📚 GCSE CIE Engineering: Vocabulary Terms Quick Memorization Guide | GCSE CIE 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is half the battle in CIE GCSE Engineering. This guide breaks down essential terms by topic, offers memory aids, and pairs every English explanation with Chinese translation so you can revise efficiently and retain faster.
掌握技术词汇是 CIE GCSE 工程考试成功的一半。本指南按主题分解基本术语，提供记忆辅助，并将每条英文解释与中文翻译配对，帮助你高效复习、快速记忆。
1. Key Terminology in Forces & Motion | 力与运动关键术语
member: Weight = Mass × Gravitational field strength (W = m × g). On Earth, g is approximately 10 N/kg.
质量是物体所含物质的量，单位为千克（kg）。重量是重力对质量施加的力，单位为牛顿（N）。记住：重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度（W = m × g）。在地球上，g 约为 10 N/kg。
Force is a push or pull that can change an object' s turning effect, calculated as force × perpendicular distance from the pivot (M = F × d).
力是推拉作用，可改变物体的运动状态，单位为牛顿。力矩是力的转动效应，计算公式为力 × 到支点的垂直距离（M = F × d）。
= F / A). In pneumatics and hydraulics, pressure is transmitted equally throughout a fluid – this is Pascal's principle.
压强是单位面积上的力（P = F / A）。在气动与液压系统中，压强在流体中等值传递——这就是帕斯卡原理。
2. Materials & Their Properties | 材料及其特性
Ductility is the ability of a material to be drawn into a wire without breaking. Copper is highly ductile. Malleability refers to being hammered or rolled into thin sheets, a property of gold and aluminium.
延展性（ductility）是指材料被拉成丝而不断裂的能力。铜具有很高的延展性。可锻性（malleability）是指材料能被锤打或轧制成薄片，金和铝都具有这种特性。
Hardness resists indentation and scratching; toughness absorbs energy without fracturing (impact resistance). A diamond is hard but not tough – it can shatter. Steel is both strong and tough.
硬度（hardness）抵抗压痕和划伤；韧性（toughness）在断裂前吸收能量（抗冲击）。钻石很硬但不韧——它会碎裂。钢既坚固又坚韧。
Elasticity means returning to original shape after the load is removed (e.g., spring steel). Plasticity means permanent deformation after the yield point. Stiffness is resistance to bending (measured by Young's modulus).
弹性（elasticity）指去除载荷后恢复原状（如弹簧钢）。塑性（plasticity）指超过屈服点后发生永久变形。刚度（stiffness）是抵抗弯曲的能力（用杨氏模量衡量）。
| Term | Definition | Mnemonics |
| Ductile | Can be drawn into a wire | Ductile → Draw |
| Malleable | Can be hammered flat | Malleable → Mallet |
中文对照表： Ductile (延展性) → 拉成丝；Malleable (可锻性) → 锤成片。助记：Ductile – Draw，Malleable – Mallet。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting involves pouring molten metal into a mould. Sand casting is used for large iron parts; die casting forces metal under pressure into a steel mould for high accuracy.
铸造是将熔融金属倒入模具。砂铸用于大型铸铁件；压铸在压力下将金属注入钢模，精度高。
Forging shapes metal by compressive forces, improving grain structure and strength. Rolling reduces thickness by passing metal through rollers. Extrusion pushes material through a die to create long profiles with constant cross-section.
锻造通过压缩力使金属成形，改善晶粒结构并提高强度。轧制通过辊子减小金属厚度。挤压将材料推过模具，制造具有恒定截面的长型材。
Machining removes material using cutting tools: turning uses a lathe, milling uses a rotating cutter, drilling makes holes. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) builds objects layer by layer, reducing waste.
机械加工使用刀具去除材料：车削用车床，铣削用旋转刀具，钻孔则制孔。增材制造（3D 打印）逐层构建物体，减少浪费。
4. Electronics & Circuits | 电子与电路
t charge, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm's Law: V = I × R.
电流（I）是电荷的流动，单位为安培（A）。电压（V）是每单位电荷的能量，单位为伏特（V）。电阻（R）阻碍电流，单位为欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律：V = I × R。
A diode allows current to flow in one direction only; an LED emits light when forward-biased. A resistor limits current; a variable resistor (potentiometer) adjusts it. A capacitor stores charge temporarily.
