📚 GCSE CIE Sociology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | GCSE CIE 社会学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering GCSE CIE Sociology requires more than just understanding theories – you need to confidently recall and apply a wide range of specialist terms in essays, source analysis and exam questions. This guide organises essential terminology by topic and provides bilingual explanations, memory prompts and clear definitions to help you memorise them efficiently.
要在 GCSE CIE 社会学考试中脱颖而出，光理解理论还不够——你需要自信地回忆并运用大量专业术语来完成论文、材料分析和答题。本指南按主题整理核心词汇，提供双语解释、记忆提示和清晰的定义，帮助你高效记忆。
1. Core Concepts: Socialisation, Culture & Identity | 核心概念：社会化、文化与身份认同
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the norms and values of their society. Primary socialisation takes place in the family during early childhood, while secondary socialisation occurs later through agencies such as education, peer groups and the media.
社会化 是个体终其一生学习社会规范与价值观的过程。初级社会化发生在童年早期家庭中，次级社会化则经由教育、同辈群体及媒体等媒介在往后的人生阶段完成。
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society. It includes language, customs, beliefs, dress and the material objects that people create. A subculture is a smaller group within a culture that shares distinct norms and values, such as youth subcultures like punks or goths.
文化 指某个社会整套生活方式，涵盖语言、习俗、信仰、服饰以及人们创造的物质对象。亚文化是文化内部共享独特规范与价值观的较小群体，例如朋克、哥特等青年亚文化。
Norms are specific rules that govern behaviour in particular situations, such as queuing in shops or raising a hand in class. Values are deeper, more general principles about what is considered good or desirable, like honesty, respect and equality.
规范 是规制特定情境下行为的具体规则，比如在商店排队或在课堂上举手。价值观 则是更为深层、更具一般性的原则，界定何为善好或可欲之物，例如诚实、尊重和平等。
Identity is how individuals see and define themselves, and how society labels them. It can be shaped by factors such as gender, ethnicity, social class and nationality. Ascribed status is fixed at birth, while achieved status is earned through effort.
身份认同 是人如何看待和界定自己，以及社会如何给他们贴上标签。它可能受性别、族群、社会阶级和国籍等因素塑造。先赋地位与生俱来，自致地位则依靠努力获取。
2. Social Structures: Roles, Status & Institutions | 社会结构：角色、地位与制度
A role is the pattern of behaviour expected from someone occupying a certain social position or status. For example, a teacher's role includes instructing, assessing and maintaining discipline. Role conflict occurs when different roles clash, such as being an employee and a parent simultaneously.
角色 是对占据特定社会位置或地位之人的行为模式预期。例如，教师的角色包括教学、评估和维持纪律。当不同角色发生冲突时便出现角色冲突，如同时作为雇员和家长。
Status refers to the social honour or prestige attached to a position. It can be ascribed (based on age, gender, ethnicity) or achieved (through qualifications, career). Social institutions such as the family, education system, legal system and religious organisations are structured sets of norms and roles that organise key areas of social life.
地位 是指附着在某位置上的社会荣誉或声望。它可以是先赋的（基于年龄、性别、族群）或是自致的（通过资历、职业）。家庭、教育体系、法律系统和宗教组织等社会制度，是一套组织化了的规范与角色，用以组织社会生活的关键领域。
3. Processes of Social Control | 社会控制过程
Social control refers to the ways in which society regulates individual and group behaviour to ensure conformity to its norms and values. Formal social control is enforced by official agencies such as the police, courts and schools, using laws and written rules. Informal social control is exercised through family, peers and community, using approval or disapproval, ridicule and gossip.
社会控制 指社会规范个体与群体行为以确保其符合规范与价值观的方式。正式社会控制由警察、法院和学校等官方机构运用法律与成文规则实施。非正式社会控制则通过家庭、同辈和社区运用赞同或反对、嘲笑和闲话等方式施加。
Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to enforce norms. Positive sanctions include praise, medals or promotion; negative sanctions can be fines, imprisonment or social exclusion. The threat of sanctions encourages conformity.
制裁 是用于强制执行规范的奖励或惩罚。正向制裁包括表扬、奖章或晋升；负向制裁可以是罚款、监禁或社会排斥。制裁的威胁促使人们从众。
4. Family & Household Terminology | 家庭与住户术语
A nuclear family consists of a mother, father and their dependent children. The extended family includes other relatives such as grandparents, aunts and uncles living together or nearby. A household is a group of people who share a living arrangement, which may not be related by blood.
