📚 IGCSE CAIE Physical Education: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | IGCSE CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering subject-specific vocabulary is essential for success in IGCSE CAIE Physical Education. This guide presents key terms grouped by topic, along with simple memory aids to help you recall definitions quickly during the exam. Use these techniques to build confidence and avoid common confusion between similar terms.
掌握学科术语是 IGCSE CAIE 体育考试成功的关键。本指南按主题分组呈现核心词汇，并配合简易记忆方法，帮助你在考试中快速回忆定义。运用这些技巧建立信心，避免相似术语间的混淆。
1. Anatomical Position and Directional Terms | 解剖学体位与方位术语
The standard reference point is the anatomical position: standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms facing forward. Picture a soldier standing at attention with palms showing, ready to describe any movement.
标准参考点就是解剖学体位：直立，面朝前，手臂垂于两侧，掌心朝前。想象一名士兵立正站好、手掌外露的画面，就能为所有动作描述打好基础。
Superior means towards the head or upper part of the body. Think 'super' as in supervisor – someone above you. Therefore, superior is 'above'.
上方 (Superior) 指的是朝向头部或身体上部。可以联想上司（supervisor）在你之上，这样 superior 就是“上方”的意思。
Inferior means towards the feet or lower part. Link 'inferior' to low rank or poor quality, always placed lower in a hierarchy.
下方 (Inferior) 指向脚或身体下部。把 inferior 与低等级、劣质联系在一起，这些往往被排在下方。
Anterior (ventral) means towards the front of the body. Remember the prefix 'ante-' means before, so anterior is the front side.
前侧 (Anterior) 指朝向身体前方。词头“ante-”表示“之前”，因此 anterior 就是前面。
Posterior (dorsal) means towards the back. 'Post-' means after or behind, so posterior is the back of the body.
后侧 (Posterior) 指朝向背部。“post-”表示“之后、后面”，因此 posterior 是身体的后面。
Medial describes a position closer to the midline of the body. Think 'medial' sounds like 'middle', helping you remember it is toward the centre.
内侧 (Medial) 指更靠近身体中线的位置。medial 发音类似“middle”，记住它靠近中心就行了。
Lateral means further away from the midline. It leans away from the centre, like a lateral pass in rugby moving the ball outward.
外侧 (Lateral) 指远离身体中线。它从中心偏出，就像橄榄球中的横向传球将球向外传出。
Proximal describes a part closer to the trunk or point of attachment. 'Prox' suggests proximity – think 'close proximity'.
近侧 (Proximal) 指更靠近躯干或附着点的部位。“prox”让人想到“proximity（接近）”，记住它代表就近。
Distal means further from the trunk. 'Distal' and 'distant' start similarly, indicating far away.
远侧 (Distal) 指远离躯干。distal 和 distant（遥远）开头相似，表示距离较远。
Supine describes lying face up. Imagine lying on your spine (supine starts with s-p-i-n-e association), looking at the sun.
仰卧 (Supine) 指面部朝上平躺。你可以想象仰躺着看太阳，或者联想到你躺在自己的脊柱 (spine) 上。
Prone means lying face down. Think of a prone position in shooting – flat on the stomach, face downwards.
俯卧 (Prone) 指面部朝下平躺。想想射击运动中的俯卧姿势，整个人腹部贴地、脸朝下。
2. Movement Terminology | 动作术语
Flexion occurs when the angle at a joint decreases, such as bending the elbow. Visualise flexing your bicep; the arm bends and the angle becomes smaller.
屈曲 (Flexion) 指关节角度减小，比如弯起肘部。想象你绷出肱二头肌的姿势，手臂弯曲，角度变小。
Extension is straightening a joint, increasing the angle. It is the opposite of flexion, like extending your leg to kick a ball.
伸展 (Extension) 是伸直关节、增大角度的动作，和屈曲正相反，就像踢球时把腿蹬直。
Abduction moves a limb away from the body's midline. 'Abduct' means to take someone away; abducting the arm takes it away from the trunk.
