📚 Year 13 CCEA Physics: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | Year 13 CCEA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology in CCEA Year 13 Physics is essential for top-tier exam performance. This quick revision guide links key terms to concise definitions, symbol conventions and memory hooks, helping you recall complex concepts rapidly under timed conditions.
精准掌握 CCEA Year 13 物理术语是在考试中取得顶尖成绩的关键。这份速记指南将核心词汇与简洁定义、符号惯例和记忆窍门联系起来，帮助你在限时环境下快速回忆复杂概念。
1. Circular Motion & Centripetal Force | 圆周运动与向心力
Angular displacement (θ) is the angle rotated by a radius vector, measured in radians (rad). 2π rad = 360°.
角位移（θ）是半径矢量转过的角度，以弧度（rad）为单位。2π rad = 360°。记忆技巧：一整个圆周恰为 2π，想象半径在转圈。
Angular velocity (ω) is the rate of change of angular displacement, ω = Δθ / Δt, with unit rad s⁻¹.
角速度（ω）是角位移的变化率，ω = Δθ / Δt，单位 rad s⁻¹。ω 形似一个小圆环，提示圆周运动。
ω = 2πf = 2π / T
ω = 2πf = 2π / T
Centripetal acceleration (a) always points towards the centre: a = v² / r = ω²r.
向心加速度（a）始终指向圆心：a = v² / r = ω²r。记住 'centri-' 意为中心，加速度必须向内才会改变速度方向。
Centripetal force (F) is the resultant force producing centripetal acceleration: F = mv² / r = mω²r.
向心力（F）是产生向心加速度的合力：F = mv² / r = mω²r。它不是一种新的力，而是真实力（如张力、引力）充当向心力。
2. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) | 简谐运动
SHM is oscillatory motion where acceleration (a) is directly proportional to displacement (x) from equilibrium and directed opposite to x: a ∝ −x.
简谐运动（SHM）是加速度（a）与离开平衡位置的位移（x）成正比且方向相反的运动：a ∝ −x。负号提醒加速度总是指回平衡点。
a = −ω²x
a = −ω²x
Amplitude (A) is the maximum displacement from equilibrium. Period (T) is the time for one complete oscillation: T = 2π / ω.
振幅（A）是离开平衡位置的最大位移。周期（T）是一次完整振动的时间：T = 2π / ω。角频率 ω 连接了转圈和来回运动。
Phase difference measures how much one oscillation 'leads' or 'lags' another, expressed in radians or degrees.
相位差衡量两个振动的“超前”或“滞后”程度，以弧度或度表示。画圆运动投影图可直观看出相位差。
Damping (light, critical, heavy) describes energy loss from oscillating system; critical damping returns to equilibrium fastest without overshooting.
阻尼（轻阻尼、临界阻尼、过阻尼）描述振动系统的能量损失；临界阻尼最快回到平衡且不超越，汽车悬挂正是应用此原理。
3. Gravitational Fields | 重力场
Gravitational field strength (g) at a point is the force per unit mass: g = F / m, with unit N kg⁻¹ or equivalently m s⁻².
重力场强度（g）是单位质量所受的力：g = F / m，单位 N kg⁻¹或等效的 m s⁻²。g 既是加速度也是场强，数值上两者相等。
Newton's law of gravitation: F = Gm₁m₂ / r², where G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻².
牛顿万有引力定律：F = Gm₁m₂ / r²，其中 G = 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻²。平方反比关系与距离的平方成反比，行星轨道由此而来。
Gravitational potential (V) is work done per unit mass to bring a test mass from infinity to that point: V = −GM / r.
重力势（V）是将单位质量自无穷远移至该点所做的功：V = −GM / r。负号表示引力场做正功时势能减小，无穷远处势能为零。
Escape velocity (vₑ) is the minimum speed to escape a gravitational field: vₑ = √2GM / r.
逃逸速度（vₑ）是脱离引力场的最小速度：vₑ = √2GM / r。记忆：动能等于引力势能差，平方根内有因子 2。
4. Electric Fields & Capacitance | 电场与电容
Electric field strength (E) is force per unit positive charge: E = F / q, measured in N C⁻¹ or V m⁻¹.
