📚 GCSE WJEC Psychology: Vocabulary Terminology Memory Guide | GCSE WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the specialist vocabulary in WJEC GCSE Psychology is the first step towards confident exam performance. This guide breaks down core terminology across all major topics while introducing memory techniques to help you learn, retain, and apply each term accurately. Each section presents key concepts in paired English-Chinese explanations, making it ideal for bilingual learners and revision.
掌握 WJEC GCSE 心理学专业词汇是自信应对考试的第一步。本指南梳理了所有重点主题的核心术语，同时介绍记忆技巧，帮助你准确学习、记住并应用每个术语。每个小节以中英配对的解释呈现关键概念，非常适合双语学习与复习。
1. Core Memory Process Terms | 记忆过程核心术语
Encoding is the process by which sensory information is converted into a form that can be stored in memory. It can be visual (images), acoustic (sounds), or semantic (meaning).
编码是将感官信息转化为可储存形式的过程。编码方式可以是视觉的（图像）、听觉的（声音）或语义的（意义）。
acity of approximately 7±2 items and a duration of around 18-30 seconds without rehearsal.
储存是指编码信息随时间的保持。短时记忆（STM）的容量有限，约为 7±2 个项目，在不复述的情况下持续时间约 18-30 秒。
Retrieval is the process of recovering stored information from memory when it is needed. Retrieval can take the form of free recall, cued recall, or recognition.
提取是根据需要从记忆中恢复已储存信息的过程。提取的形式包括自由回忆、线索回忆和再认。
2. Memory Types and Models | 记忆类型与模型
Episodic memory refers to the recollection of personal experiences and events, including contextual details such as time and place. Semantic memory involves factual knowledge and general information about the world, for example knowing that Paris is the capital of France. Procedural memory is the memory for skills and how to perform actions, such as riding a bicycle, and is often expressed through performance rather than verbal recall.
情景记忆是指对个人经历和事件的回忆，包括时间、地点等背景细节。语义记忆涉及事实性知识和关于世界的一般信息，例如知道巴黎是法国的首都。程序性记忆是对技能和如何执行动作的记忆，比如骑自行车，通常通过行为而非语言回忆表现出来。
Atkinson and Shiffrin's multi-store model proposes three separate memory stores: the sensory register, STM, and long-term memory (LTM). Information flows linearly from sensory input to LTM via attention and rehearsal. The model highlights differences in capacity, duration, and encoding for each store.
阿特金森和谢夫林的多储存模型提出了三个独立记忆储存：感觉登记器、短时记忆和长时记忆（LTM）。信息通过注意和复述从感觉输入线性流向长时记忆。该模型强调了各个储存在容量、持续时间和编码方式上的差异。
Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model suggests that STM is not a single store but a system with multiple components: the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer. This model explains how we can perform dual tasks that use different slave systems.
巴德利和希奇的工作记忆模型认为短时记忆不是单一储存，而是一个包含多个成分的系统：中央执行系统、语音回路、视觉空间画板和情景缓冲器。该模型解释了为何我们能够同时执行使用不同子系统的双重任务。
3. Perception and Illusions | 感知与错觉
Sensation is the passive detection of physical stimuli from the environment by our sensory receptors, such as light hitting the retina. Perception is the active mental process of selecting, organising, and interpreting sensory input, which can be influenced by prior knowledge, expectations, and context.
感觉是感官感受器对环境物理刺激的被动检测，例如光线照射视网膜。知觉是主动选择、组织和解释感觉输入的心理过程，会受到既往知识、期待和情境的影响。
A visual illusion occurs when perceptual processes misinterpret sensory information, leading to an experience that differs from physical reality. The Müller-Lyer illusion demonstrates that two lines of identical length appear different based on the orientation of arrowheads; this is often explained by misapplied size constancy and depth cues.