外展 (Abduction) 使肢体远离身体中线。“abduct”意为带走、绑架，手臂外展就是把手臂从躯干旁边移开。
Adduction moves a limb towards the midline. Think 'add' to the body – you are adding the arm back to your side.
内收 (Adduction) 使肢体向身体中线靠拢。想成“add”（加入）到身体上，就是把胳膊收回来贴到身侧。
Rotation occurs when a bone turns around its longitudinal axis. Head shaking 'no' is rotation of the cervical spine.
旋转 (Rotation) 是骨骼绕自身长轴转动。你摇头说“不”的时候，就是颈椎在做旋转。
Circumduction is a circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction and adduction. Imagine drawing a large circle with your straight arm – that is circumduction at the shoulder.
环转 (Circumduction) 是屈曲、伸展、外展和内收的复合圆形运动。想象用直臂画一个大圆圈，那就是肩关节的环转。
Pronation of the forearm turns the palm downward or posteriorly. To remember, think 'prone' position – palm faces down like a prone body.
前臂旋前 (Pronation) 使掌心转向下或向后。记法：联想到俯卧 (prone) 姿势，掌心朝下就像俯卧时一样。
Supination of the forearm turns the palm upward or anteriorly. Supination sounds like 'soup', as if holding a bowl of soup with palm facing up.
前臂旋后 (Supination) 使掌心转向上或向前。发音像“soup”（汤），就像用掌心朝上托着一碗汤。
Plantarflexion points the toes downwards, like pressing the accelerator pedal with your foot. 'Plantar' refers to the sole of the foot.
跖屈 (Plantarflexion) 让脚尖指向下方，好像踩汽车油门踏板。“plantar”指脚底，脚底朝向下方。
Dorsiflexion pulls the toes upwards towards the shin. 'Dorsal' refers to the top of the foot flexed upwards.
背屈 (Dorsiflexion) 将脚尖朝上勾向小腿。“dorsal”指脚背，脚背上屈。
3. Cardiovascular System Key Terms | 心血管系统关键词
Heart rate (HR) is the number of cardiac cycles per minute, expressed in bpm. A normal resting heart rate for an untrained individual is around 72 bpm.
心率 (HR) 是每分钟心脏跳动周期数，单位为 bpm。未经训练的普通人安静心率通常在 72 bpm 左右。
Stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat. Typical resting SV is about 70 ml/beat.
每搏输出量 (SV) 是左心室每次收缩射出的血量。典型的安静 SV 大约是 70 毫升/搏。
The relationship between these variables is expressed through cardiac output (Q).
这些变量之间的关系通过心输出量 (Q) 来表示。
Cardiac Output (Q) = Stroke Volume (SV) × Heart Rate (HR)
心输出量 (Q) = 每搏输出量 (SV) × 心率 (HR)
5 L/min. Remember that training increases SV, so a lower HR can still deliver the same Q.
安静时：Q = 70 毫升/搏 × 72 bpm = 5040 毫升/分钟，约 5 升/分钟。记住训练能提高 SV，所以即使 HR 较低也能维持相同的 Q。
Blood pressure ressure occurs during ventricular contraction; diastolic pressure during relaxation. Think 'systolic = squeeze'.
血压 是循环血液对动脉壁的压力。收缩压发生在心室收缩时；舒张压在心室舒张时。记法：“systolic”联想 squeeze（挤压）。
Vasodilation means widening of blood vessel diameter, increasing blood flow to an area. 'Dilate' opens up – think of a door widening.
血管舒张 (Vasodilation) 指血管直径增大，增加局部血流量。dilation 就是扩张，像门变宽一样。
Vasoconstriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, reducing blood flow. 'Constrict' tightens the vessel.
血管收缩 (Vasoconstriction) 是血管变窄，血流量减少。“constrict”意为束缚、收紧。
Venous return is the flow of blood back to the heart. Mechanisms helping this return include the skeletal muscle pump and respiratory pump – muscles squeeze veins, breathing pressure changes help draw blood back.
