📚 GCSE OCR Politics: Key Vocabulary Rapid Revision Guide | GCSE OCR 政治：词汇术语速记指南
A strong grasp of political terminology is essential for success in GCSE OCR Politics. This guide provides clear, concise definitions of key terms paired with Chinese translations, helping you build confidence and improve your exam answers. Use it to test yourself, create flashcards, or simply reinforce your understanding of how the UK political system works.
扎实掌握政治术语是 GCSE OCR 政治取得好成绩的关键。本指南提供清晰简洁的关键词定义，并配以中文翻译，帮助您建立信心、提升答题质量。用它来自我测验、制作记忆卡，或者直接强化您对英国政治体系运作方式的理解。
1. Democracy and Sovereignty | 民主与主权
Democracy: A system of government where supreme power lies with the people, who exercise it directly (direct democracy) or through freely elected representatives (representative democracy). In the UK, representative democracy is the norm, with regular elections ensuring accountability.
民主：一种最高权力属于人民的政府体系，人民直接行使权力（直接民主）或通过自由选举的代表行使权力（代议制民主）。在英国，代议制民主是常态，定期选举确保了问责制。
Sovereignty: The ultimate authority within a territory. In the UK, legal sovereignty rests with Parliament (parliamentary sovereignty), meaning Parliament can make, amend, or repeal any law. Political sovereignty, however, lies with the electorate, who can vote out MPs.
主权：一个领土内的最高权威。在英国，法律主权属于议会（议会主权），这意味着议会可以制定、修改或废除任何法律。然而，政治主权掌握在选民手中，他们可以通过投票罢免议员。
Government: The institution responsible for running the country on a day-to-day basis. It is formed by the party with a majority in the House of Commons, led by the Prime Minister. The government proposes new laws and sets the policy agenda, but its power is constrained by Parliament and the judiciary.
政府：负责日常管理国家的机构。它由在下议院占多数席位的政党组成，由首相领导。政府提出新法律并设定政策议程，但其权力受议会和司法机构的制约。
Constitution: The set of rules, conventions, and principles that establish how a state is governed. The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning it is not written in a single document but found across statutes, common law, and conventions.
宪法：确立国家如何治理的一套规则、惯例和原则。英国有一部不成文宪法，意味着它不是写在单一文件中，而是存在于成文法、普通法和惯例之中。
2. The UK Parliament | 英国议会
House of Commons: The lower, elected chamber of Parliament, consisting of Members of Parliament (MPs) who represent constituencies. It is the primary legislative body, debates national issues, and holds the government to account through questions and committees.
下议院：议会的下院，由代表选区的国会议员（MP）组成。它是主要的立法机构，负责辩论国家议题，并通过质询和委员会监督政府。
House of Lords: The upper, unelected chamber of Parliament, made up of life peers, hereditary peers, and bishops. It scrutinises legislation passed by the Commons, suggests amendments, and can delay bills (except money bills) but cannot permanently block them under the Parliament Acts.
上议院：议会的上院，非选举产生，由终身贵族、世袭贵族和主教组成。它负责审查下议院通过的法案，提出修正案，并可以根据《议会法》延迟法案（除财政法案外），但不能永久否决。
Bill: A draft law that is debated and voted on in Parliament. A bill goes through several stages, including first reading, second reading, committee stage, report stage, and third reading in both Houses, before receiving Royal Assent to become an Act of Parliament.
法案：在议会中辩论和表决的法律草案。一项法案需经过多个阶段，包括在上下两院的一读、二读、委员会阶段、报告阶段和三读，然后获得御准成为议会法。
Act of Parliament: A law that has been formally approved by both Houses and received Royal Assent. Acts are primary legislation and have supreme legal force within the UK's constitutional framework.
议会法：经两院正式批准并获得御准的法律。议会法是主要立法，在英国宪法框架内具有最高法律效力。
Constituency: A geographical area represented by an MP in the House of Commons. The UK is divided into 650 constituencies, each electing one MP under the first-past-the-post system.