电场强度（E）是单位正电荷所受的力：E = F / q，单位 N C⁻¹ 或 V m⁻¹。匀强电场中 E = V / d，等势面间距离 d。
Coulomb's law: F = kQ₁Q₂ / r², where k = 1/(4πε₀) and ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F m⁻¹.
库仑定律：F = kQ₁Q₂ / r²，其中 k = 1/(4πε₀)，ε₀ = 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F m⁻¹。形式与引力定律相似，但电荷可正可负。
Capacitance (C) is charge stored per unit potential difference: C = Q / V, unit farad (F).
电容（C）是每单位电势差所储存的电荷：C = Q / V，单位法拉（F）。平行板电容器 C = εA / d（ε为介电常数）。
Energy stored = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q² / C
储存能量 = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q² / C
Time constant (τ) for RC circuit is τ = RC; capacitor charges or discharges to ~63% in one time constant.
时间常数（τ）RC 电路 τ = RC；一个 τ 内电容充电或放电约 63%，记住 τ 与电阻和电容的乘积直接相关。
5. Magnetic Fields & Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
Magnetic flux density (B) field strength, defined via F = BIl sinθ on a current-carrying conductor. Unit: tesla (T).
磁通量密度（B）是磁场强度的量度，通过载流导线受力 F = BIl sinθ 定义。单位：特斯拉（T）。
Magnetic flux (Φ) is B × A cosθ, where θ is angle between B and normal to area. Unit: weber (Wb). Flux linkage = NΦ.
磁通量（Φ）为 B × A cosθ，θ 是 B 与面积法线夹角。单位：韦伯（Wb）。磁链 = NΦ，用于计算感应。
Faraday's law: induced e.m.f. ε = −N ΔΦ / Δt. Lenz's law: induced current opposes the change producing it.
法拉第定律：感应电动势 ε = −N ΔΦ / Δt。楞次定律：感应电流总是阻碍引起它的变化，即负号的物理意义。
Transformer equation: Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ, and for an ideal transformer Pₚ = Pₛ so VₚIₚ = VₛIₛ.
变压器公式：Vₚ / Vₛ = Nₚ / Nₛ，理想变压器 Pₚ = Pₛ，即 VₚIₚ = VₛIₛ。匝数比决定升压或降压。
6. Thermodynamics & Kinetic Theory | 热力学与分子动理论
Absolute zero (0 K) is the lowest possible temperature where molecules have minimum kinetic energy; −273.15 °C.
绝对零度（0 K）是可能的最低温度，分子动能最小；−273.15 °C。开氏温标无负值，便于气体定律。
Internal energy (U) rticles. First law: ΔU = Q + W (work done on system), or ΔU = Q − W if work done by system — check sign convention.
内能（U）是粒子无规则动能与势能的总和。第一定律：ΔU = Q + W（对系统做功），需注意题目用哪个符号约定。
Specific heat capacity (c) is energy required to raise temperature of 1 kg of substance by 1 K: Q = mcΔθ.
比热容（c）是使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 K 所需的能量：Q = mcΔθ。
Specific latent heat (L) is energy per kg to change state at constant temperature: Q = mL.
比潜热（L）是恒温下单位质量物态变化所需的能量：Q = mL。熔解潜热和汽化潜热数值不同。
pV = nRT = NkT (ideal gas equation)
pV = nRT = NkT（理想气体方程）
Note: R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, k = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹.
注：R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹，k = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹。
7. Nuclear Physics & Radioactivity | 核物理与放射性
Mass defect s and sum of masses of its separate nucleons. It accounts for binding energy via E = Δmc².
质量亏损是原子核质量与组成它的核子质量总和之差。依据 E = Δmc² 转化为结合能。
Binding energy per nucleon peaks at iron-56, indicating maximum stability. Fusion and fission release energy by moving towards this peak.
比结合能（每核子结合能）在铁-56 附近达峰值，表明最大稳定性。聚变和裂变都是向此峰趋近而释放能量。
Activity (A) is the number of decays per second, measured in becquerel (Bq). A = λN.
