📚 GCSE CIE Physical Education: Rapid Memorisation Guide for Key Terminology | GCSE CIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of GCSE CIE Physical Education is essential for exam success. This guide breaks down must-know terms by system and topic, pairing each one with a simple memory hack to lock it into your long-term memory. Use it as a revision checklist or a quick-fire testing tool with your study partner.
掌握 GCSE CIE 体育的词汇是考试成功的关键。本指南按系统与主题梳理必背术语，为每个词配备简易记忆窍门，帮助你把它们牢固定格在长期记忆中。可以用作复习清单，也可以和学伴互相快速提问。
1. Skeletal System Terminology | 骨骼系统术语
The skeleton is not just scaffolding; it protects organs, anchors muscles, stores minerals, and produces blood cells. Getting the bone names right is a great foundation.
骨骼不只提供支撑，它还保护器官、固定肌肉、储存矿物质并生成血细胞。记清骨名是打好基础的第一步。
Cranium – The skull that houses and protects the brain. Imagine a hard cranium helmet to recall its role.
颅骨 – 容纳并保护大脑的头骨。把它想象成一顶“颅骨头盔”来记住保护功能。
Vertebrae (singular: vertebra) – The individual bones of the spine that shield the spinal cord. Think of 'verte-' as in vertebrate and 'brae' like tiny bricks stacked along your back.
椎骨（单数 vertebra） – 构成脊柱的独立骨头，保护脊髓。把 'verte-' 联想成脊椎动物，'brae' 像一块块叠在背后的小砖头。
Sternum – The breastbone, connecting ribs at the front. Memorise it as the 'stern' chest bone that stays firm.
胸骨 – 胸前的骨，前方与肋骨相连。记作“stern”严厉的胸部骨，结实不动摇。
Scapula – The shoulder blade, a flat triangular bone. Its shape reminded early anatomists of a spatula – think of a scapula spatula.
肩胛骨 – 扁平的三角形骨。它的形状像一把锅铲，记忆时可联想“肩胛铲子”。
Humerus – The upper arm bone; known as the 'funny bone' because 'humerus' sounds like 'humorous'. When you knock it, the tingling sensation is anything but funny.
肱骨 – 上臂骨，俗称“笑骨”，因为 humerus 读音与 humorous（幽默）相似。敲到它时酥麻感可没那么好笑。
Femur – The thigh bone, the longest and strongest in the body. Picture paying a heavy 'fee' for this heavyweight bone – 'fee-mur'.
股骨 – 大腿骨，人体最长最强的骨。想象为它支付高昂“费用”（fee），因为它是重量级骨头。
Tibia – The larger, weight-bearing shin bone. Remember that 'tibia' and 'fibula' are neighbours, but the tibia is the thicker, 'big brother' on the inside.
胫骨 – 较大的承重小腿骨。记住胫骨和腓骨比邻，胫骨是内侧更粗的“大哥”。
Pelvis – The hip girdle that transfers weight from the upper body. Think of Elvis swinging his pelvis – a classic dance move.
骨盆 – 传递上半身重量的髋部骨带。想到“猫王”Elvis 扭动骨盆的经典舞步即可。
2. Muscular System Terminology | 肌肉系统术语
Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones. Knowing their names and locations helps you analyse any sporting action, from a jump shot to a sprint start.
肌肉通过拉动骨骼产生运动。掌握名称和位置能让你分析从跳投到起跑的任何运动动作。
Deltoid – The shoulder muscle shaped like a delta triangle. It abducts the arm at the shoulder; picture a Greek delta Δ on your cap sleeve.
三角肌 – 形如希腊字母 Δ 的肩部肌肉。负责肩关节外展，想象短袖处盖着一个三角形。
Biceps brachii – The front upper arm muscle with two (bi-) heads. It flexes the elbow; when you show your 'biceps', you bend your arm.
肱二头肌 – 上臂前方有两个头的肌肉。屈肘时必须用到它，秀“二头肌”时正是在弯臂。
Triceps brachii – The back upper arm muscle with three (tri-) heads. It extends the elbow; think of a triceps push-down exercise.
