Year 13 CCEA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 CCEA Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CCEA 心理学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering key terminology is the hidden superpower of top-achieving Psychology students. This guide unpacks the essential CCEA Year 13 terms, each paired with a memorable mnemonic or image so that revision becomes rapid, active, and bilingual. Use it to test yourself, teach a friend, or build flashcards.

掌握核心术语是心理学高分学生的秘密武器。本指南拆解了 CCEA Year 13 的关键术语，每个术语都配有助记口诀或图像，让复习变得快速、主动且双语化。用它进行自测、教朋友或制作闪卡。

1. Research Methods: Core Concepts | 研究方法：核心概念

Aim – A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate. Think of the aim as the target: you set it before you shoot.

目标 – 研究者打算调查的总体陈述。把目标想象成靶子：先瞄准再射击。

Hypothesis – A precise, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. A directional (one-tailed) hypothesis states the expected direction of the effect, while a non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis simply states there will be a difference. Mnemonic: "Hippos Predict Outcomes."

假设 – 关于变量之间关系的精确、可检验的预测。方向性（单尾）假设陈述预期的效应方向，而非方向性（双尾）假设只陈述会有差异。口诀："假设预测结果。"

Independent Variable (IV) – The variable manipulated by the researcher to observe its effect. Remember: "I manipulate the IV."

自变量 (IV) – 研究者操纵的变量，以观察其影响。记住："我操纵自变量。"

Dependent Variable (DV) – The variable measured; it depends on the IV. Mnemonic: "DV Depends on the IV."

因变量 (DV) – 被测量的变量；它取决于自变量。口诀："因变量依赖自变量。"

Extraneous Variable – Any variable other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. Think of it as "extra noise."

额外变量 – 除自变量外任何可能影响因变量的变量，如不控制。看作"额外噪音"。

Confounding Variable – iable that varies systematically with the IV, so its effect cannot be separated. Mnemonic: "Confounding = Confused cause."

混淆变量 – 与自变量系统性地共变的额外变量，其效应无法分离。口诀："混淆 = 混淆了原因。"

Operationalisation – Defining variables in measurable terms. You must "operation‑alise" them so they can be tested. Mnemonic: "Operation: make it measurable."

操作化 – 用可测量的术语定义变量，使其能够被检验。口诀："操作化，量化它。"

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2. Experimental Designs and Controls | 实验设计与控制

Independent Groups Design – Different participants take part in each condition. Advantage: no order effects. Disadvantage: participant variables may differ. Memory hook: "Two separate teams."

独立组设计 – 不同参与者进入不同条件。优点：无顺序效应。缺点：参与者变量可能不同。记忆挂钩："两个独立的队伍。"

Repeated Measures Design – Order effects (practice, fatigue) are a risk. Use counterbalancing to control them. Think: "Repeated = same people repeat."

重复测量设计 – 同一批参与者参与所有条件。顺序效应（练习、疲劳）是风险。用平衡抵消法控制。想想："重复 = 同样的人重复做。"

Matched Pairs Design – Participants are paired on relevant characteristics (e.g., IQ, age) and then randomly allocated to conditions. Reduces participant variables. Mnemonic: "Twins split into two conditions."

配对组设计 – 参与者在相关特征上配对（如智商、年龄），然后随机分派到条件中。减少参与者变量。口诀："双胞胎分到两组。"

Counterbalancing – Systematically varying the order of conditions in repeated measures to minimise order effects. Usually half the participants experience condition A first, half condition B first. Mnemonic: "Balance the order to fight fatigue."

平衡抵消法 – 在重复测量中系统地改变条件顺序，以最小化顺序效应。通常一半人先做条件 A，另一半先做条件 B。口诀："平衡顺序，打败疲劳。"

Random Allocation – Assigning participants to conditions using a truly random method (e.g., random number generator). It controls for participant variables in independent groups. Mnemonic: "Lottery for fair groups."

随机分配 – 用真正随机的方法（如随机数字生成器）将参与者分配到各条件。在独立组设计中控制参与者变量。口诀："抽签决定公平分组。"

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3. Ethical Guidelines | 伦理准则

Informed Consent – Participants must be fully informed about the aims and procedures, and give written consent. For under‑16s, obtain parental consent. Mnemonic: "No surprises – sign here."

知情同意 – 参与者必须充分了解目的和程序，并给出书面同意。16 岁以下需获得家长同意。口诀："没有意外——请签名。"

Right to Withdraw – Participants can leave the study at any time without penalty. This must be stated clearly from the start. Mnemonic: "The exit door is always open."

退出权利 – 参与者可随时退出实验而不受惩罚。必须从一开始就明确说明。口诀："出口永远是敞开的。"

Deception – Withholding information or misleading participants. Only acceptable if essential and no alternative exists; a thorough debriefing is then required. Mnemonic: "Lie only if absolutely necessary, then tell the truth."

欺骗 – 隐瞒信息或误导参与者。只有在必要且无替代方案时才可接受；之后必须进行详尽的事后解释。口诀："万不得已才说谎，然后说出真相。"

Protection from Harm – Participants should leave the study in the same psychological and physical state they entered. Risk of harm (stress, embarrassment) must be no greater than in everyday life. Mnemonic: "Keep them as safe as at home."