核心家庭 由母亲、父亲及其受抚养子女组成。扩展家庭 包含其他亲属如祖父母、叔伯姑姨等，同住或邻近而居。住户则指共享居住安排的一群人，彼此未必有血缘关系。
Conjugal roles describe the domestic responsibilities of husbands and wives. Segregated conjugal roles mean separate tasks for men and women; joint conjugal roles involve shared household and childcare duties. The symmetrical family, identified by Young and Willmott, is one where roles have become more equal and couple-centred.
夫妻角色 描述丈夫与妻子的家庭责任。隔离型夫妻角色意味着男女分工明确；联合型夫妻角色则共享家务和育儿职责。杨和威尔莫特提出的对称家庭 是指角色变得更加平等并以夫妇为中心的家庭形态。
Patriarchy is a social system in which men hold primary power and dominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority and control of property. Feminist sociologists highlight how the family reproduces patriarchal inequalities.
父权制 是一种男性掌握主要权力并在政治领导、道德权威和财产控制中占据支配地位的社会体系。女性主义社会学家强调家庭如何再生产父权的不平等。
5. Education: Key Sociological Terms | 教育：核心社会学词汇
Formal curriculum refers to the planned programme of subjects and exams taught in schools. The hidden curriculum is the informal learning of norms, values and attitudes through school routines, such as obedience, punctuality and hierarchy.
显性课程 指学校有计划地教授的科目与考试大纲。隐性课程 则是通过学校日常运作所进行的非正式学习，传递服从、守时、等级制等规范、价值观和态度。
Cultural capital is the knowledge, language, tastes and skills that the middle and upper classes pass on to their children, giving them an advantage in the education system. Bourdieu argued that schools reward cultural capital as if it were natural ability.
文化资本 指中上阶层传递给予女的那些在知识、语言、品味与技能方面的资源，这让他们在教育体制中具备优势。布迪厄指出，学校奖赏文化资本，仿佛是天生能力。
Streaming and setting are ways of grouping students according to perceived ability. Streaming places pupils into broad bands across all subjects; setting allocates them to classes based on subject-specific ability. These practices can reinforce labeling and self-fulfilling prophecies.
分流与分层 是根据能力认知将学生编组的方式。分流在所有科目上将学生纳入宽泛的层次；分层则根据特定学科能力编班。这些做法可能强化标签效应和自我实现预言。
6. Crime, Deviance & Social Order | 犯罪、越轨与社会秩序
Deviance is behaviour that goes against social norms but is not necessarily illegal, such as cheating on a partner or having eccentric clothing. Crime is behaviour that breaks the law and is punishable by the state. Not all deviance is criminal, and not all crime is seen as deviant.
越轨 是违反社会规范但不一定违法的行为，例如对伴侣不忠或穿着奇装异服。犯罪 是违反法律并会受到国家惩罚的行为。并非所有越轨行为都是犯罪，也并非所有犯罪都被视为越轨。
Anomie, a concept from Durkheim, describes a state of normlessness where shared guidelines for behaviour break down, often during rapid social change, leading to increased deviance and crime.
失范 是涂尔干提出的概念，指规范瓦解的无序状态，共有的行为指南崩溃，常发生在社会急剧变迁期间，致使越轨和犯罪上升。
White-collar crime refers to non-violent, financially motivated offences committed by individuals in professional occupations, such as fraud, insider trading and bribery. Sutherland introduced this concept to show that crime is not limited to the poor.
白领犯罪 是指专业人士基于经济动机实施的非暴力犯罪，如欺诈、内幕交易和贿赂。萨瑟兰提出这一概念，表明犯罪并非穷人所独有。
7. Social Stratification & Inequality | 社会分层与不平等
Social stratification is the way society is categorised into hierarchical layers based on factors like class, ethnicity and gender. The class system is a form of stratification where social mobility is possible, unlike caste systems.
社会分层 指社会按阶级、族群和性别等因素划分为等级层序的方式。阶级体系 是允许社会流动的一种分层形式，与种姓制度不同。
Life chances is a term used by Weber to describe the opportunities people have to improve their quality of life. These are influenced by economic resources, status and power. Poverty, unemployment and discrimination restrict life chances.
