📚 GCSE CIE Psychology: Key Terms Memory Hacks | GCSE CIE 心理学：核心术语速记指南
In GCSE CIE Psychology, the ability to define and apply key terms accurately can make the difference between a pass and a distinction. Examiners look for precise use of subject-specific vocabulary. This guide breaks down the most important terms across the syllabus and provides proven memory techniques to help you retain them effectively.
在GCSE CIE心理学中，能否准确定义和运用关键术语，往往决定了考试成绩的等级。考官注重考生对学科专属词汇的精准使用。本指南拆解了教学大纲中最重要的术语，并提供实证有效的记忆技巧，帮助你高效记忆。
1. Why Terminology Matters in GCSE CIE Psychology | 为何术语对GCSE CIE心理学至关重要
Psychology has its own language. Terms like 'operant conditioning' or 'schema' carry very specific meanings that go beyond everyday usage. When you answer exam questions, simply describing a concept in vague language will not earn full marks. You need to use the correct terminology to show your understanding and achieve the higher bands in mark schemes. Moreover, learning terminology systematically helps you make connections across topics, such as linking 'neurotransmitters' in the biological approach to 'synaptic transmission' and even to drug therapies for mental disorders. This interconnected knowledge strengthens your overall grasp of the subject.
心理学有自己独特的语言。“操作条件作用”或“图式”等术语具有远远超出日常用语的具体含义。在回答考题时，仅用模糊语言描述概念无法获得满分。你需要使用正确的术语，以展示理解并达到评分标准中的较高等级。此外，系统地学习术语有助于你跨主题建立联系，例如将生物心理学中的“神经递质”与“突触传递”乃至心理障碍的药物治疗联系起来。这种关联性知识会强化你对整个学科的整体把握。
2. Key Terms of the Biological Approach | 生物心理学核心术语
The biological approach focuses on how our physiology and genetics influence behaviour. Essential terms include: central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system (PNS) that connects the CNS to the rest of the body; neurons and the synapse, the tiny gap between neurons where neurotransmitters are released; neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which are chemical messengers; hormones such as adrenaline, released into the bloodstream; and genes, the units of heredity. Genotype refers to the genetic makeup, while phenotype is the observable trait resulting from genes and environment. Brain lateralisation describes the idea that the two brain hemispheres have specialised functions.
生物心理学关注生理和遗传如何影响行为。关键术语包括：中枢神经系统（CNS），由脑和脊髓组成；周围神经系统（PNS），将中枢神经系统与身体其他部分连接；神经元和突触——神经元之间的微小间隙，神经递质在此释放；神经递质如血清素和多巴胺，是化学信使；激素如肾上腺素，释放到血液中；以及基因，遗传单位。基因型指遗传构成，表现型则是基因与环境共同作用下的可观察特征。大脑偏侧化指两个大脑半球具有特定功能的观念。
3. Cognitive Approach: Core Vocabulary | 认知心理学核心词汇
The cognitive approach studies internal mental processes such as memory, perception, and problem-solving. A schema is a mental framework of knowledge and expectations that helps us organise and interpret information. Cognitive processes include attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval. When studying memory, you need to know the multi-store model (Atkinson and Shiffrin), which proposes three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Key aspects of each store are capacity, duration, and coding (acoustic, visual, semantic). Another crucial model is the working memory model (Baddeley and Hitch), with components such as the central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and episodic buffer.
认知心理学研究内部心理过程，如记忆、知觉和问题解决。图式是帮助我们组织与解释信息的知识与期望的心理框架。认知过程包括注意、编码、存储和提取。学习记忆时，你需要了解多存储模型（阿特金森和希夫林），该模型提出三个独立的存储库：感觉登记器、短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。每个存储库的关键方面是容量、持续时间及编码方式（听觉、视觉、语义）。另一个核心模型是工作记忆模型（巴德利和希奇），其成分包括中央执行器、语音回路、视空间画板和情景缓冲器。
4. Learning Theories and Behavioural Terminology | 学习理论与行为术语
Learning theories explain how we acquire new behaviours. Classical conditioning (Pavlov) involves learning through association: an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) naturally produces an unconditioned response (UCR); a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the UCS, eventually eliciting a conditioned response (CR). Key terms: extinction (when the CR dies out after repeated CS without UCS), spontaneous recovery (reappearance of a CR after a pause), and generalisation (responding to similar stimuli). Operant conditioning (Skinner) revolves around reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement adds something pleasant to increase behaviour; negative reinforcement removes something unpleasant to increase behaviour. Punishment reduces the likelihood of a behaviour. Social Learning Theory (Bandura) introduces modelling (observing and imitating a role model) and vicarious reinforcement (learning by seeing others rewarded or punished).
学习理论解释我们如何习得新行为。经典条件作用（巴甫洛夫）通过联结学习：无条件刺激（UCS）自然引起无条件反应（UCR）；中性刺激在与UCS配对后变成条件刺激（CS），最终引发条件反应（CR）。关键术语：消退（在多次呈现CS而无UCS后CR消失）、自然恢复（暂停后CR重新出现）和泛化（对相似刺激做出反应）。操作条件作用（斯金纳）围绕强化和惩罚。正强化增加令人愉快的事物以增强行为；负强化
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