📚 GCSE OCR Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulae and Theorems | GCSE OCR 中文：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your go-to revision guide for mastering Chinese grammar patterns, structures, and set expressions. This handbook breaks down the most important 'formulae' and 'theorems' that frequently appear in the GCSE OCR Chinese examinations, helping you construct accurate and natural sentences with confidence.
欢迎使用这本备考速查手册，帮助你掌握GCSE OCR中文考试中最重要的语法结构、句型和固定搭配。我们将核心考点提炼为一个个“公式”与“定理”，让你能够快速查阅、准确造句，从而自信应对各类题目。
1. Basic Sentence Patterns | 基本句型公式
The most fundamental Chinese sentences follow predictable patterns. Mastering these is the first step to fluency.
最基础的中文句子遵循可预测的模式，掌握这些是流利表达的第一步。
Subject + Verb + Object (SVO) – Identical to English word order but without articles.
公式：主语 + 动词 + 宾语。Subject + Adjective (S + Adj) – Adjectives behave like verbs and do not require a linking verb.
公式：主语 + 形容词。注意形容词直接作谓语，无需系动词。Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object – The indirect object comes before the direct object.
公式：主语 + 动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语。Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object – Time and place always precede the verb phrase.
公式：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。时间地点必须放在动词之前。
2. The 把 (bǎ) Construction Formula | “把”字句公式
The 把 construction highlights how an action disposes of or affects a definite object. It is essential when the action results in a change of state, position, or completion.
“把”字句强调动作如何处置或影响一个确定的对象。当动作导致状态、位置的变化或完成时，就必须使用这个句型。
Core formula: Subject + 把 + Object + Verb + Complement / 了
核心公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语 / 了
The object must be specific and known to both speaker and listener. The verb cannot stand alone; it requires at least a resultative complement, a directional complement, or 了.
宾语必须是定指、双方都明确的事物。动词不能单独出现，必须带有结果补语、趋向补语或动态助词“了”。
- I put the book on the table.
我把书放在桌子上了。 - She finished her homework.
她把作业做完了。 - Please close the window.
请把窗户关上。
3. The 被 (bèi) Passive Formula | “被”字句公式
The 被 passive voice shows that the subject is the receiver of an action. It is used when the agent is unknown, obvious, or intentionally omitted.
“被”字句表示主语是动作的承受者。当施动者未知、不言自明或有意省略时，常使用被动形式。
Formula: Subject + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement / 了
公式：主语 + 被（+ 施动者）+ 动词 + 补语 / 了
In spoken Chinese, 叫 or 让 can replace 被, but the agent must then be stated. The negative form uses 没(有) before 被.
口语中可用“叫”或“让”替代“被”，但此时施动者必须出现。否定形式在“被”前加“没(有)”。
- The window was broken by him.
窗户被他打破了。 - My phone was stolen.
我的手机被偷了。 - I was criticised by the teacher (negative).
我没被老师批评。
4. Comparative Structures | 比较句公式
Comparisons in Chinese rely on specific patterns rather than inflected adjectives. The concept of 'more than', 'less than', and 'the same as' each has its own fixed formula.
中文的比较句依靠固定的句式，而非形容词的变形。“比”、“没有”和“跟…一样”各自拥有明确的公式。
A 比 B + Adjective – A is more ... than B.
A 比 B + 形容词 – A比B更……
- He is taller than me.
他比我高。
A 没有 B + Adjective – A is not as ... as B.
A 没有 B + 形容词 – A不如B……
- Today is not as cold as yesterday.
今天没有昨天冷。
A 跟 B 一样 + (Adjective) – A is as ... as B.
A 跟 B 一样 +（形容词） – A和B一样……
- This book is as interesting as that one.
这本书跟那本书一样有意思。
Use 一点儿 or 得多 after the adjective to indicate degrees of difference: 高一点儿 (a bit taller), 好得多 (much better).