选区：由下议院一名议员代表的地理区域。英国划分为650个选区，每个选区在简单多数制下选举一名议员。
3. Government and the Cabinet | 政府与内阁
Prime Minister: The head of the UK government, appointed by the monarch as the leader of the party with a majority in the Commons. The PM chairs the Cabinet, sets government strategy, and represents the UK internationally. Powers include appointing ministers and requesting dissolution of Parliament (historically).
首相：英国政府首脑，由君主任命，通常是下议院多数党的领袖。首相主持内阁、制定政府战略，并代表英国参与国际事务。其权力包括任命大臣和（历史上）请求解散议会。
Cabinet: A group of senior ministers chosen by the PM, usually from the Commons and Lords, who head key government departments (e.g., Chancellor of the Exchequer, Home Secretary). The Cabinet makes major policy decisions collectively, bound by the convention of collective responsibility.
内阁：由首相挑选的一组高级大臣，通常来自下议院和上议院，领导关键政府部门（如财政大臣、内政大臣）。内阁根据集体负责制的惯例共同做出重大政策决定。
Collective Responsibility: A convention that all Cabinet ministers must publicly support government policy, even if they privately disagree. If a minister cannot do so, they are expected to resign. This ensures the government appears united.
集体负责制：一项惯例，要求所有内阁大臣在公开场合必须支持政府政策，即使私下有不同意见。如果某位大臣无法做到，就应辞职。这确保了政府对外表现团结一致。
Civil Service: The permanent, politically neutral administrative body that implements government policy. Civil servants serve ministers of any party, providing expert advice and ensuring continuity when governments change.
公务员体系：常任、政治中立的行政机构，负责执行政府政策。公务员为任何政党的大臣服务，提供专业建议，并在政府更迭时确保政策执行的连续性。
Opposition: The largest party in the Commons that is not in government. The Official Opposition, led by the Leader of the Opposition, scrutinises the government, proposes alternatives, and forms a shadow cabinet ready to take office.
反对党：下议院中不执政的最大政党。官方反对党由反对党领袖领导，负责审查政府，提出替代方案，并组建影子内阁以备上台执政。
4. The Constitution and Devolution | 宪法与权力下放
Uncodified Constitution: A constitution where the rules are not contained in a single written document. The UK's constitution derives from statute law, common law, conventions, works of authority, and EU treaties (historically). This flexibility allows easier amendment but can lead to uncertainty.
不成文宪法：规则不包含在单一成文文件中的宪法。英国的宪法源于成文法、普通法、惯例、权威著作和（历史上的）欧盟条约。这种灵活性使修宪更容易，但也可能导致不确定性。
Devolution: The transfer of certain powers from central government to regional governments within the state. In the UK, devolution has created the Scottish Parliament, Welsh Senedd, and Northern Ireland Assembly, which have control over areas like health, education, and transport.
权力下放：将中央政府的一些权力转移到国家内部的地区政府。在英国，权力下放设立了苏格兰议会、威尔士议会和北爱尔兰议会，它们在卫生、教育和交通等领域拥有控制权。
Reserved Powers: Areas of policy that remain under the control of the UK Parliament in Westminster, such as defence, foreign policy, and constitutional matters. Devolved bodies cannot legislate on these matters.
保留权力：仍由威斯敏斯特的英国议会控制的政策领域，如国防、外交和宪法事务。权力下放的机构不能就这些事项立法。
Devolved Powers: Areas that have been transferred to regional governments, allowing them to make their own laws and policies. Examples include healthcare in Scotland and education in Wales.
下放权力：已转移给地区政府的领域，允许它们制定自己的法律和政策。例如苏格兰的医疗保健和威尔士的教育。
Convention: An unwritten rule of political practice considered binding. For example, the monarch always grants Royal Assent to a bill passed by Parliament; the PM must be an MP. Conventions fill gaps in the uncodified constitution.
惯例：被视为具有约束力的、不成文的政治实践规则。例如，君主总是对议会通过的法案给予御准；首相必须是下议院议员。惯例填补了不成文宪法的空白。
5. Elections and Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度
General Election: An election held to choose MPs for every seat in the House of Commons. Under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act (repealed), they were set at five-year intervals; now the PM can call an election with a request to the monarch, subject to a Commons vote (Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022).
