语，以清晰的英中对照形式呈现。你可以用于每日复习、制作抽认卡或快速自测。
1. Sources of Law | 法律渊源
Statute law is law created by Parliament in the form of Acts. It is the highest form of domestic law and can override any other source.
成文法是议会以法案形式制定的法律，是国内最高位阶的法律，可推翻任何其他法律渊源。
Common law (case law) is law developed by judges through decisions in courts. It is based on the doctrine of precedent.
普通法（判例法）是法官通过法院判决逐步发展起来的法律，以先例原则为基础。
Delegated legislation is law made by bodies other than Parliament but with Parliament's authority. Examples include Statutory Instruments and by-laws.
授权立法是由议会以外机构根据议会授权制定的法律，例如行政规章和地方法规。
International sources such as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) influence UK law through the Human Rights Act 1998.
国际渊源如《欧洲人权公约》通过《1998年人权法案》影响英国法律。
2. The Court System and Key Personnel | 法院体系与关键角色
The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal for all UK civil cases and for criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. It hears points of law of general public importance.
最高法院是所有英国民事案件以及英格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰刑事案件的终审法院，审理具有普遍公共重要性的法律争议。
The Court of Appeal has a Civil Division and a Criminal Division. It hears appeals from lower courts and binds all courts below it.
上诉法院设有民事庭和刑事庭，审理来自下级法院的上诉，其判决对所有下级法院具有约束力。
The High Court deals with serious civil cases and also has supervisory jurisdiction through judicial review. Its divisions include Queen's Bench, Chancery and Family.
高等法院处理重大民事案件，并通过司法审查行使监督管辖权，下设王座庭、大法官庭和家事庭。
Crown Court tries indictable offences and some either‑way offences, with a judge and jury. It also hears appeals from Magistrates' Courts.
刑事法院由法官和陪审团审理公诉罪及部分双向罪案件，同时受理治安法院的上诉。
Magistrates' Court handles summary offences, preliminary hearings and some civil matters such as family proceedings. Cases are usually heard by lay magistrates or a district judge.
治安法院处理简易罪、预审程序及部分家事等民事事务，案件通常由非专业治安法官或地区法官审理。
County Court deals with most civil claims, including contract disputes, negligence claims and debt recovery.
郡法院处理大多数民事索赔，包括合同纠纷、过失索赔和债务追偿。
Jury - a panel of 12 lay people in the Crown Court who decide questions of fact and return a verdict based on the evidence.
陪审团——刑事法院中由12名普通公民组成的团体，负责裁定事实问题并根据证据作出裁决。
3. Criminal Law Fundamentals | 刑法基本概念
Actus reus means the 'guilty act' - the external element of a crime, including conduct, consequences and surrounding circumstances.
Actus reus（犯罪行为）指“有罪的行为”——犯罪的外部要素，包括行为、结果和周边情节。
Mens rea means the 'guilty mind' - the mental element of a crime, such as intention, recklessness or negligence.
Mens rea（犯罪意图）指“有罪的心理”——犯罪的意图要素，如蓄意、轻率或疏忽。
Strict liability offences do not require mens rea for at least part of the actus reus; proving the act alone is enough for conviction.
严格责任犯罪不要求证明犯罪行为的至少一部分具有犯罪意图；仅证明行为本身即可定罪。
Causation links the defendant's act to the result. Factual causation is established by the 'but for' test, and legal causation requires the act to be a substantial and operating cause of the harm.
因果关系将被告的行为与结果联系起来。事实因果关系通过“若非”标准确定，法律因果关系要求行为是造成损害的重大且有效的原因。
Summary offences are the least serious crimes, tried in the Magistrates' Court (e.g. minor assaults, driving offences).
简易罪是最轻微的犯罪，在治安法院审理（如轻微伤害、交通违法）。
Indictable offences are the most serious crimes, tried in the Crown Court (e.g. murder, rape, robbery).
公诉罪是最严重的犯罪，在刑事法院审理（如谋杀、强奸、抢劫）。
Either‑way offences can be tried in either Magistrates' or Crown Court depending on the circumstances and the defendant's plea (e.g. theft, burglary).
双向罪可根据情节和被告的答辩选择在治安法院或刑事法院审理（如盗窃、入室盗窃）。
4. Civil Law Basics | 民法基础
Tort law deals with civil wrongs that cause harm or loss, leading to a claim for damages or an injunction. The most common tort is negligence.
侵权法处理造成损害或损失的民事过错，可引发损害赔偿或禁制令之诉。最常见的侵权是过失侵权。
Negligence requires a duty of care, breach of that duty, causation and damage that is not too remote. The 'neighbour principle' from Donoghue v Stevenson forms the basis of duty.