视错觉发生于知觉过程错误解读感官信息时，导致经验与实际物理现实不同。缪勒-莱耶错觉表明两条等长线段因箭头方向不同而看起来长度不等；这经常被解释为大小恒常性与深度线索的误用。
Depth cues are sources of information that help us perceive the distance and three-dimensional arrangement of objects. Monocular cues, such as linear perspective, texture gradient, relative size, and superimposition, can be used with one eye alone.
深度线索是有助于我们感知物体距离和三维排列的信息来源。单眼线索，如线条透视、纹理梯度、相对大小和遮挡，仅用单眼即可使用。
4. Social Influence | 社会影响
Conformity is a change in a person's behaviour or beliefs in order to fit in with a group, often driven by real or imagined social pressure. Asch's (1951) classic line judgement study found that participants conformed to an obviously incorrect majority about 37% of the time, demonstrating normative social influence.
从众是个体为了与群体保持一致而改变行为或信念，常由真实或想象到的社会压力驱动。阿希（1951）经典的线段判断实验发现，约 37% 的情况下被试会服从明显错误的大多数，体现了规范性社会影响。
Obedience involves following the direct orders of an authority figure, even when those orders conflict with personal conscience. Milgram's (1963) electric shock experiment revealed that 65% of participants continued to administer what they believed were severe shocks to a 'learner', showing how situational factors can produce destructive obedience.
服从涉及听从权威人物的直接命令，即使这些命令与个人良知相冲突。米尔格拉姆（1963）的电击实验显示，65% 的被试持续向“学习者”施加他们以为是强电击的惩罚，说明了情境因素如何导致破坏性服从。
The bystander effect describes the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when other people are present. This is largely attributed to diffusion of responsibility, where each bystander assumes someone else will intervene. Deindividuation is a psychological state of reduced self-awareness and lowered personal accountability that can occur in large groups, as illustrated by Zimbardo's prison study.
旁观者效应描述了当其他人在场时个体较少出手帮助受害者的现象。这主要归因于责任扩散，即每个旁观者都以为别人会介入。去个体化是一种自我意识降低、个人责任感减弱的状态，可能在大群体中发生，津巴多的监狱实验即为例证。
5. Psychological Problems and Diagnosis | 心理问题与诊断
Clinical depression is characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest or pleasure (anhedonia), significant weight changes, sleep disturbance, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt according to diagnostic manuals. For schizophrenia, characteristic symptoms are divided into positive symptoms (hallucinations, delusions, disorganised speech) and negative symptoms (flat affect, avolition, social withdrawal).
根据诊断手册，临床抑郁症的特征包括持续情绪低落、兴趣或愉快感丧失（快感缺失）、显著的体重变化、睡眠紊乱、疲劳以及无价值感或内疚感。精神分裂症的特征症状分为阳性症状（幻觉、妄想、言语紊乱）和阴性症状（情感淡漠、意志减退、社交退缩）。
Reliability in diagnosis means that different clinicians using the same system would reach the same diagnosis for a given patient (inter-rater reliability) and that diagnoses are stable over time (test-retest reliability). Validity concerns whether the diagnosis accurately reflects the true underlying disorder and helps predict outcomes.
诊断信度指不同临床医生使用同一系统对同一患者得出相同的诊断（评分者间信度），以及诊断结果在时间上的稳定性（重测信度）。效度关注诊断是否准确反映真正的潜在障碍并能预测结果。
6. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
A hypothesis is a precise, testable prediction about the expected relationship between variables, often derived from a theory. The independent variable (IV) is the factor that the researcher manipulates or changes; the dependent variable (DV) is the factor that is measured to see the effect of the IV.
假设是关于变量间预期关系的一种精确、可检验的预测，常源自理论。自变量（IV）是研究者操纵或改变的因素；因变量（DV）是为观察自变量效果而测量的因素。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could potentially influence the DV if not properly controlled, threatening the internal validity of the study. Experimental designs include independent groups design (different participants in each condition), repeated measures design (same participants in all conditions), and matched pairs design (participants matched on key characteristics and then split).