二极管只允许电流单向流动；LED 在正向偏置时发光。电阻器限制电流；可变电阻器（电位器）可调节电流。电容器临时储存电荷。
In series circuits, current is the same everywhere, voltage divides. In parallel circuits, voltage is the same across branches, current splits. Use the phrase 'Same Series current, Shared voltage' as a memory trick.
在串联电路中，各处电流相同，电压分配。在并联电路中，各支路电压相同，电流分流。记忆技巧：'串联电流同，电压共分担'。
5. Systems & Control | 系统与控制
An open-loop system has no feedback; output does not affect the input (e.g., a toaster). A closed-loop system uses feedback to compare output with desired input and corrects errors (e.g., cruise control).
开环系统无反馈；输出不影响输入（如烤面包机）。闭环系统利用反馈将输出与期望输入比较并纠正误差（如定速巡航）。
Input devices: thermistor (temperature-dependent resistor) – resistance decreases as temperature rises (NTC). LDR (light-dependent resistor) – resistance drops in bright light. Microcontrollers process these signals.
输入设备：热敏电阻（温度依赖电阻）——温度升高时电阻降低（负温度系数，NTC）。光敏电阻（LDR）——光照强烈时电阻下降。微控制器处理这些信号。
and stepper motors (precise angular steps). Remember the chain: Input → Process → Output.
执行器将电信号转换为运动：电机、螺线管（直线推拉）和步进电机（精确角位移）。记住链条：输入 → 处理 → 输出。
6. Structures & Mechanisms | 结构与机构
A truss is a framework of beams that supports loads efficiently using triangles. Tension is a pulling force; compression is a pushing force. Torsion is a twisting force; shear acts parallel to a surface.
桁架是利用三角形高效承载的梁框架。张力是拉力；压力是推力。扭转是扭转力；剪切力平行于表面作用。
Levers: a first-class lever has the fulcrum between effort and load (e.g., seesaw). A second-class lever has the load between effort and fulcrum (wheelbarrow). A third-class lever has the effort in the middle (tweezers). Remember FLE – 1-2-3: Fulcrum, Load, Effort in order.
杠杆：第一类杠杆支点在力和载荷之间（如翘翘板）。第二类杠杆载荷在力与支点之间（手推车）。第三类杠杆力在中间（镊子）。记忆顺序：支点-载荷-力对应 1-2-3（FLE）。
rotary to linear motion. Pulley systems provide mechanical advantage (MA = number of rope sections supporting the load).
齿轮：驱动齿轮带动从动齿轮。如驱动轮齿数较少，从动轮转速较慢但扭矩更大。齿轮齿条将旋转运动转换为直线运动。滑轮组提供机械优势（MA = 支撑载荷的绳索段数）。
7. Energy & Power | 能量与功率
doing work: Power = Work / Time (Watts). Efficiency = (Useful output / Total input) × 100%.
功是力使物体移动时传递的能量：功 = 力 × 距离（焦耳）。功率是做功的速率：功率 = 功 / 时间（瓦特）。效率 =（有用输出 / 总输入）× 100%。
nversion, some energy is always dissipated as heat due to friction. High-efficiency systems minimize losses.
动能（KE）= ½ × 质量 × 速度²；重力势能（GPE）= 质量 × g × 高度。在能量转换中，总会因摩擦以热量散失部分能量。高效系统尽量减少损耗。
8. Measurement & Quality Control | 测量与质量控制
peated measurements. Tolerance is the acceptable variation in a dimension (e.g., ±0.1 mm).
准确性（accuracy）指测量值与真值的接近程度；精密度（precision）指重复测量的一致性。公差（tolerance）指尺寸的可接受偏差（如 ±0.1 mm）。
A vernier caliper measures external/internal dimensions and depth to 0.02 mm. A micrometer measures thicknesses to 0.01 mm. Go/no-go gauges quickly check if a part is within tolerance without giving a measurement.