过失侵权要求存在注意义务、违反该义务、因果关系以及并非过于遥远的损害。Donoghue v Stevenson 案确立的“邻人原则”是注意义务的基础。
Contract law governs legally binding agreements. For a contract to exist, there must be offer, acceptance, consideration and an intention to create legal relations.
合同法规制具有法律约束力的协议。成立合同须具备要约、承诺、对价以及建立法律关系的意图。
Invitation to treat is not an offer but an invitation to make an offer (e.g. goods on a supermarket shelf).
要约邀请不是要约，而是邀请对方发出要约（如货架上的商品）。
Consideration is the 'price of the promise', something of value exchanged between the parties. It must be sufficient but need not be adequate.
对价是“允诺的价格”，即双方互换的有价值的东西。它必须充分但不必相当。
Breach of contract occurs when one party fails to perform their obligations; the innocent party can claim remedies such as damages or specific performance.
违约指一方未能履行其义务，无过错方可要求损害赔偿或特定履行等救济。
5. The Doctrine of Precedent | 先例原则
Stare decisis means 'to stand by things decided'. It is the principle that courts follow precedents set in earlier cases.
遵循先例意为“维持已裁决之事”，是法院遵循以往判例所确立法律原则的准则。
Ratio decidendi is the legal reason for the decision, the binding part of a judgment that must be followed by courts lower in the hierarchy.
判决理由是判决的法律依据，即判例中具有约束力的部分，下级法院必须遵循。
Obiter dicta are other remarks made 'by the way' by the judge. They are not binding but can be persuasive for future cases.
附带意见是法官“顺便”发表的其他评论，不具有约束力，但对未来案件可具有说服力。
Binding precedent must be followed, usually from a decision of a higher court in the same hierarchy.
约束性先例必须被遵守，通常来自同一司法体系内更高级别法院的判决。
Persuasive precedent is not obligatory but a court may choose to follow it; it can come from lower courts, the Privy Council, or courts in other jurisdictions.
说服性先例不具强制效力，但法院可自愿采纳；可来自下级法院、枢密院司法委员会或其他法域的法院。
Distinguishing occurs when a court finds material differences between the current case and a previous precedent and thereby avoids following it.
区别指法院认定当前案件与以往先例之间存在实质性差异，从而避免适用该先例。
6. Burden and Standard of Proof | 举证责任与证明标准
Burden of proof refers to which party must prove the facts in issue. In criminal cases, the prosecution bears the legal burden.
举证责任指何方必须证明争议事实。在刑事案件中，控方承担举证责任。
Standard of proof is the level of certainty required. In criminal cases it is 'beyond reasonable doubt'; in civil cases it is 'on the balance of probabilities'.
证明标准指所需达到的确定性程度。刑事案件为“排除合理怀疑”；民事案件为“盖然性权衡”。
Reverse burden sometimes applies, for example in insanity or diminished responsibility defences, where the defendant must prove the defence on the balance of probabilities.
举证责任倒置有时适用，例如在精神错乱或减轻责任抗辩中，被告需以盖然性权衡标准证明抗辩成立。
Presumption of innocence means that every defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty. This is a fundamental principle protected by Article 6 of the ECHR.
无罪推定指任何被告在被证明有罪之前均推定为无罪。这是受《欧洲人权公约》第6条保护的基本原则。
7. Human Rights and Judicial Review | 人权与司法审查
The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates most rights from the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law. All public authorities must act compatibly with Convention rights.
《1998年人权法案》将《欧洲人权公约》中的大多数权利纳入英国法律。所有公共当局的行为必须与公约权利相符。
Article 6 (right to a fair trial) guarantees independent, impartial courts and the presumption of innocence.
第6条（公正审判权）保障独立、不偏倚的法庭以及无罪推定。
Article 8 (right to family and private life) protects privacy, family life and correspondence. It is a qualified right and can be limited on grounds such as national security.
第8条（家庭与私人生活权）保护隐私、家庭生活和通信，属于有限权利，可在国家安全等理由下加以限制。
Judicial review is a mechanism by which the High Court examines the legality of decisions made by public bodies. It is concerned with the decision-making process, not the merits of the decision.
司法审查是高等法院审查公共机构决定合法性的机制，关注决策过程而非决定本身的对错。
Remedies in judicial review include a quashing order (to set aside a decision), a mandatory order (to compel performance of a duty), a prohibiting order, a declaration and damages.