免受伤害 – 参与者离开研究时，心理和生理状态应与进入时相同。风险（压力、尴尬）不得高于日常生活。口诀："像在家一样安全。"

Privacy and Confidentiality – Participants' data must be anonymous and kept secure. Identifiable information must not be disclosed. Mnemonic: "Lock the data; shred the names."

隐私与保密 – 参与者数据必须匿名并安全保存。不得披露可识别身份的信息。口诀："锁住数据；撕碎名字。"

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4. Biological Psychology | 生物心理学

Central Nervous System (CNS) – s the brain and spinal cord. It processes information and coordinates responses. Mnemonic: "Brain + Spinal Cord = Command Centre."

中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 由脑和脊髓组成。处理信息并协调反应。口诀："脑 + 脊髓 = 指挥中心。"

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) – divisions: somatic (voluntary movements) and autonomic (involuntary functions). Mnemonic: "PNS = Pathways to the body."

外周神经系统 (PNS) – 中枢神经系统之外的所有神经。分为躯体神经（随意运动）和自主神经（不随意功能）。口诀："PNS = 通往全身的通道。"

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – Controls internal organs and glands. The sympathetic branch triggers 'fight or flight'; the parasympathetic branch triggers 'rest and digest'. Mnemonic: "Sympathetic = stress accelerator; parasympathetic = calm brake."

自主神经系统 (ANS) – 控制内脏和腺体。交感分支引发"战斗或逃跑"；副交感分支引发"休息与消化"。口诀："交感是应激油门；副交感是平静刹车。"

Neuron – A nerve cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals. Three types: sensory (from sense organs to CNS), relay (within CNS), and motor (from CNS to muscles/glands). Mnemonic: "Sensory in, Motor out, Relay in between."

神经元 – 传递电和化学信号的神经细胞。三种类型：感觉神经元（从感官到 CNS）、中间神经元（在 CNS 内）、运动神经元（从 CNS 到肌肉/腺体）。口诀："感觉进，运动出，中间在内部。"

Synapse – neurons where neurotransmitters are released. The message becomes chemical here. Mnemonic: "Synapse = swimming pool where chemicals cross."

突触 – 神经元之间的微小间隙，在此释放神经递质。信号在此处变为化学信号。口诀："突触 = 化学泳池，信号游过去。"

Neurotransmitter – A chemical messenger (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) that travels across the synapse and binds to receptors on the next neuron. Mnemonic: "Key (neurotransmitter) fits into a lock (receptor)."

神经递质 – 一种化学信使（如血清素、多巴胺），穿过突触并结合到下一个神经元的受体上。口诀："钥匙（递质）开锁（受体）。"

Endocrine System – dstream to regulate bodily functions. Works more slowly than the nervous system. Mnemonic: "Endocrine = snail mail, Nervous system = email."

内分泌系统 – 腺体网络，分泌激素进入血液以调节身体机能。比神经系统作用慢。口诀："内分泌 = 慢信，神经系统 = 电邮。"

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5. Memory Models and Processes | 记忆模型与过程

Short-Term Memory (STM) – A temporary store with limited capacity (7±2 items) and duration (18–30 seconds). Information is encoded acoustically. Without rehearsal, it decays. Mnemonic: "STM = Small Temporary Memory."

短时记忆 (STM) – 一个容量有限（7±2 项）和持续时间短（18–30 秒）的临时存储。信息以声音编码。无复述即消退。口诀："STM = 小型临时记忆。"

Long-Term Memory (LTM) – ore with unlimited capacity and duration. Encoding is mainly semantic (meaning). Mnemonic: "LTM = Library That's Massive."

长时记忆 (LTM) – 一个容量和持续时间无限的永久存储。编码主要是语义（意义）。口诀："LTM = 巨大的图书馆。"

Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – Proposes three separate stores: sensory register, STM, and LTM. Information flows linearly through attention and rehearsal. Mnemonic: "Sensory catches, STM holds, LTM keeps forever."

多存储模型 (Atkinson & Shiffrin) – 提出三个独立存储：感觉登记、短时记忆和长时记忆。信息通过注意和复述线性流动。口诀："感觉捕捉，短时暂存，长时永久保存。"

Working Memory Model (Baddeley & Hitch) – d (visual/spatial info), and Episodic Buffer (integrates info and links to LTM). Mnemonic: "CE + PL + VSS + EB = a busy office."

工作记忆模型 (Baddeley & Hitch) – 取代单一短时记忆概念。包含中央执行器（监督）、语音回路（言语/声音信息）、视空间画板（视觉/空间信息）和情节缓冲器（整合信息并连接长时记忆）。口诀："CE + PL + VSS + EB = 忙碌的办公室。"

Central Executive – The boss component; allocates attention and coordinates slave systems. It is modality-free and limited in capacity. Mnemonic: "The brain's air traffic controller."