额外变量是除自变量外可能影响因变量的任何变量，若未适当控制将威胁研究的内部效度。实验设计包括独立组设计（每个条件使用不同被试）、重复测量设计（相同被试参与所有条件）和配对组设计（被试按关键特征匹配后分配至不同条件）。
7. Evaluation and Ethics | 评估与伦理
Reliability in research can be enhanced through standardised procedures, clear operational definitions, and where applicable, inter-rater reliability checks. Validity includes internal validity—whether the IV truly caused the change in the DV—and external validity—the extent to which findings can be generalised to other people, settings, and times.
研究的信度可通过标准化程序、清晰的操作性定义以及在适用情况下进行评分者间信度检查来提高。效度包括内部效度——是否自变量确实引起了因变量的变化——和外部效度——研究结果在多大程度上可推广到其他人、其他情境和其他时间。
Key ethical principles in psychology set out by the BPS include: informed consent (participants should be fully aware of the study's aims and procedures), right to withdraw at any time, protection from physical and psychological harm, confidentiality of data, and debriefing afterwards where the true nature of the research is explained.
英国心理学会（BPS）制定的心理学关键伦理原则包括：知情同意（被试应充分了解研究目的和程序）、随时退出的权利、避免身心伤害、数据保密，以及研究结束后解释研究真实目的的事后解释。
8. Developmental Psychology Key Terms | 发展心理学关键术语
Piaget's theory of cognitive development uses the concepts of assimilation (incorporating new information into existing schemas) and accommodation (modifying existing schemas to fit new information). His four stages are: sensorimotor (0-2 years, object permanence develops), preoperational (2-7 years, symbolic thinking but egocentric), concrete operational (7-11 years, logical thought about concrete events, mastery of conservation), and formal operational (11+ years, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).
皮亚杰的认知发展理论使用同化（将新信息纳入已有图式）和顺应（修改已有图式以适应新信息）的概念。他的四个阶段为：感知运动阶段（0-2 岁，形成客体永久性）、前运算阶段（2-7 岁，象征性思维但自我中心）、具体运算阶段（7-11 岁，对具体事件进行逻辑思考，掌握守恒）和形式运算阶段（11 岁以上，抽象和假设推理）。
Conservation is the understanding that certain properties of an object (such as volume, mass, or number) remain the same despite changes in appearance. Preoperational children typically fail conservation tasks because they are influenced by the perceptual appearance. Egocentrism is the inability to distinguish one's own perspective from that of another person, prominent in the preoperational stage.
守恒是指理解物体的某些属性（如体积、质量或数量）不随外观改变而改变。前运算阶段的儿童通常无法通过守恒任务，因为他们受知觉外观的影响。自我中心是无法区分自己的观点与他人的观点，在前运算阶段尤为突出。
9. Brain and Biological Basis | 大脑与生物学基础
The frontal lobe is involved in higher-order functions such as decision-making, planning, reasoning, and personality. The temporal lobe processes auditory information and is also the location of the hippocampus, which is critical for the formation of new episodic long-term memories, and the amygdala, which processes emotions, particularly fear.
额叶参与决策、计划、推理和人格等高级功能。颞叶处理听觉信息，也是海马体的所在位置，海马体对于形成新的情景长时记忆至关重要；杏仁核则处理情绪，尤其是恐惧。
Neurons are specialised cells that transmit nerve impulses. Sensory neurons carry information from sense organs to the central nervous system (CNS); motor neurons carry instructions from the CNS to muscles and glands; relay (interneurons) connect sensory and motor neurons within the CNS. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin (mood regulation) and dopamine (reward and movement) are chemical messengers that cross the synapse to transmit signals between neurons.