形容词后可加“一点儿”或“得多”表示差异程度：高一点儿、好得多。
5. The 是...的 Emphasis Formula | “是...的”强调结构
This structure is used to emphasise the time, place, manner, or agent of a completed action. It differs from the plain 是 sentence because the focus is on the circumstances surrounding a past event.
这一结构用来强调一个已发生动作的时间、地点、方式或施动者。它不同于一般的“是”字句，重点在于说明过去事件的相关情况。
Formula: Subject + 是 + [Focus element] + Verb + 的 (+ Object)
公式：主语 + 是 + [焦点成分] + 动词 + 的（+ 宾语）
The negative is formed with 不是...的. The 的 must remain at the end, and the object, if definite, can be placed before the verb or after 的.
否定形式为“不是...的”。“的”必须保留在句尾；定指宾语可置于动词前或“的”后。
- I came by bus. (emphasising manner)
我是坐公共汽车来的。 - He didn't go to Beijing with her. (negative, manner)
他不是跟她一起去北京的。 - We met last year. (emphasising time)
我们是去年认识的。
6. Resultative Complements | 结果补语公式
Resultative complements indicate the result or outcome of an action. A verb is followed by an adjective or another verb to show that the action achieved a specific state.
结果补语表示动作的结果。动词后紧跟一个形容词或另一个动词，说明动作达到了某种状态。
Formula: Verb + Resultative Complement (Adjective / Verb) (+ 了)
公式：动词 + 结果补语（形容词 / 动词）（+了）
Common examples include 做完 (finish doing), 听懂 (listen and understand), 看见 (see, perceive), 洗干净 (wash clean). The negative is normally formed with 没.
常见例子：做完、听懂、看见、洗干净。否定一般用“没”。
- I finished writing the letter.
我写完信了。 - He didn't understand what I said.
他没听懂我的话。 - She saw a cat.
她看见一只猫。
7. Directional Complements | 趋向补语公式
Directional complements express the direction in which an action moves. They combine a verb with a directional verb like 来 (come) or 去 (go), or compound forms such as 进来, 出去, 上来, 下去.
趋向补语表示动作移动的方向。它们由动词加上“来／去”或复合趋向动词如“进来、出去、上来、下去”组成。
Simple formula: Verb + 来 / 去
简单公式：动词 + 来/去
Compound formula: Verb + Direction + 来/去
复合公式：动词 + 方向 + 来/去
If the object is a place, it must be inserted between the direction verb and 来/去. For non-place objects, the position is more flexible.
如果宾语是处所词，必须放在趋向动词和“来/去”之间。非处所宾语位置则比较灵活。
- He ran inside.
他跑进来了。 - She walked upstairs.
她走上楼去了。（处所“楼”在“上”和“去”之间） - Bring a pen over.
拿一支笔过来。
8. Potential Complements | 可能补语公式
Potential complements indicate whether an action is possible or not. They are formed by inserting 得 (possible) or 不 (not possible) between the verb and a resultative or directional complement.
可能补语表示动作是否可能实现。在动词和结果补语或趋向补语之间插入“得”（可能）或“不”（不可能）。
Formula: Verb + 得/不 + Complement
公式：动词 + 得/不 + 补语
This transforms 做完 into 做得完 (able to finish) or 做不完 (unable to finish). For directional complements, 进来 becomes 进得来 / 进不来.
“做完”可变为“做得完”或“做不完”；“进来”变为“进得来”或“进不来”。
- Can you understand?
你听得懂吗？ - I can't finish eating all this food.
我吃不完这么多菜。 - The door is too small, the sofa can't go in.
门太小，沙发进不去。
9. Aspect Markers: 了, 着, 过 | 动态助词：了、着、过
Aspect markers attach to verbs to indicate the status of an action, not its tense. Understanding their correct placement is a key GCSE grammar theorem.
动态助词紧附于动词后，表示动作的状态，而非时态。正确使用它们是GCSE语法的重要定理。
了 (completed action or change of state)
了（动作完成或状态变化）
- Verb + 了: indicates a completed action. 我买了三本书。(I bought three books.)