大选：为选出下议院所有议席议员而举行的选举。根据已废除的《固定任期议会法》，大选每五年举行一次；现在首相可请求君主并经过下议院投票后召集大选（2022年《解散和召集议会法》）。
First-Past-the-Post (FPTP): The electoral system used for UK general elections. The candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even if they do not achieve an overall majority. It tends to favour larger parties and can create strong, single-party governments.
简单多数制：用于英国大选的选举制度。每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜，即使他们没有获得绝对多数。它倾向于支持大党，并能产生强大的单一政党政府。
Proportional Representation (PR): An electoral system where seats are allocated in proportion to the share of votes each party receives. Forms of PR are used for elections to the Scottish Parliament (Additional Member System) and European Parliament (when the UK was a member). It often results in coalition governments.
比例代表制：一种根据各政党得票比例分配席位的选举制度。苏格兰议会选举（附加议员制）和欧洲议会选举（英国曾是成员国时）使用某种形式的比例代表制。它常常导致联合政府。
By-election: An election held in a single constituency when the sitting MP dies, resigns, or is declared bankrupt. By-elections allow voters to fill the vacancy and can serve as a mid-term test for the government.
补选：当现任议员去世、辞职或被宣告破产时，在单一选区举行的选举。补选让选民填补空缺，也可以作为对政府任期中的一次考验。
Referendum: A direct vote by the electorate on a specific policy or constitutional question. Examples include the 2016 EU membership referendum and the 2014 Scottish independence referendum. Referendums are not legally binding in the UK but carry significant political weight.
公投：选民就特定政策或宪法问题进行的直接投票。例如2016年欧盟成员资格公投和2014年苏格兰独立公投。在英国内，公投在法律上没有约束力，但具有极大的政治分量。
6. Political Parties and Pressure Groups | 政党与压力团体
Political Party: An organisation that aims to gain power by winning elections and implementing its policies. Parties produce manifestos, select candidates, and provide a framework for political debate. Major UK parties include the Conservative Party, Labour Party, and Liberal Democrats.
政党：一个旨在通过赢得选举和实施其政策来获取权力的组织。政党发布竞选纲领，推选候选人，并为政治辩论提供框架。英国主要政党包括保守党、工党和自由民主党。
Manifesto: A public declaration of a party's policies and intentions, published before a general election. Voters use manifestos to compare what each party promises to do if elected. Key pledges often include taxation, the NHS, and education.
竞选纲领：各政党在大选前发布的、关于其政策和意图的公开声明。选民利用竞选纲领来比较各党承诺当选后会做什么。关键承诺通常涉及税收、国民保健制度和教育。
Pressure Group: An organisation that seeks to influence government or public opinion without seeking election. They may be sectional (representing a specific group, e.g., trade unions) or promotional (campaigning for a cause, e.g., Greenpeace). Tactics include lobbying, petitions, and protests.
压力团体：一个不寻求当选但试图影响政府或公众舆论的组织。它们可能是局部性的（代表特定群体，如工会）或倡议性的（为某种事业而活动，如绿色和平组织）。策略包括游说、请愿和抗议。
Lobbying: The activity of trying to influence government decisions, often carried out by professional lobbyists or pressure groups. MPs and ministers are common targets. Regulated by the Transparency of Lobbying Act 2014 to ensure openness.
游说：试图影响政府决策的活动，通常由专业说客或压力团体进行。议员和大臣是常见目标。受2014年《游说透明度法》规制，以确保公开性。
Trade Union: A sectional pressure group that represents workers' interests, aiming to improve pay, working conditions, and job security. Key UK unions include Unite and Unison. They historically had strong links with the Labour Party.