司法审查的救济包括撤销令、强制令、禁止令、宣告令以及损害赔偿。
8. Parliamentary Law-Making | 议会立法制度
Bill - a proposal for a new law, debated in Parliament. Public Bills affect the whole country; Private Bills affect specific organisations or areas.
法案——新法律的提案，在议会中经辩论。公共法案影响全国；私法案影响特定组织或区域。
The legislative process includes First Reading, Second Reading, Committee Stage, Report Stage, Third Reading, and then the same stages in the second chamber before Royal Assent.
立法程序包括一读、二读、委员会阶段、报告阶段、三读，随后在另一议院经过相同阶段，最后获得御准。
Green Paper is a consultation document setting out proposals for discussion before the government finalises its policy.
绿皮书是一份咨询文件，在政府最终确定政策前提出供讨论的建议。
White Paper contains firm government proposals for legislation, often published after a consultation period.
白皮书包含政府坚定的立法建议，通常在咨询期后发布。
Parliamentary sovereignty is the doctrine that Parliament is the supreme legal authority and can make or repeal any law; no court can overrule its legislation.
议会主权指议会是最高法律权威，可制定或废除任何法律；法院不能推翻其立法。
9. Crime and Sentencing Vocabulary | 犯罪与刑罚词汇
Assault is an act which causes the victim to apprehend immediate unlawful force. Battery is the actual application of unlawful force.
恐吓是使受害人担心即将遭受不法暴力的行为。殴打是实际施加不法暴力的行为。
Theft is the dishonest appropriation of property belonging to another with the intention of permanently depriving the other of it.
盗窃指不诚实地侵占他人财产，意图永久剥夺他人对该财产的占有。
Robbery is theft accompanied by force or the threat of force immediately before or at the time of the stealing.
抢劫是在盗窃即将发生或窃取之时伴随暴力或暴力威胁的行为。
Burglary involves entering a building as a trespasser with intent to steal, inflict grievous bodily harm or commit unlawful damage.
入室盗窃指以非法入侵者身份进入建筑物，意图盗窃、造成严重身体伤害或非法破坏。
Custodial sentence - a prison term. Community order can include unpaid work, curfew or drug rehabilitation. Fines and conditional discharge are also used.
监禁刑——有期徒刑。社区令可包含无偿劳动、宵禁或戒毒。罚金和有条件释放同样被适用。
10. Delegated Legislation and Controls | 授权立法及其控制
Statutory Instruments are the most common form of delegated legislation, often used by government ministers to update details of an Act.
行政规章是最常见的授权立法形式，政府部长常用此来更新法令的细则。
By-laws are made by local authorities or public bodies and apply to their specific geographical area or facilities, such as park regulations.
地方法规由地方当局或公共机构制定，适用于其特定地域或设施，如公园规则。
Orders in Council are made by the Privy Council, often used in emergency situations or to transfer responsibilities between government departments.
枢密院令由枢密院制定，常用于紧急状态或在政府部门之间转移职权。
Parliamentary controls include the affirmative resolution (requires approval of both Houses) and the negative resolution (becomes law unless objected to).
议会控制包括肯定性决议（须两院批准）和否定性决议（除非遭反对，否则自动生效）。
Judicial controls allow courts to declare delegated legislation ultra vires (beyond the powers) and therefore void.
司法控制允许法院宣告授权立法越权因而无效。
11. Key Latin Legal Terms | 核心法律拉丁语
Ultra vires literally 'beyond the powers'. If a body acts ultra vires, its decision or regulation is void.
越权字面意为“超出权限”。若机构越权行事，其决定或规章无效。
Habeas corpus a writ requiring a person under arrest to be brought before a judge, protecting against unlawful detention.
人身保护令要求将被捕者带至法官面前的令状，防止非法拘禁。
In loco parentis 'in the place of a parent'. It describes the duty of care teachers have towards their pupils.
替代父母意为“处于父母的地位”，指教师对学生的注意义务。
Stare decisis 'to stand by things decided' - see the precedent section.
遵循先例——请参阅先例原则小节。
Mens rea, actus reus as explained in criminal law. Keeping these Latin labels in mind helps recall the two essential elements of crime.
犯罪意图、犯罪行为如前所述。牢记这些拉丁语标签有助于回忆犯罪的两大要件。
12. Defences in Criminal and Civil Law | 刑事与民事抗辩
Self-defence is a complete defence in criminal law if the force used was reasonable and necessary in the circumstances as the defendant believed them to be.
自卫如果被告真诚相信当时情况下所使用武力是合理且必要的，则构成刑事法上的完全抗辩。
Duress applies when the defendant committed the crime because of a threat of death or serious injury. It is not available for murder.
胁迫适用于被告因受到死亡或严重伤害威胁而
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