肱三头肌 – 上臂后方有三个头的肌肉。负责伸肘，联想绳索下压训练时它在发力。
Quadriceps – The four-headed muscle group on the front of the thigh. It extends the knee; every time you kick a ball, you fire your quads.
股四头肌 – 大腿前方的四头肌群。伸膝必用它，每次踢球都在激活股四头肌。
Hamstrings – The group of three muscles at the back of the thigh. They flex the knee; sitting on your 'hams' reminds you of their location.
腘绳肌 – 大腿后侧的三个肌群。屈膝靠它们，想想自己坐在“大腿后侧”上就能记住位置。
Gastrocnemius – The prominent calf muscle. It plantar flexes the ankle (pointing toes). 'Gastro-' sounds like stomach, but the muscle is in the leg – think of a well-fed calf.
腓肠肌 – 显著的小腿肚肌肉。负责踝关节跖屈（踮脚尖）。“gastro-”听起来像胃，尽管它在腿上，就当喂饱了的小腿肚。
Latissimus dorsi – The large, flat back muscle often called 'lats'. It adducts and extends the shoulder; imagine bat wings (lat wings) when a swimmer pulls through water.
背阔肌 – 背部宽而扁的“背阔”肌。肩内收和后伸靠它，游泳划水时像蝙蝠翅膀（lat wings）展开。
3. Joints and Movement Terminology | 关节与运动术语
Joint actions describe how bones move relative to one another. A firm grip on these terms turns a description of a dive or a drive into precise technical analysis.
关节动作描述骨骼之间的相对运动。掌握这些术语能把跳水或扑救的描述变成精准的技术分析。
Flexion – Decreasing the angle at a joint, e.g. bending the elbow. 'Flex' your arm to bring a dumb-bell closer.
屈 – 减小关节角度，如弯肘。弯曲手臂将哑铃靠近身体就是屈。
Extension – Increasing the joint angle, e.g. straightening the knee. Think of an extendable ruler lengthening.
伸 – 增大关节角度，如伸直膝盖。想象一把可伸展的尺子变长。
Abduction – Moving a limb away from the midline of the body. 'Abduct' means to take away, so the arm is taken away sideways.
外展 – 肢体远离身体中线。abduct 有“带走”之意，手臂向侧面被带走。
Adduction – Moving a limb towards the midline. 'Add' the limb back to the body's centre.
内收 – 肢体移向中线。将手臂“添加”回身体中心就是内收。
Rotation – Turning a bone around its long axis, such as shaking the head 'no'. A rotisserie chicken rotates around a bar.
旋转 – 骨绕自身长轴转动，如摇头说“不”。就像烤鸡架上的鸡肉绕轴旋转。
Circumduction – A circular, cone-shaped movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Draw a large circle with your arm; the word suggests a 'circular' action.
环转 – 混合屈、伸、外展、内收的圆锥形运动。伸直手臂画大圆，circum- 前缀暗示圆周。
Pronation – Turning the palm downwards. When you pronate to grip a basketball, your palm faces the floor; say 'pro basketball, palm down'.
旋前 – 掌心朝下转动。打篮球时手腕旋前运球，用“职业（pro）篮球，掌心向下”来记忆。
Supination – Turning the palm upwards, as if holding a bowl of soup. 'Soup-ination' creates a memorable mental image.
旋后 – 掌心朝上，就像端着一碗汤（soup）。'Soup-ination' 画面感极强。
4. Cardiovascular System Terminology | 心血管系统术语
The heart, blood vessels and blood work together to deliver oxygen and remove waste. These terms explain how the body meets the demands of exercise.
心脏、血管和血液协同输送氧气、移除废物。以下术语能解释身体如何满足运动需求。
Heart rate (HR) – The number of heart beats per minute (bpm). A lower resting HR indicates aerobic fitness. HR climbs rapidly at the start of exercise.
心率 (HR) – 每分钟心跳次数。安静心率越低，有氧能力越好。运动一开始心率会快速攀升。
Stroke volume (SV) – The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Think of each heartbeat as a 'stroke' of the pump.