工会：代表工人利益的局部性压力团体，旨在改善薪酬、工作条件和工作保障。英国主要工会包括联合工会和公共服务业总工会。它们在历史上与工党有紧密联系。
7. The Judiciary and Human Rights | 司法机构与人权
Judiciary: The branch of the state responsible for interpreting and applying the law. Judges are independent of government and Parliament, ensuring justice and upholding the rule of law. The highest court is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
司法机构：负责解释和适用法律的国家部门。法官独立于政府和议会，确保公正并维护法治。最高司法机关是英国最高法院。
Rule of Law: The principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that laws should be fairly applied and enforced. It protects individuals from arbitrary power and is a cornerstone of the UK's uncodified constitution.
法治：一项原则，即包括政府在内的每个人都受法律约束，法律应公平适用和执行。它保护个人免受专断权力之害，是英国不成文宪法的基石。
Judicial Review: A legal process where judges examine the actions of public bodies to determine if they have acted lawfully. Courts can overturn government decisions that are ultra vires (beyond legal power) or irrational. It is a key check on executive power.
司法审查：一项法律程序，法官审查公共机构的行为，以确定其是否合法。法院可以推翻越权或非理性的政府决定。这是制约行政权力的重要措施。
Human Rights Act 1998: An Act that incorporated the European Convention on Human Rights into UK law, allowing individuals to enforce their Convention rights in UK courts. It requires all public bodies to act compatibly with Convention rights unless an Act of Parliament expressly says otherwise.
1998年《人权法》：将《欧洲人权公约》纳入英国法律的一项议会法，允许个人在英国法院维护其公约权利。它要求所有公共机构以符合公约权利的方式行事，除非议会法明确做出相反规定。
Civil Liberties: Basic rights and freedoms that individuals enjoy free from state interference, such as freedom of speech, assembly, and privacy. In the UK, these are protected by common law, statute (e.g., HRA 1998), and the rule of law tradition.
公民自由：个人享有的、免受国家干涉的基本权利和自由，如言论、集会和隐私自由。在英国，这些自由受到普通法、成文法（如1998年《人权法》）和法治传统的保护。
8. Citizenship and Participation | 公民身份与参与
Citizen: A legally recognised member of a state, entitled to rights and subject to duties. UK citizenship can be acquired by birth, descent, registration, or naturalisation. Rights include voting and holding a passport; duties include obeying the law and jury service.
公民：一个国家法律上认可的成员，享有权利并承担义务。英国公民身份可通过出生、血统、登记或归化获得。权利包括投票和持有护照；义务包括遵守法律和陪审服务。
Active Citizenship: The practice of individuals taking an active role in their communities and beyond, beyond just voting. This can involve volunteering, participating in consultations, organising petitions, or holding the authorities to account.
积极公民：个人除了投票之外，在社区及更大范围内发挥积极作用的实践。这可以包括志愿服务、参与咨询、组织请愿或监督权力机构。
Jury Service: A civic duty where randomly selected citizens hear evidence in a criminal trial and decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Juries uphold the right to trial by one's peers, a fundamental principle of the UK justice system.
陪审服务：一种公民义务，随机挑选的公民在刑事审判中听取证据，并裁定被告有罪或无罪。陪审团维护了由同类人审判的权利，这是英国司法制度的一项基本原则。
E-Petition: A petition submitted online via the UK Parliament website. If an e-petition gathers 10,000 signatures, the government must respond. At 100,000 signatures, it is considered for debate in the Commons (though not guaranteed). E-petitions are a form of digital participation.
电子请愿：通过英国议会网站提交的在线请愿。如果一份电子请愿收集到1万个签名，政府必须做出回应。达到10万个签名，议会下议院将考虑就此进行辩论（但不保证）。电子请愿是一种数字参与形式。
Council Tax: A local tax paid by households to help fund local services such as policing, fire services, and waste collection. The amount depends on the property's valuation band and the local council's precept.
市政税：由家庭缴纳的地方税，用于资助警务、消防和垃圾收集等地方服务。金额取决于房产的估价等级和地方议会的征税额。
9. Local Government and Public Services | 地方政府与公共服务
Local Council: An elected body responsible for providing services in a defined area. In England, there are county councils, district councils, and unitary authorities. Councillors are elected by residents and make decisions on housing, planning, education, and social care.
