📚 CCEA Year 13 Biology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | CCEA 13年级生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology is vital for excelling in CCEA Year 13 Biology. This quick memory guide presents key A2 terms across topics such as photosynthesis, respiration, genetics, ecology, homeostasis and more, with clear bilingual definitions and memory aids to help you recall and apply them confidently in exams.
掌握准确的术语是 CCEA 13 年级生物取得优异成绩的关键。本速记指南涵盖光合作用、呼吸作用、遗传学、生态学、稳态等 A2 核心话题，提供清晰的中英双语定义和记忆辅助，帮助你自信地记忆并在考试中灵活运用。
1. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photolysis: The light-driven splitting of water molecules (H₂O) inside photosystem II, releasing electrons, protons (H⁺) and oxygen (O₂).
光解：在光系统 II 内由光驱动的水分子 (H₂O) 分解过程，释放电子、质子 (H⁺) 和氧气 (O₂)。
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation: Electrons travel from water through photosystems II and I to NADP⁺, producing ATP and NADPH and releasing O₂ as a by-product; the dominant pathway in light-dependent reactions.
非循环光合磷酸化：电子从水出发，依次经过光系统 II 和 I 最终传递给 NADP⁺，生成 ATP 和 NADPH 并释放 O₂；是光反应中的主要途径。
Cyclic photophosphorylation: Electrons from photosystem I are cycled back to the electron transport chain, generating ATP only; no NADPH or O₂ is produced, balancing the ATP:NADPH ratio.
循环光合磷酸化：光系统 I 的电子循环回到电子传递链，只产生 ATP；不生成 NADPH 也不放氧，用于调节 ATP 与 NADPH 的比例。
RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate): A 5-carbon acceptor that combines with CO₂ at the start of the Calvin cycle, catalysed by the enzyme Rubisco.
RuBP（核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸）：卡尔文循环起始处与 CO₂ 结合的 5 碳受体，由 Rubisco 酶催化。
GP (glycerate-3-phosphate): The 3-carbon intermediate formed after carboxylation of RuBP; it is reduced to TP using ATP and NADPH.
GP（甘油酸-3-磷酸）：RuBP 羧化后生成的 3 碳中间产物，利用 ATP 和 NADPH 被还原为 TP。
TP (triose phosphate): The primary carbohydrate product of the Calvin cycle; some TP is used to regenerate RuBP, while the remainder is converted to glucose, starch or other organic compounds.
TP（磷酸丙糖）：卡尔文循环的主要糖产物；部分 TP 用于再生 RuBP，其余转化为葡萄糖、淀粉或其他有机物。
Chemiosmosis in photosynthesis: The movement of H⁺ ions down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase, driving ATP synthesis; protons accumulate inside the thylakoid lumen.
光合作用中的化学渗透：H⁺ 沿电化学梯度经 ATP 合酶流动，驱动 ATP 合成；质子积累在类囊体腔内。
2. Respiration | 呼吸作用
Glycolysis: The splitting of glucose (6C) into two molecules of pyruvate (3C) in the cytoplasm, yielding a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD.
糖酵解：在细胞质中将葡萄糖 (6C) 分解为两分子丙酮酸 (3C)，净产生 2 ATP 和 2 个还原型 NAD。
Link reaction: Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix, is decarboxylated and dehydrogenated, and combines with coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA, releasing CO₂ and reduced NAD.
链接反应：丙酮酸进入线粒体基质，经脱羧和脱氢后与辅酶 A 结合形成乙酰辅酶 A，释放 CO₂ 和还原型 NAD。
Krebs cycle: A cyclical series of oxidation reactions in the mitochondrial matrix where acetyl-CoA is completely broken down, producing CO₂, reduced NAD, reduced FAD and ATP (via substrate-level phosphorylation).
克雷布斯循环（三羧酸循环）：线粒体基质中的循环氧化反应，乙酰辅酶 A 被彻底分解，生成 CO₂、还原型 NAD、还原型 FAD 和 ATP（底物水平磷酸化）。
Oxidative phosphorylation: The combined processes of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis; energy from reduced NAD and FAD is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthase.
氧化磷酸化：电子传递链和化学渗透的联偶过程；还原型 NAD 和 FAD 释放的能量用于跨线粒体内膜泵出质子，形成质子梯度驱动 ATP 合酶。
Substrate-level phosphorylation: The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a phosphorylated intermediate to ADP, forming ATP, as occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
底物水平磷酸化：磷酸基团从磷酸化中间产物直接转移给 ADP 生成 ATP，见于糖酵解和克雷布斯循环。
Anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes: In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to lactate (animals) or ethanol and CO₂ (plants/yeast), regenerating NAD⁺ to allow glycolysis to continue.