活度（A）是每秒衰变次数，单位贝克勒尔（Bq）。A = λN，λ 为衰变常数。
Decay law: N = N₀ e⁻λt, half-life T₁/₂ = ln2 / λ.
衰变定律：N = N₀ e⁻λt，半衰期 T₁/₂ = ln2 / λ。每经过一个半衰期，核数目减半。
Alpha, beta-minus, beta-plus and gamma emissions: α is ⁴He nucleus, β⁻ is electron, β⁺ is positron, γ is electromagnetic radiation.
α、β⁻、β⁺ 和 γ 辐射：α 是氦核 ⁴He，β⁻ 是电子，β⁺ 是正电子，γ 是电磁波。穿透能力依次递增。
8. Particle Physics & Fundamental Forces | 粒子物理与基本力
Hadrons are particles experiencing strong nuclear force, composed of quarks. Baryons (3 quarks) e.g. proton, neutron; mesons (quark-antiquark) e.g. pion.
强子是参与强相互作用的粒子，由夸克组成。重子（3 夸克）如质子、中子；介子（夸克-反夸克）如 π 介子。
Leptons are fundamental particles not subject to strong force, e.g. electron, muon, neutrino. Lepton number is conserved.
轻子是不参与强相互作用的基本粒子，如电子、μ子、中微子。轻子数守恒。
Quark flavours: up (u, +⅔e), down (d, −⅓e), strange (s, −⅓e), etc. Proton: uud; neutron: udd.
夸克味：上夸克（u，+⅔e），下夸克（d，−⅓e），奇异夸克（s，−⅓e）等。质子：uud；中子：udd。
Exchange particles (gauge bosons): photon (electromagnetic), W⁺W⁻Z⁰ (weak), gluon (strong), graviton (gravity, not yet confirmed).
交换粒子（规范玻色子）：光子（电磁力），W⁺W⁻Z⁰（弱力），胶子（强力），引力子（引力，尚未确认）。
9. Astrophysics: Stars & Cosmology | 天体物理：恒星与宇宙学
Luminosity (L) is total power radiated by a star. Apparent brightness (b) is received power per unit area: b = L / 4πd².
光度（L）是恒星辐射的总功率。视亮度（b）是单位面积接收的功率：b = L / 4πd²。
Hertzsprung-Russell (H-R) diagram plots luminosity versus temperature (or spectral class). Main sequence stars fuse hydrogen; giants and white dwarfs are later stages.
赫罗图（H-R 图）以光度对温度（或光谱型）作图。主序星燃烧氢；巨星和白矮星是后期演化阶段。
Doppler shift: Δλ / λ₀ = v / c for v << c. Redshift if receding, blueshift if approaching.
多普勒频移：Δλ / λ₀ = v / c（v << c）。天体远离则红移，靠近则蓝移。
Hubble's law: the Hubble constant. This suggests an expanding universe and leads to the Big Bang model.
哈勃定律：v = H₀d，H₀ 为哈勃常数。这暗示宇宙在膨胀，并引向大爆炸模型。
10. Medical Physics: Imaging & Diagnostics (Option) | 医学物理：影像与诊断（选修）
X-ray production: high-speed electrons hit metal target, producing Bremsstrahlung (braking) radiation and characteristic X-rays.
X 射线产生：高速电子撞击金属靶，产生轫致辐射和特征 X 射线。管电压决定最大光子能量。
Attenuation: I = I₀ e⁻μx, where μ is linear attenuation coefficient. Half-value thickness = ln2 / μ.
衰减：I = I₀ e⁻μx，μ 为线性衰减系数。半价层厚度 = ln2 / μ，类似半衰期概念。
Ultrasound imaging uses high-frequency sound (f > 20 kHz), exploiting reflection at tissue boundaries. Acoustic impedance Z = ρc.
超声成像使用高频声波（f > 20 kHz），利用组织界面反射。声阻抗 Z = ρc，匹配不好便强烈反射。
Positron Emission Tomography (PET) uses β⁺ emitters; coincidence detection of two 511 keV photons from annihilation reconstructs metabolic activity.
正电子发射断层扫描（PET）使用 β⁺ 放射源；湮灭产生的两个 511 keV 伽马光子符合探测，重建代谢活动图像。
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