地方议会：经选举产生的、负责特定区域服务提供的机构。在英格兰，有郡议会、区议会和单一管理区。议员由居民选举产生，就住房、规划、教育和社会关怀做出决策。
Mayor: Some local authorities have a directly elected mayor with executive powers, separate from the ceremonial mayor. Examples include the Mayor of London and combined authority mayors in Greater Manchester. They set budgets and strategic plans.
市长：一些地方政府有直选市长，拥有行政权力，区别于礼仪性市长。例如伦敦市长和大曼彻斯特联合管理区市长。他们制定预算和战略规划。
Public Services: Services provided by the state to citizens, either free at the point of use or subsidised, such as the National Health Service (NHS), state schools, and emergency services. They are funded through general taxation and are a cornerstone of the welfare state.
公共服务：国家向公民提供的、使用点免费或有补贴的服务，如国民保健服务（NHS）、公立学校和紧急服务。它们通过一般税收资助，是福利国家的基石。
Welfare State: A system where the state plays a key role in protecting the well-being of its citizens, providing social security, health care, education, and housing. The modern UK welfare state was shaped by the Beveridge Report (1942) and aims to support people from 'cradle to grave'.
福利国家：一种国家在保护公民福祉方面发挥关键作用的体系，提供社会保障、医疗保健、教育和住房。现代英国福利国家由《贝弗里奇报告》（1942年）塑造，致力于提供'从摇篮到坟墓'的保障。
Precept: A charge added to the council tax bill by a local authority or other body (e.g., police and crime commissioner, parish council) to fund specific services. The total bill is made up of several precepts from different authorities.
征税额：由地方当局或其他机构（如警察和犯罪事务专员、堂区议会）在市政税账单上附加的一项费用，用于资助特定服务。总账单由来自不同机构的多项征税额组成。
10. Key Acts and Data in UK Politics | 英国政治关键法案与数据
Magna Carta (1215): A historic document that limited the king's power and established principles such as the right to a fair trial and due process under the law. While most clauses are repealed, it symbolises the foundation of limited government and the rule of law in Britain.
《大宪章》（1215年）：一份限制国王权力、确立公平审判和正当法律程序等原则的历史文件。尽管多数条款已被废除，它象征着英国有限政府和法治的基石。
Bill of Rights 1689: An Act that established parliamentary supremacy and set out key rights, including freedom of speech in Parliament and free elections. It removed the monarch's ability to suspend laws without Parliament's consent.
1689年《权利法案》：确立了议会至上，并规定了包括议会言论自由和自由选举在内的关键权利。它剥夺了君主未经议会同意即可暂停法律的能力。
Parliament Acts (1911 and 1949): These Acts reduced the power of the House of Lords. The Lords cannot delay money bills and can only delay other bills by two sessions (effectively one year) before they can receive Royal Assent without Lords' consent.
《议会法》（1911年和1949年）：这些法律削弱了上议院的权力。上议院不得延迟财政法案，对其他法案最多只能延迟两个会期（实际上一年），之后即使未经上议院同意，也可获得御准成为法律。
Representation of the People Act 1918 and 1928: The 1918 Act gave the vote to all men over 21 and women over 30 who met property qualifications. The 1928 Act extended the franchise to all women over 21, achieving equal voting rights with men. The current voting age is 18 (1969 Act).
1918年和1928年《人民代表法》：1918年法赋予所有21岁以上男性和满足财产资格的30岁以上女性投票权。1928年法将选举权扩大到所有21岁以上女性，实现了与男性平等的投票权。当前投票年龄为18岁（1969年法）。
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018: The Act that legally enabled the UK to leave the EU by repealing the European Communities Act 1972 and converting existing EU law into UK law. It marked a significant constitutional shift, restoring sovereignty to Westminster.
2018年《欧盟（退出）法》：通过废除1972年《欧洲共同体法》并将现有欧盟法律转化为英国法律，使英国在法律上能够离开欧盟的法律。这标志着一项重大的宪法转变，将主权回归威斯敏斯特。
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