游标卡尺可测量外径、内径和深度，精度 0.02 mm。千分尺测量厚度，精度 0.01 mm。通止规可快速检查零件是否在公差范围内，而不给出具体测量值。
manufacture. Quality assurance (QA) is a system to prevent defects during production. Use 'QC = Check, QA = Plan' to recall the difference.
质量控制（QC）是在制造后检验产品。质量保证（QA）是预防生产中出现缺陷的系统。助记：'QC 检查，QA 规划'。
9. Drawing & CAD Terms | 绘图与 CAD 术语
Orthographic projection uses multiple 2D views (front, side, plan) to represent a 3D object. Isometric drawing shows three faces at 30° angles, giving a pseudo-3D view without perspective.
正投影用多个二维视图（前视图、侧视图、俯视图）表示三维物体。等轴测图以 30° 角显示三个面，呈现无透视的伪三维视图。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) allows precise 2D and 3D modelling. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacture) uses digital instructions to control machines like CNC routers. Parametric modelling means dimensions are linked and can be adjusted automatically.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）可进行精确的二维和三维建模。CAM（计算机辅助制造）使用数字指令控制 CNC 雕刻机等机器。参数化建模意味着尺寸相互关联，可自动调整。
Line types: continuous thick lines for visible edges; dashed lines for hidden detail; chain lines for centre lines. Scale: 1:2 means half actual size; 2:1 means twice actual size.
线型：连续粗实线表示可见边；虚线表示隐藏细节；点划线表示中心线。比例：1:2 表示实际尺寸的一半；2:1 表示实际尺寸的两倍。
10. Health & Safety Terminology | 健康与安全术语
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) includes goggles, gloves, ear defenders, and steel-toe boots. A risk assessment identifies hazards, evaluates risk, and implements control measures. COSHH covers hazardous substances.
PPE（个人防护装备）包括护目镜、手套、耳罩和钢头鞋。风险评估（risk assessment）识别危险、评估风险并实施控制措施。COSHH 涉及有害物质控制。
A guard physically prevents access to moving parts. An interlock cuts power when a guard is opened. Emergency stops must be red and mushroom-headed. The '5S' system (Sort, Set in order, Shine, Standardize, Sustain) keeps workplaces safe and efficient.
防护罩防止接触运动部件。联锁装置在防护罩打开时切断电源。急停按钮必须为红色蘑菇头。'5S' 系统（整理、整顿、清扫、清洁、素养）维持工作场所的安全与效率。
11. Project Management & Design Process | 项目管理与设计流程
→ Develop solution → Test & Evaluate. Iteration is repeating steps to improve the design.
设计流程通常为：确定需求 → 调研 → 规格说明 → 生成构思 → 开发方案 → 测试与评估。迭代是重复步骤以改进设计。
A Gantt chart visualizes tasks against time, showing dependencies and milestones. A PERT chart focuses on events and the critical path – the longest sequence that determines the project's minimum duration.
甘特图（Gantt chart）将任务按时间可视化，显示依赖关系和里程碑。PERT 图关注事件和关键路径——决定项目最短工期的最长序列。
Specifications must be SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-bound. A prototype is a working model used to test and refine the design before full production.
规格说明必须遵循 SMART 原则：具体、可衡量、可实现、现实、有时限。原型是在全面生产前用于测试和完善设计的工作模型。
12. Sustainability & Environmental Terms | 可持续性与环境术语
The 6 Rs of sustainability: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse, Repair, Rethink. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) evaluates environmental impacts from raw material extraction to disposal.
可持续性 6R：减少、再利用、回收、拒绝、修理、重新思考。生命周期评估（LCA）评价从原材料提取到处置的环境影响。
Embodied energy is the total energy used in producing a material. Carbon footprint measures greenhouse gas emissions. A circular economy aims to eliminate waste by keeping materials in use.
内含能量（embodied energy）是生产材料所需的总能量。碳足迹衡量温室气体排放量。循环经济旨在通过持续利用材料消除废弃物。
Biodegradable materials break down naturally; composites (e.g., carbon fibre reinforced polymer) combine high strength with low weight but are difficult to recycle. Design for disassembly enables easy repair and recycling.
可生物降解材料能自然分解；复合材料（如碳纤维增强聚合物）兼具高强度与低重量，但难以回收。面向拆解的设计便于维修和回收。
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