神经元是传递神经冲动的特化细胞。感觉神经元将信息从感觉器官传至中枢神经系统（CNS）；运动神经元将指令从中枢神经系统传至肌肉和腺体；中间（联结）神经元在中枢神经系统内连接感觉和运动神经元。神经递质如血清素（调节情绪）和多巴胺（奖赏和运动）是跨越突触在神经元之间传递信号的化学信使。
10. Memory Tricks: Acronyms and Keywords | 速记技巧：首字母与关键词
Acronyms condense a list of terms into a pronounceable word formed from their first letters. For the multi-store model's main stores, use 'SLS' – Sensory register, STM, LTM. For the memory processes, remember 'ESR' – Encoding, Storage, Retrieval. This technique reduces cognitive load and triggers recall of the original terms.
首字母缩略词将一系列术语压缩为由其首字母组成的可发音单词。对于多储存模型的主要储存，使用 “SLS”——感觉登记器（Sensory register）、短时记忆（STM）、长时记忆（LTM）。对于记忆过程，记住 “ESR”——编码（Encoding）、储存（Storage）、提取（Retrieval）。该技巧减轻认知负荷并触发原始术语的回忆。
The keyword method connects an unfamiliar term with a familiar, similar-sounding word and creates a vivid mental image. For 'hippocampus', imagine a 'hippo' walking around a university 'campus'. For 'amygdala', think of a 'mig' (jet) attacking 'Darla' (a character), linking the threatening image to fear processing. This technique is especially helpful for biological terminology.
关键词法将不熟悉的术语与发音相似的熟悉词联系起来，并创造生动的心理图像。对于“hippocampus”（海马体），想象一头“hippo”（河马）在“campus”（校园）里走动。对于“amygdala”（杏仁核），想象一架“mig”（战斗机）攻击“Darla”（一个人物），将威胁图像与恐惧处理联系起来。该技巧对生物学术语尤其有效。
For remembering the order of Piaget's stages, a sentence mnemonic works well: 'Smart People Cook Fish Quickly' (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational). Each first letter cues the next stage.
要记住皮亚杰阶段的顺序，一个句子助记法很管用：“聪明人快速煮鱼”（S: 感知运动，P: 前运算，C: 具体运算，F: 形式运算）。每个首字母提示下一个阶段。
11. Memory Tricks: Stories and Visualisation | 速记技巧：故事法与视觉化
Constructing a narrative chain that links separate concepts in sequence turns abstract terms into a memorable story. For Asch's conformity study, craft a short story: 'Ash walked into a room where everyone had to say which line matched a standard; all confederates deliberately gave the wrong answer; Ash felt confused but went along with them one-third of the time.' Embedding the key details (Asch, confederates, conformity rate) in a cause-and-effect narrative makes them easier to retrieve.
构建一条按顺序连接不同概念的叙事链，将抽象术语转化为好记的故事。对于阿希的从众研究，可以编一个小故事：“阿希走进一个房间，每个人都得说出哪条线与标准线匹配；所有同谋故意给出错误答案；阿希感到困惑，但有三分之一的时间选择随大流。”将关键细节（阿希、同谋、从众比例）嵌入因果关系叙事中，使它们更容易被提取。
The method of loci involves visualising a familiar route or location (e.g., your own house) and placing each concept as a vivid image at a specific spot along the path. To recall the three long-term memory types, imagine walking through your home: at the front door, place a personal photo album (episodic); in the living room, an encyclopedia (semantic); in the bathroom, a toothbrush in action (procedural). Retrieval becomes a mental walk retrieving each image–concept pair.
位置记忆法（记忆宫殿）涉及想象一条熟悉的路线或地点（如自己的家），并将每个概念作为生动图像放置在沿途特定位置。要回忆三种长时记忆类型，想象穿过家门：在前门放一本个人相册（情景记忆）；在客厅放一本百科全书（语义记忆）；在浴室里，一支正在使用的牙刷（程序性记忆）。提取过程便成为一次在记忆中漫步并回收每个图像-概念对的过程。
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