静脉回流 是血液流回心脏的过程。有助于回流的机制有骨骼肌泵和呼吸泵：肌肉收缩挤压静脉，呼吸引起的压力变化帮助把血抽回心脏。
4. Respiratory System Terms | 呼吸系统术语
Tidal volume (TV) is the volume of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath, around 500 ml at rest. Think of the tide coming in and out – a predictable, steady volume.
潮气量 (TV) 是每次平静呼吸吸入或呼出的气体量，安静时约 500 毫升。想象潮水涨落，规律且平稳。
Vital capacity (VC) IRV + ERV (inspiratory and expiratory reserve volumes). It is a key measure of lung power.
肺活量 (VC) 指最大吸气后能尽力呼出的最大气量，VC = 潮气量 + 补吸气量 + 补呼气量。它是衡量肺部能力的重要指标。
Residual volume (RV) is the air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation. It prevents lung collapse and keeps gas exchange continuous. Think of it as the 'reserve that always stays'.
残气量 (RV) 是最大呼气后仍残留在肺内的气体，防止肺泡塌陷，维持气体交换不断。把它看作“永远留下的储备”。
Minute ventilation (VE) is the total volume of air moved into the lungs per minute.
每分通气量 (VE) 是每分钟进入肺部的空气总量。
Minute Ventilation (VE) = Tidal Volume (TV) × Breathing Rate (f)
每分通气量 (VE) = 潮气量 (TV) × 呼吸频率 (f)
During exercise both TV and f increase, sharply raising VE to meet oxygen demands. Remember that f is breaths per minute.
运动时 TV 和 f 都增大，VE 急剧上升以满足氧气需求。记住 f 代表每分钟呼吸次数。
Gaseous exchange occurs by diffusion across alveolar and capillary walls. Oxygen diffuses into the blood; carbon dioxide diffuses out. High to low concentration gradient drives the movement.
气体交换 通过扩散作用在肺泡壁和毛细血管壁进行。氧气扩散进血液，二氧化碳扩散出。高浓度到低浓度的浓度梯度驱动这一过程。
VO₂ max is the maximum volume of oxygen utilised per minute per kilogram of body mass. It is the gold standard measure of aerobic endurance.
最大摄氧量 (VO₂ max) 是每分钟每公斤体重能够利用的最大氧气量，是衡量有氧耐力的金标准。
5. Components of Fitness and Training | 体能要素与训练术语
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles for prolonged periods. Synonym: aerobic endurance. Think of a cyclist's long ride.
心血管耐力 是心肺长时间为工作肌肉供氧的能力，也叫有氧耐力。想象一名自行车手的长距离骑行。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction. Think 'strength = one big lift'.
肌肉力量 是肌肉或肌群单次收缩能产生的最大力。记法：“力量 = 一次大重量的举起”。
Muscular endurance is the ability to sustain repeated contractions over time. Think 'endurance = many reps'.
肌肉耐力 是长时间维持重复收缩的能力。“耐力 = 多次反复”。
Flexibility is the range of movement possible at a joint. Think of a gymnast's split position – high flexibility.
柔韧性 是关节所能达到的活动范围。想象体操运动员的劈叉，那是高柔韧性的表现。
Body composition refers to the proportion of fat, muscle and bone in the body. Usually expressed as body fat percentage. Think of body fat vs. lean mass balance.
身体成分 指体内脂肪、肌肉和骨骼的比例，通常用体脂百分比表示。可以想成脂肪量对抗瘦肉量的平衡。
Agility is the ability to change direction quickly without losing balance. Think 'agile like a cat dodging obstacles'.
敏捷性 是快速改变方向而不失去平衡的能力。想象一只猫灵巧地躲过障碍。
Balance is maintaining the centre of mass over the base of support. Static balance is when still; dynamic balance when moving. Visualise a gymnast on a beam.
平衡 指保持身体重心在支撑面之上的能力。静止时为静态平衡，移动中为动态平衡。想象平衡木上的体操运动员。
Coordination is the smooth combined movement of body parts. Eye–hand coordination is essential in tennis: catching the ball visual while swinging racquet.