真核生物的无氧呼吸：缺氧时，丙酮酸被还原为乳酸（动物）或乙醇和 CO₂（植物/酵母），从而再生 NAD⁺ 以维持糖酵解进行。
| Process | Location | ATP yield |
| Glycolysis | Cytoplasm | 2 (net) |
| Krebs cycle | Mitochondrial matrix | 2 |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | Inner mitochondrial membrane | ~28 |
3. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与变异
Allele: A variant form of a gene, occupying the same locus on homologous chromosomes.
等位基因：基因的变体形式，位于同源染色体上的相同基因座。
Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism; the combination of alleles for a particular trait.
基因型：生物体的遗传组成，即某一性状的等位基因组合。
Phenotype: The observable characteristic resulting from the interaction of genotype with the environment.
表型：基因型与环境相互作用所表现出的可观察特征。
Codominance: Both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, producing a phenotype that shows both traits distinctly (e.g. AB blood group).
共显性：杂合子中两个等位基因都完全表达，表现出同时具备两种性状的表型（例如 AB 血型）。
Sex linkage: A gene located on a sex chromosome (usually X), leading to different inheritance patterns in males and females (e.g. haemophilia).
伴性遗传：位于性染色体（通常为 X 染色体）上的基因，导致雄性和雌性具有不同的遗传模式（如血友病）。
Crossing over: Exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids during prophase I of meiosis, creating new allele combinations and increasing genetic variation.
交叉互换：减数第一次分裂前期同源染色体的非姐妹染色单体间交换遗传物质，产生新的等位基因组合，增加遗传变异。
Hardy-Weinberg principle: In a large, randomly mating population with no mutation, migration or selection, allele and genotype frequencies remain constant. The equation is given below.
哈代-温伯格定律：在一个无突变、无迁移、无选择的随机交配大群体中，等位基因频率和基因型频率世代保持恒定。方程如下。
p² + 2pq + q² = 1 and p + q = 1
Here p is the frequency of the dominant allele and q the frequency of the recessive allele.
其中 p 为显性等位基因频率，q 为隐性等位基因频率。
4. Evolution and Speciation | 进化与物种形成
Genetic drift: Random change in allele frequencies within a small population, which can lead to loss of alleles and reduced genetic diversity.
遗传漂变：小群体中等位基因频率的随机变化，可能导致等位基因丢失和遗传多样性下降。
Founder effect: A type of genetic drift occurring when a small group breaks away to form a new population, carrying only a fraction of the original gene pool.
奠基者效应：一种遗传漂变，小部分个体脱离原群体形成新群体，仅携带原基因库中的一小部分等位基因。
Natural selection: The differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype; a key mechanism of evolution.
自然选择：因表型差异导致的个体生存和繁殖成功率不同；是进化的重要机制。
Allopatric speciation: Speciation that occurs when populations are geographically isolated, preventing gene flow and allowing independent evolution.
异域物种形成：群体因地理隔离而无法进行基因交流，各自独立演化形成新物种。
Sympatric speciation: Speciation within the same geographic area, often due to reproductive barriers such as temporal or behavioural isolation without physical separation.
同域物种形成：在同一地理区域内发生的物种形成，通常源于时间隔离或行为隔离等生殖障碍，无需物理分割。
Reproductive isolation: Mechanisms that prevent members of different species from producing viable, fertile offspring; includes prezygotic and postzygotic barriers.
生殖隔离：阻止不同物种成员产生可育后代的机制，包括合子前隔离和合子后隔离。
5. Ecology: Populations and Communities | 生态学：种群与群落
Population: A group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time, capable of interbreeding.
种群：同一时间内生活于同一区域的同种生物的全部个体，能够相互交配。
Community: All the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area.
群落：生活在一定区域内不同物种种群的集合，彼此相互作用。
Ecological niche: The role and position a species occupies in its environment, including all its interactions with biotic and abiotic factors; a niche cannot be shared indefinitely.
生态位：物种在其环境中所处的地位和角色，包括其与所有生物和非生物因子的相互作用；一个生态位不能被永久共享。
Carrying capacity: The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely, given the available resources.
环境容纳量（K 值）：在资源有限的条件下，环境所能长期维持的最大种群数量。
Intraspecific competition: Competition between members of the same species for resources such as food, space or mates; often density-dependent.
种内竞争：同种个体间为食物、空间或配偶等资源展开的竞争；常具有密度依赖性。
Succession: The directional change in species composition of a community over time, from pioneer species to a climax community.
演替：随着时间推移，群落中物种组成发生定向变化，从先锋物种最终到达顶级群落的过程。
Climax community: The relatively stable, final stage of succession, where the ecosystem is in equilibrium with the climate and soil conditions.
顶级群落：演替的相对稳定的最终阶段
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