中央执行器 – 老板组件；分配注意并协调附属系统。不依赖感觉通道，容量有限。口诀："大脑的空中交通管制员。"

Phonological Loop – Deals with auditory information and has two parts: the phonological store (inner ear) and articulatory control process (inner voice). Mnemonic: "Loop of sound, repeating around."

语音回路 – 处理听觉信息，有两个部分：语音存储（内耳）和发音控制过程（内部语音）。口诀："声音回路，绕圈复读。"

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6. Forgetting | 遗忘

Proactive Interference – Old learning disrupts recall of new learning. Mnemonic: "Proactive = Past blocks Present." (P->P)

前摄干扰 – 旧的学习干扰对新学习内容的回忆。口诀："前摄 = 过去阻断现在。" (Past 首字母 P 对应 Proactive)

Retroactive Interference – New learning disrupts recall of old learning. Mnemonic: "Retroactive = Recent wrecks the Remote." (R->R)

倒摄干扰 – 新的学习干扰对旧学习内容的回忆。口诀："倒摄 = 最近破坏远端。" (Recent 首字母 R 对应 Retroactive)

Retrieval Failure – Forgetting occurs when the necessary retrieval cues are absent. Information is available but not accessible. Mnemonic: "Lost key to the memory door."

提取失败 – 当缺乏必要的提取线索时发生遗忘。信息存在但无法访问。口诀："丢失记忆之门的钥匙。"

Cue-Dependent Forgetting – A type of retrieval failure; cues present at encoding (e.g., context, state, mood) are missing at recall. Mnemonic: "No cue, no clue."

线索依赖遗忘 – 提取失败的一种；编码时存在的线索（如情境、生理状态、情绪）在回忆时缺失。口诀："无线索，无头绪。"

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7. Attachment | 依恋

Attachment – A strong, enduring emotional bond between an infant and caregiver, characterised by seeking closeness and distress upon separation. Mnemonic: "Invisible elastic string."

依恋 – 婴儿与照料者之间强烈、持久的情感纽带，以寻求亲近和分离痛苦为特征。口诀："隐形弹力绳。"

Interactional Synchrony – Caregiver and infant mirror each other's actions and emotions in a synchronised, rhythmic way. Mnemonic: "Dance in harmony."

互动同步 – 照料者和婴儿以同步、有节奏的方式镜像彼此的行为和情绪。口诀："和谐共舞。"

Reciprocity – Turn‑taking in interaction; each partner responds to the other's signals. Like a conversation without words. Mnemonic: "Serve and return in the attachment game."

互惠 – 互动中的轮流行为；每个伙伴回应对方的信号。如同无言的对话。口诀："依恋游戏中的发球和回球。"

Strange Situation – A controlled observation developed by Ainsworth to assess attachment type through a series of separations and reunions. Classifies into secure, insecure‑avoidant, and insecure‑resistant. Mnemonic: "Seven episodes reveal how baby copes."

陌生情境 – Ainsworth 开发的控制观察，通过一系列分离和重聚评估依恋类型。分为安全型、不安全回避型和不安全矛盾型。口诀："七个片段揭示宝宝如何应对。"

Secure Attachment – Infant uses caregiver as a safe base, shows moderate distress at separation, and is easily comforted upon reunion. Mnemonic: "Explorer with a safe harbour."

安全依恋 – 婴儿把照料者当安全基地，分离时表现出适度痛苦，重聚时容易得到安慰。口诀："有避风港的探索者。"

Insecure‑Avoidant Attachment – Infant ignores caregiver, shows little distress at separation, and avoids contact upon reunion. Mnemonic: "Little stranger, little reunion."

不安全回避型依恋 – 婴儿忽视照料者，分离时无明显痛苦，重聚时回避接触。口诀："对陌生人无所谓，重聚时也淡然。"

Insecure‑Resistant Attachment – Infant clings, is very distressed at separation, and is difficult to soothe upon reunion, often showing anger and resistance. Mnemonic: "Clingy and angry – love hate tug."

不安全矛盾型依恋 – 婴儿黏人，分离时极度痛苦，重聚时难以安抚，常表现出愤怒与抗拒。口诀："既黏又气——爱恨拔河。"

Internal Working Model – A mental template formed from the infant's early attachment, shaping future relationships and expectations. Mnemonic: "First relationship blueprint."

内部工作模型 – 由早期依恋形成的心智模板，塑造未来关系和期望。口诀："第一段关系的蓝图。"

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8. Social Influence | 社会影响

Conformity – A change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group. Types: Compliance (public change only), Identification (temporary change to belong), Internalisation (genuine private change). Mnemonic: "C‑I‑I like a ladder: shallow to deep."

从众 – 行为或信念的改变以融入群体。类型：服从（仅公开改变）、认同（暂时改变以归属）、内化（真正的私下改变）。口诀："C‑I‑I 像梯子：由浅入深。"

Informational Social Influence (ISI) – Conforming because we believe others have more knowledge; leads to internalisation. Common in ambiguous situations. Mnemonic: "I conform because they're right."

信息性社会影响 (ISI) – 因相信他人拥有更多知识而从众；导致内化。常见于模糊情境。

Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com

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