协调性 是身体各部分顺畅配合运动。手眼协调在网球中至关重要：眼睛盯球的同时挥拍击球。
Power osive strength. Power = force × velocity. Think of a long jump take-off or a boxing punch.
爆发力 是力量与速度的结合，即快速力量。Power = 力 × 速度。想象跳远起跳或拳击出拳。
Reaction time is the time taken to respond to a stimulus. Sprinters reacting to the starter's gun use reaction time. Faster processing leads to better performance.
反应时 是从出现刺激到开始做出反应所需的时间。短跑选手对发令枪的反应就用到了反应时。更快的神经处理带来更好成绩。
Speed is the ability to move body parts quickly over a set distance. It equals distance ÷ time. Think of a 100 m sprint.
速度 是身体在固定距离内快速移动的能力，速度 = 距离 ÷ 时间。典型例子就是 100 米短跑。
6. Skill Classification and Information Processing | 技能分类与信息处理术语
Open skills are performed in a changing, unpredictable environment. The performer must constantly adapt. A hockey pass in open play is an open skill because opponents' positions vary. Think 'open to surrounding influences'.
开放式技能 在变化、不可预测的环境中进行，执行者必须不断调整。曲棍球比赛中的传球就是开放式技能，因为对手位置不断变化。记住“开放受到周边影响”。
Closed skills occur in a stable, predictable setting. A gymnastics vault has fixed apparatus and movement pattern. Think 'closed door, no outside influence'.
闭合式技能 发生在稳定、可预测的环境中。体操跳马的器械和动作模式都是固定的。想象“关门后没有外界干扰”。
Gross skills involve large muscle groups and major body movements, like running or jumping. 'Gross' hints at big, obvious movements.
粗大技能 涉及大肌群和大幅度身体运动，如跑步、跳跃。“gross”暗示大而明显的动作。
Fine skills require precision and small muscle groups, such as a dart throw or finger movements in a violin performance. 'Fine' implies delicate and refined.
精细技能 需要精确动作和小肌肉群参与，如投飞镖或小提琴演奏中的手指动作。“fine”暗含精细、优雅。
Discrete skills have a clear beginning and end, like a tennis serve. Once begun, they complete quickly.
分立技能 有明确的开始和结束，如网球发球。一旦启动，就迅速完成。
Serial skills consist of a number of discrete skills linked together. A triple jump is serial – hop, step, jump.
串联技能 由一系列分立技能连接而成。三级跳就是串联技能：单足跳、跨步跳、跳跃。
Continuous skills have no definite beginning or end; they flow repeatedly, like cycling or swimming.
连续技能 没有明显的起点和终点，动作反复进行，如骑自行车或游泳。
Intrinsic feedback comes from within the performer, through proprioception and kinesthesis – how the movement felt. Think 'internal' feedback.
内在反馈 来自执行者自身，通过本体感觉和动觉感知动作完成得如何。可想着“内部的”反馈。
Extrinsic feedback is provided by an external source, like a coach's comment or video playback. 'Extra' means outside.
外在反馈 由外部来源提供，比如教练的点评或视频回放。“extra”表示外部。
Knowledge of results (KR) tells outcome: did the ball go into the goal? Knowledge of performance (KP) focuses on movement quality: was the shooting technique correct? Use KR for outcome, KP for process.
结果知晓 (KR) 告知结果：球进了吗？表现知晓 (KP) 关注动作质量：射门技术正确吗？记住 KR 看结局，KP 看过程。
7. Health, Fitness and Well-being Terms | 健康、体能与幸福术语
Hypokinetic disease refers to diseases caused by insufficient physical activity. 'Hypo' = too little, 'kinetic' onary heart disease, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Remember: low movement leads to disease.
运动不足病 指因身体活动过少引发的疾病。“hypo”意为过低，“kinetic”意为运动。包括冠心病、2 型糖尿病和肥胖症。记住
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