GCSE Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Recall Guide | GCSE Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 GCSE Edexcel PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Recall Guide | GCSE Edexcel 体育：词汇术语速记指南

A strong command of subject-specific vocabulary is essential for success in GCSE Edexcel Physical Education. This quick recall guide breaks down the key terms you must know across every major topic, pairing each definition with a clear Chinese translation to support bilingual learners and reinforce understanding.

扎实的学科术语基础是赢得 GCSE Edexcel 体育考试的关键。本速记指南梳理了每个重要主题必会的核心词汇，每条定义都配以清晰的中文翻译，帮助双语学习者巩固理解、快速记忆。

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1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语

Axial skeleton – The central part of the skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum; it provides protection for vital organs and supports the body's upright posture.

中轴骨 – 由颅骨、脊柱、肋骨和胸骨组成的中轴骨骼部分，为重要器官提供保护并支撑直立姿势。

Appendicular skeleton – The bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton, enabling a wide range of movement.

附肢骨骼 – 四肢骨以及将其连接到中轴骨的肩带和骨盆带，使大范围运动成为可能。

Long bone – A hard, dense bone that provides strength, structure and mobility; the femur and humerus are examples. Long bones act as levers to generate movement.

长骨 – 坚硬致密的骨，提供力量、结构和移动性；股骨和肱骨即为长骨。长骨作为杠杆产生运动。

Short bone – Approximately cube-shaped bones that provide stability and support with little movement, such as the carpals in the wrist.

短骨 – 近似立方体的骨，提供稳定性和支撑，几乎不参与大范围运动，如腕骨。

Flat bone – Thin, flattened and often curved bones that protect internal organs and offer large surface areas for muscle attachment, e.g. the ribs and cranium.

扁骨 – 薄、扁平且常弯曲的骨，保护内脏并为肌肉附着提供大面积区域，例如肋骨和颅骨。

Irregular bone – Bones with complex shapes that serve protective and supportive roles, such as the vertebrae.

不规则骨 – 形状复杂的骨，承担保护与支撑功能，如椎骨。

Synovial joint – A freely movable joint in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity. Features include articular cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule and ligaments.

滑膜关节 – 一种可自由活动的关节，关节腔内充满滑液，连接骨之间有软骨、关节囊和韧带等结构。

Flexion – Decreasing the angle at a joint, e.g. bending the elbow during a bicep curl.

屈曲 – 关节角度减小，如肱二头肌弯举时屈肘。

Extension – Increasing the angle at a joint, e.g. straightening the leg at the knee when kicking a ball.

伸展 – 关节角度增大，如踢球时膝关节伸直。

Abduction – Movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, such as raising the arm sideways.

外展 – 肢体远离身体中线的运动，例如侧平举手臂。

Adduction – Movement of a limb towards the midline of the body, e.g. bringing the arm back to the side.

内收 – 肢体靠向身体中线的运动，如手臂收回体侧。

Rotation – Turning a bone around its own long axis, like turning the head from side to side.

旋转 – 骨绕其自身长轴转动，如头左右转动。

Circumduction – A conical movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction, as seen when a cricketer bowls a ball.

环转 – 屈曲、伸展、外展和内收组合形成的圆锥形运动，如板球投球动作。

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2. Muscular System Key Terms | 肌肉系统关键术语

Skeletal muscle – Voluntary muscle attached to bones by tendons; it produces movement by contracting and pulling on the skeleton. Also known as striated muscle.

骨骼肌 – 通过肌腱附着在骨上的随意肌，通过收缩牵拉骨骼产生运动，也称横纹肌。

Smooth muscle – Involuntary muscle found in the walls of internal organs such as the intestines and blood vessels; it controls automatic processes like digestion.

平滑肌 – 存在于内脏器官壁（如肠道和血管）的不随意肌，控制消化等自动过程。

Cardiac muscle – Specialised involuntary muscle found only in the heart; it contracts rhythmically without fatigue to pump blood.

心肌 – 仅存在于心脏的特殊不随意肌，有节律地收缩而不易疲劳，推动血液流动。

Tendon – A tough band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and transmits the force generated by muscle contraction.

肌腱 – 坚韧的纤维结缔组织束，连接肌肉与骨，将肌肉收缩产生的力传递至骨骼。

Origin – The fixed attachment of a muscle, usually on the stationary bone closer to the midline of the body.

起点 – 肌肉的固定附着点，通常位于靠近身体中线的静止骨上。

Insertion – The attachment of a muscle on the bone that moves when the muscle contracts, typically further from the midline.