每搏输出量 (SV) – 左心室每次搏动射出的血量。把每次心跳想象成泵的一次“冲程”。
Cardiac output (Q) – The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute. The equation is:
心输出量 (Q) – 心脏每分钟泵出的血量。公式如下：
Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume × Heart Rate
心输出量 = 每搏输出量 × 心率
Venous return – The flow of blood back to the heart. Active muscles and breathing help squeeze veins; 'venous' refers to veins.
静脉回流量 – 流回心脏的血量。肌肉活动和呼吸会挤压静脉回血，“venous”即静脉的。
Haemoglobin – An iron-rich protein in red blood cells that binds oxygen. 'Haemo-' means blood, 'globin' is protein; think of a haemoglobin taxi for oxygen.
血红蛋白 – 红细胞中的含铁蛋白，能结合氧气。'Haemo-' 意为血，'globin' 为蛋白质，想象成载氧的出租车。
Artery – A thick-walled vessel carrying blood away from the heart. 'A' for 'Away' and 'Artery' start the same, so blood is leaving the pump.
动脉 – 将血液带离心脏的厚壁血管。'A' 为 Away（离开），动脉始于字母 A，血液正离开心脏。
Vein – A thinner vessel returning blood to the heart, often containing valves to prevent backflow. Veins 'visit' the heart with deoxygenated blood.
静脉 – 将血液送回心脏的较薄血管，常有瓣膜防逆流。静脉带着脱氧血“探访”心脏。
Capillary – Microscopic vessel where gas exchange occurs. A capillary network looks like tiny hair-thin tubes – 'capillary' sounds delicate.
毛细血管 – 发生气体交换的微细血管。网络如发丝，'capillary' 发音也纤细。
5. Respiratory System Terminology | 呼吸系统术语
Breathing supplies oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide. Measuring lung volumes and airflow helps explain how an athlete’s ventilatory system adapts to training.
呼吸系统提供氧气、排出二氧化碳。测量肺容积和气流量能解释运动员通气系统如何适应训练。
Tidal volume (TV) – The amount of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath. In and out like the tide, small and regular.
潮气量 (TV) – 平静呼吸时吸入或呼出的气量。像潮汐般规律地小量进出。
Vital capacity (VC) – The maximum air that can be exhaled after a full deep inhalation. It reflects the 'vital' capacity of your lungs.
肺活量 (VC) – 尽最大力吸气后能呼出的最大气量。反映肺部“生命力”的容量。
Minute ventilation (VE) – The volume of air moved in and out of the lungs per minute. Calculated as:
每分通气量 (VE) – 每分钟进出肺的气体总量。计算为：
Minute Ventilation = Tidal Volume × Breathing Rate
每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率
Oxygen debt – The extra oxygen required after strenuous exercise to remove lactic acid and restore ATP/PC. Also called excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). You borrow oxygen and must pay it back.
氧债 – 剧烈运动后偿还的额外氧量，用于清除乳酸、恢复 ATP/PC。又称运动后过量氧耗。先借氧，后还债。
Alveoli – Tiny air sacs at the ends of bronchioles where gas exchange happens. Their clusters look like miniature bunches of grapes.
肺泡 – 细支气管末端的微小气囊，气体交换的场所。成簇的肺泡就像一串微型葡萄。
Diaphragm – A dome-shaped muscle separating the chest and abdomen; it flattens when you inhale. Imagine a jellyfish pulsing – the diaphragm does the same to draw air in.
膈肌 – 分隔胸腔与腹腔的穹顶形肌肉，吸气时变平。就像水母搏动，膈肌一张一弛吸入空气。
Intercostal muscles – Muscles between the ribs that lift the ribcage during inhalation. 'Inter-' means between, 'costal' refers to ribs.
肋间肌 – 位于肋骨之间的肌肉，吸气时上提胸廓。'inter-' 指之间，'costal' 指肋骨。
6. Principles of Training Terminology | 训练原则术语
Training design hinges on key principles that ensure progression, prevent plateaus, and avoid injury. Use acronyms to keep them fresh.
训练设计依赖于确保进步、防止平台期并避免受伤的关键原则。用首字母缩略词保持鲜活的记忆。
Specificity – Training must be relevant to the sport or goal. A marathon runner needs endurance, not maximum strength. 'Specific' goal, specific
Published by TutorHao | GCSE 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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