生活机会 是韦伯使用的术语，描述人们改善生活质量的机遇，受经济资源、地位和权力影响。贫穷、失业和歧视会限制生活机会。
Absolute poverty is a severe deprivation of basic human needs like food, water and shelter. Relative poverty is defined in relation to the average standard of living in a particular society; someone is relatively poor if they cannot afford normal social activities.
绝对贫困 指食物、饮水和住房等基本人类需求的严重匮乏。相对贫困 则是相对于特定社会的平均生活水准而言；若无法负担正常的社交活动，便处于相对贫困。
8. Research Methods Vocabulary | 研究方法词汇
Primary data is information collected firsthand by the researcher for a specific purpose, such as from questionnaires, interviews or experiments. Secondary data already exists, gathered by someone else, like official statistics, historical records or news articles.
一手资料 是研究者为特定目的亲自收集的信息，如问卷、访谈或实验所得。二手资料 则是业已存在、由他人搜集的数据，例如官方统计、历史档案或新闻报道。
Reliability refers to the consistency of research findings – if the study were repeated, similar results would be obtained. Quantitative methods tend to have higher reliability. Validity is about truthfulness: whether the research measures what it claims to measure, capturing genuine insights into social life.
信度 指研究结果的一致性——若重复研究，可得到相似结果。量化方法往往拥有较高信度。效度 关乎真实性：研究是否测量了其声称要测量的内容，捕捉到对社会生活的真实洞见。
Sampling means selecting a portion of the population for study. Random sampling gives everyone an equal chance; stratified sampling selects proportional groups; snowball sampling relies on referrals. A sample must be representative to generalise findings.
抽样 指选取部分人口作为研究对象。随机抽样给予每人同等机会；分层抽样按比例选取群组；滚雪球抽样则依赖引荐。样本必须具有代表性才能推广研究结果。
9. Memorisation Hacks for Sociology Terms | 社会学词汇速记技巧
Break terms into root words and prefixes: For example, 'socialisation' can be remembered as 'social' + 'isation' – the process of becoming social. 'Patriarchy' comes from 'pater' (father) and 'archy' (rule), so rule by fathers. This deconstruction makes definitions logical rather than arbitrary.
将术语拆解为词根与前缀： 例如，'socialisation' 可记为 'social' + 'isation'——生成社会性的过程。'Patriarchy' 源自 'pater'（父亲）与 'archy'（统治），即父系统治。这种解构让定义合乎逻辑，而非随意。
Link terms to vivid images or stories: Picture a 'hidden curriculum' as invisible lesson notes floating in a school corridor. Imagine 'anomie' as a cracked compass in a storm representing normlessness. Creating mental scenes enhances recall.
将术语与生动图像或故事联结： 不妨想象“隐性课程”如同在学校走廊漂浮的隐形课表。想象“失范”为风暴中破裂的指南针，象征规范瓦解。创建心理场景能提升回忆效果。
Use paired associations and bilingual flashcards: Write the term on one side and its short definition plus a Chinese translation on the other. Test yourself by reproducing the definition in both languages. Active recall is far more effective than passive reading.
运用配对联想与双语闪卡： 在一面写下术语，另一面写下简短定义及中文翻译。检测自己能否用两种语言复述定义。主动回忆远比被动阅读更有效。
Create acronyms and mind maps by topic: For stratification terms, create a mind map branching into Class, Status, Power, Life Chances, Wealth. Use the first letters to form a memorable phrase, e.g., 'Clever Students Pass Last Week' (Class, Status, Power, Life chances, Wealth).
按主题制作缩略词与思维导图： 针对分层术语，可绘制思维导图，分支为阶级、地位、权力、生活机会、财富。用首字母构成易记短语，如“Class, Status, Power, Life chances, Wealth”可记为“C S P L W”。
Explain the term to someone else in simple language: The Feynman technique forces you to simplify jargon. If you can make a younger sibling understand 'cultural capital', you truly know it. Teaching reinforces memory and reveals gaps.
用简单语言向他人解释术语： 费曼技巧迫使你将行话简化。若你能让弟弟妹妹弄懂“文化资本”，那才是真正掌握。教学使记忆巩固并暴露盲点。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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