止点 – 肌肉附着于运动骨的一端，肌肉收缩时该骨产生运动，通常远离身体中线。

Antagonistic pair – Two muscles that work together to produce movement: the agonist (prime mover) contracts while the antagonist relaxes, e.g. biceps and triceps during elbow flexion.

拮抗肌对 – 协同产生运动的一对肌肉：主动肌（原动肌）收缩时，拮抗肌舒张，例如肘屈曲时的肱二头肌与肱三头肌。

Agonist – The muscle directly responsible for causing a desired movement through contraction.

主动肌 – 通过收缩直接产生所需运动的肌肉。

Antagonist – The muscle that relaxes to allow the agonist to contract and controls the movement by opposing it when necessary.

拮抗肌 – 放松以允许主动肌收缩的肌肉，并在需要时通过反向作用控制运动。

Isotonic contraction – Muscle contraction where the muscle changes length while the tension remains relatively constant; includes concentric (shortening) and eccentric (lengthening) phases.

等张收缩 – 肌肉长度改变而张力相对恒定的收缩形式，包括向心收缩（缩短）和离心收缩（拉长）。

Concentric contraction – The muscle shortens as it contracts, e.g. lifting a weight during a bicep curl.

向心收缩 – 肌肉收缩时缩短，例如弯举上举阶段。

Eccentric contraction – The muscle lengthens while under tension, acting as a brake, e.g. lowering a weight under control.

离心收缩 – 肌肉在张力下拉长，起制动作用，例如控制性地放下重物。

Isometric contraction – Muscle tension increases but there is no visible change in length and no joint movement, e.g. holding a plank position.

等长收缩 – 肌肉张力增加但长度不变、无关节运动，例如平板支撑。

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3. Cardiovascular System Key Terms | 心血管系统关键术语

Heart rate (HR) – The number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm). Resting HR averages around 60–80 bpm for adolescents.

心率 (HR) – 每分钟心跳次数（bpm）。青少年安静心率平均约为 60–80 bpm。

Stroke volume (SV) – The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat, typically around 70 ml at rest for a trained individual.

每搏输出量 (SV) – 左心室每搏射出的血量，受过训练者安静时通常约为 70 毫升。

Cardiac output (Q) – per minute, calculated as Q = SV × HR. It increases during exercise to meet oxygen demand.

心输出量 (Q) – 心脏每分钟泵出的血液总量，按 Q = SV × HR 计算；运动时心输出量增加以满足氧需求。

Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR)

心输出量 (Q) = 每搏输出量 (SV) × 心率 (HR)

Venous return – The flow of blood back to the heart. It is aided by mechanisms such as the skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump and pocket valves in veins.

静脉回流 – 血液流回心脏的过程，由骨骼肌泵、呼吸泵和静脉中的袋状瓣膜等机制辅助。

Vasodilation – Widening of blood vessels, particularly arterioles, to increase blood flow to working muscles during exercise.

血管舒张 – 血管（尤其是小动脉）扩张，增加运动时流向工作肌的血流量。

Vasoconstriction – Narrowing of blood vessels to reduce blood flow to inactive areas and redirect it to active muscles.

血管收缩 – 血管收缩，减少流向非活跃区域的血流，并将其重新分配至活跃肌肉。

Blood pressure – The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels, expressed as systolic over diastolic pressure (e.g. 120/80 mmHg).

血压 – 循环血液对血管壁的侧压力，表示为收缩压/舒张压（例如 120/80 mmHg）。

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4. Respiratory System Key Terms | 呼吸系统关键术语

Breathing rate (f) – The number of breaths taken per minute. It increases during exercise to supply more oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

呼吸频率 (f) – 每分钟呼吸次数；运动时呼吸频率升高以摄入更多氧气并排出二氧化碳。

Tidal volume (TV) – The volume of air inhaled or exhaled during a normal breath at rest, roughly 0.5 litres in adolescents.

潮气量 (TV) – 安静时每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气体量，青少年约为 0.5 升。

Minute ventilation (VE) – ed into and out of the lungs per minute, calculated as VE = tidal volume × breathing rate.

每分通气量 (VE) – 每分钟进出肺的气体总量，按 VE = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率 计算。

Minute Ventilation (VE) = Tidal Volume (TV) × Breathing Rate (f)

每分通气量 (VE) = 潮气量 (TV) × 呼吸频率 (f)

Vital capacity (VC) – The maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation; a measure of lung function and respiratory fitness.