- Adjective + 了: indicates a change. 天气冷了。(It has become cold.)
着 (continuous or ongoing state)
着（持续或进行中的状态）
- Verb + 着: describes an ongoing action or a state resulting from an action. 门开着。(The door is open.) 他看着书。(He is reading a book.)
过 (past experience)
过（过去的经历）
- Verb + 过: expresses having the experience of doing something. 我去过中国。(I have been to China.) 我没吃过饺子。(I have never eaten dumplings.)
10. Common Measure Words | 常用量词搭配速查
Every noun requires a measure word when combined with a number or demonstrative. The table below lists high-frequency pairings tested at GCSE level.
每个名词在与数词或指示代词搭配时都需要量词。下表列出GCSE高频量词搭配。
| Measure Word 量词 | Used for 用于 | Example 例子 |
|---|---|---|
| 个 (gè) | General; people, many objects | 一个人, 三个苹果 |
| 本 (běn) | Books, volumes | 一本书 |
| 张 (zhāng) | Flat objects (paper, tickets, tables) | 一张纸, 一张桌子 |
| 支 (zhī) | Long, stick-like objects (pens) | 一支笔 |
| 件 (jiàn) | Clothes, matters, items of luggage | 一件衣服, 一件事 |
| 条 (tiáo) | Long, flexible things (fish, rivers, trousers) | 一条鱼, 一条裤子 |
| 双 (shuāng) | Pairs (shoes, chopsticks) | 一双鞋 |
| 杯 (bēi) | Cupfuls, glasses of drinks | 一杯水 |
Remember that 一点儿 and 一些 are used for indefinite quantities without a preceding number.
请记住“一点儿”和“一些”用于不定数量，前不加数字。
11. Key Sentence Connectors | 关键连接词与逻辑公式
Logical connectors form composite 'if-then', 'because-therefore' and 'although-but' patterns. Learning these as fixed pairs is a powerful theorem for structuring complex sentences.
逻辑连接词构成“如果…就”、“因为…所以”和“虽然…但是”等固定搭配。把这些配对当作定理来记忆，是组织复杂句子的利器。
因为...所以... (because... therefore...) – 因为下雨，所以我们在家。
If using 因为 alone, 所以 is often still required.
虽然...但是... (although... but...) – 虽然很贵，但是我还是买了。
In English 'but' cannot appear with 'although', but in Chinese the pair is standard.
如果...就... (if... then...) – 如果你来，我就很高兴。
就 is mandatory in the consequence clause to link the condition.
不但...而且... (not only... but also...) – 他不但会说中文，而且会写汉字。
The subject appears before 不但 or at the very start of the sentence.
只要...就... (as long as...) – 只要努力，就能成功。
This expresses a minimal condition.
只有...才... (only if...) – 只有你去，我才去。
Note the different adverb 才 instead of 就.
12. Important Fixed Expressions and Idioms | 常见固定搭配与成语
Certain expressions follow rigid structures and cannot be altered. Similarly, four-character idioms (成语) pack a complete meaning into a concise form and are rewarded in the writing paper.
有些固定搭配结构非常僵硬，不能随意改动。四字成语则用简洁的形式浓缩完整意义，在写作部分使用会得到认可。
Fixed structures:
除了...以外 – apart from... 除了中文以外，我也学历史。
越来越... – more and more... 天气越来越冷。
在...上 / 在...下 – in terms of / under... 在老师的帮助下，我进步了。
对...来说 – as for... 对我来说，运动很重要。
Common 成语 (idioms):
画蛇添足 – painting legs on a snake; to ruin by adding something superfluous.
对牛弹琴 – playing the lute to a cow; to cast pearls before swine.
入乡随俗 – when in Rome, do as the Romans do.
半途而废 – give up halfway; to leave something unfinished.
Using one or two appropriate idioms in your essay can demonstrate higher-level linguistic competence, but always ensure the context is correct.
在作文中恰当使用一两个成语能展示更高层次的语言能力，但务必确保语境正确。
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