肺活量 (VC) – 最大吸气后能呼出的最大气体量，是衡量肺功能和呼吸健康的指标。

Gaseous exchange – The diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the blood capillaries and carbon dioxide from the blood into the alveoli, occurring at the lungs and muscle tissues.

气体交换 – 氧气从肺泡扩散进入毛细血管、二氧化碳从血液扩散至肺泡的过程，发生在肺部和肌肉组织。

Diffusion – The movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across a semi-permeable membrane.

扩散 – 气体从高浓度区域穿过半透膜向低浓度区域迁移的过程。

Oxygen debt / EPOC – The extra oxygen consumed after strenuous exercise to restore the body to its resting state, remove lactate and replenish energy stores. Often referred to as Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption.

氧债 / EPOC – 剧烈运动后额外消耗的氧气，用于使身体恢复安静状态、清除乳酸并补充能量储备，常称为运动后过量氧耗。

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5. Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise | 有氧与无氧运动

Aerobic exercise – Physical activity performed with oxygen, fuelled by the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water and a large amount of ATP. Typical activities include long-distance running and cycling.

有氧运动 – 在供氧充足下进行的身体活动，利用葡萄糖在有氧条件下分解产生二氧化碳、水和大量 ATP，如长跑和骑行。

Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + ATP

葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水 + ATP

Anaerobic exercise – High-intensity exercise performed without sufficient oxygen, relying on the breakdown of glucose to produce lactic acid and a small amount of ATP. It causes rapid fatigue and is typical in sprinting or heavy weightlifting.

无氧运动 – 在供氧不足下进行的高强度运动，依赖葡萄糖分解产生乳酸和少量 ATP，导致快速疲劳，如短跑或大重量举重。

Glucose → Energy + Lactic Acid

葡萄糖 → 能量 + 乳酸

Lactic acid – A by-product of anaerobic glycolysis; its accumulation in muscles causes fatigue, burning sensations and eventually forces a reduction in intensity.

乳酸 – 无氧糖酵解的副产物；在肌肉中积累引起疲劳、灼烧感，并最终迫使运动强度下降。

EPOC – The elevated oxygen uptake after exercise that is used to convert lactic acid back into useful fuels, replenish oxygen stores and help return the body to homeostasis.

运动后过量氧耗 (EPOC) – 运动后氧气摄取量升高的阶段，用于将乳酸转化为有用燃料、补充氧储备并帮助身体恢复稳态。

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6. Lever Systems | 杠杆系统

Lever – A rigid structure (bone) that moves around a fixed point (fulcrum or joint) when a force (muscle contraction) is applied, used to gain mechanical advantage in producing movement.

杠杆 – 刚性结构（骨）在施加力（肌肉收缩）时绕固定点（支点或关节）转动，用于在产生运动时获取机械效益。

Fulcrum – The pivot point around which the lever rotates; typically represented by a joint in the human body.

支点 – 杠杆旋转所绕的枢轴点，在人体中通常由关节充当。

Load (resistance) – The weight or resistance that the lever must overcome, e.g. the weight of the body part plus any external weight.

负荷（阻力） – 杠杆必须克服的重量或阻力，例如身体部位的重量加上外部负重。

Effort – The force applied to the lever, provided by muscle contraction.

作用力 – 施加于杠杆的力，由肌肉收缩提供。

First-class lever – The fulcrum lies between the effort and the load, e.g. nodding the head (atlanto-occipital joint). Mechanical advantage can be greater or less than 1.

第一类杠杆 – 支点在作用力与负荷之间，如点头动作（寰枕关节）；机械效益可大于或小于 1。

Second-class lever – The load lies between the fulcrum and the effort, always providing a mechanical advantage greater than 1; e.g. standing on tiptoes (ball of foot as fulcrum, body weight as load, calf muscle as effort).

第二类杠杆 – 负荷在支点和作用力之间，机械效益始终大于 1；如提踵站立（跖球为支点，体重为负荷，小腿肌为作用力）。

Third-class lever – The effort is applied between the fulcrum and the load, resulting in a mechanical advantage of less than 1 but a large range of movement and speed; e.g. a bicep curl (elbow as fulcrum, biceps effort between elbow and weight in hand).

第三类杠杆 – 作用力在支点和负荷之间，机械效益小于 1，但产生大范围快速运动；如肱二头肌弯举（肘为支点，肱二头肌作用在肘与手中重量之间）。

Mechanical advantage – The ratio of the effort arm to the resistance arm (distance from fulcrum to effort ÷ distance from fulcrum to load). Values >1 mean less effort is needed to move a heavy load.

机械效益 – 力臂与阻力臂的比值（支点到作用力的距离 ÷ 支点到负荷的距离）。大于 1 时移动重负荷所需力较小。

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7. Planes and Axes of Movement | 运动平面与轴

Sagittal plane – An imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into left and right halves. Movements in this plane run forwards and backwards, such as running or squatting.

矢状面 – 将身体分为左右两半的假想垂直平面；此平面上的运动为前后方向，如跑步或下蹲。

Frontal plane – An imaginary vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions. Side-to-side movements like star jumps occur in this plane.

额状面 – 将身体分为前后两部分的假想垂直平面；左右方向的运动如开合跳即在此平面。

Transverse plane – An imaginary horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower sections. Rotational movements, such as a discus spin or golf swing, happen in this plane.

横截面 – 将身体分为上下的假想水平平面；旋转运动如铁饼旋转或高尔夫挥杆发生在此平面。

Frontal (mediolateral) axis – Runs from side to side across the body. Movements in the sagittal plane rotate around this axis, e.g. a forward somersault.

额状轴（内外侧轴） – 从身体一侧到另一侧的轴线；矢状面内的运动绕此轴旋转，如前空翻。

Sagittal (anteroposterior) axis – Runs from front to back. Movements in the frontal plane rotate around this axis, e.g. a cartwheel.

矢状轴（前后轴） – 从前到后的轴线；额状面内的运动绕此轴旋转，如侧手翻。

Longitudinal (vertical) axis – Runs from top to bottom. Movements in the transverse plane rotate around this axis, e.g. a pirouette in dance.

纵轴（垂直轴） – 自上而下的轴线；横截面内的运动绕此轴旋转，如舞蹈中的旋转。

Plane-axis pairing – Sagittal plane with frontal axis (flexion/extension), frontal plane with sagittal axis (abduction/adduction), transverse plane with longitudinal axis (rotation).

平面-轴配对 – 矢状面对应额状轴（屈伸），额状面对应矢状轴（外展内收），横截面对应纵轴（旋转）。

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8. Components of Fitness | 体能要素

Cardiovascular endurance – The ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained exercise, e.g. a 1500 m run.

心血管耐力 – 心、肺和血管在持续运动中向工作肌输送氧气的能力，如 1500 米跑。

Muscular endurance – The ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeat contractions or hold a static position without fatigue, e.g. performing many press-ups.

肌肉耐力 – 肌肉或肌群反复收缩或保持静态姿势而不疲劳的能力，如大量俯卧撑。

Speed – The rate at which a performer can move from one point to another, or the maximum velocity of a limb; important in sprinting and kicking.

速度 – 运动者从一点移动到另一点的速率，或肢体的最大瞬时速度；在冲刺和踢击中很关键。

Strength – The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction, e.g. one-rep max in weightlifting.

力量 – 肌肉或肌群单次收缩能产生的最大力，如举重中的 1RM。

Flexibility – The range of motion available around a joint, influenced by muscle elasticity and joint structure; essential for gymnasts and hurdlers.

柔韧性 – 关节周围可达到的活动幅度，受肌肉弹性和关节结构影响；对体操和跨栏运动员至关重要。

Agility – The ability to change direction quickly and accurately while maintaining control, e.g. dodging opponents in netball.

敏捷性 – 快速准确改变方向并保持控制的能力，如篮网球中闪避对手。

Balance – The maintenance of the centre of gravity over the base of support, whether static (still) or dynamic (moving), e.g. holding a handstand.

平衡 – 将重心保持在支撑面范围内的能力，分为静态和动态平衡，如倒立。

Coordination – The smooth integration of the nervous and muscular systems to produce efficient movement, e.g. hand-eye coordination in catching a ball.

协调性 – 神经系统与肌肉系统顺畅整合以产生高效运动的能力，如接球时的手眼协调。

Power – The product of strength and speed; the ability to exert maximal force quickly, as in a long jump take-off or a javelin throw.

爆发力 – 力量与速度的乘积；快速发挥最大力的能力，如跳远起跳或掷标枪。

Reaction time – The time taken to respond to a stimulus, vital for sprinters reacting to the starting gun or a goalkeeper saving a shot.

反应时 – 对刺激做出反应所需的时间，对于冲刺起跑或守门员扑救至关重要。

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9. Principles of Training | 训练原则

Specificity

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