📚 IGCSE CAIE Geography: Glossary Quick Memorization Guide | IGCSE CAIE 地理：词汇术语速记指南
Geography is a vocabulary-rich subject. Mastering the key terms will not only help you understand exam questions but also enable you to write precise, high-scoring answers. This glossary organises essential terminology by topic, with clear English definitions immediately followed by Chinese translations. Use it as a quick-reference tool when revising for your IGCSE CAIE Geography exams.
地理是一门词汇量很大的学科。掌握核心术语不仅有助于你理解考题，还能让你写出准确、高分的答案。本词汇速记指南按主题整理了必备术语，每个术语先给出清晰的英文定义，紧接着是中文翻译。在复习 IGCSE CAIE 地理考试时，可以把它当作快速查阅的工具。
1. Physical Geography: Landscapes and Rivers | 自然地理：地貌与河流
Weathering: The breakdown and decay of rock in its original place by physical, chemical, or biological processes without any movement.
风化作用：岩石在原地因物理、化学或生物过程而发生的崩解和腐烂，没有发生移动。
Erosion: The wearing away and removal of soil and rock by natural agents such as running water, wind, ice, and waves.
侵蚀作用：地表物质被流水、风、冰和波浪等自然力量磨损并搬运走的过程。
Deposition: The laying down of material that has been eroded and transported by a river, glacier, wind, or sea.
沉积作用：被河流、冰川、风或海水侵蚀并搬运的物质沉降下来的过程。
Hydraulic action: The force of moving water hitting the banks and bed of a river, compressing air into cracks and causing pieces of rock to break off.
水力作用：流动的水冲击河岸和河床，将空气压入裂缝并导致岩石碎块脱落的力量。
Abrasion (corrasion): The wearing away of a river’s bed and banks by the scraping, scouring, and rubbing action of the load it is carrying.
磨蚀作用：河流携带的荷载通过刮擦、冲刷和摩擦作用对河床和河岸造成的磨损。
Long profile: The gradient of a river from its source to its mouth, typically showing a concave shape as it becomes gentler downstream.
河流纵剖面：从源头到河口的河道坡度变化曲线，通常呈凹形，越往下游坡度越缓。
2. Weather and Climate | 天气与气候
Weather: The day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere at a particular place and time, including temperature, precipitation, wind, and humidity.
天气：某一特定地点和时间的大气状况，包括温度、降水、风和湿度等逐日变化。
Climate: The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time, usually 30 years or more.
气候：一个地区长时间（通常为 30 年或以上）内天气状况的平均状态。
Precipitation: Any form of moisture, such as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface.
降水：从大气中降落到地表的各种形式的水分，包括雨、雪、雨夹雪或冰雹。
Anticyclone: A high-pressure weather system where air descends and spreads outwards, usually bringing clear skies and stable conditions.
反气旋：空气下沉并向四周扩散的高压天气系统，通常带来晴朗的天空和稳定的天气状况。
Depression (low-pressure system): An area of low atmospheric pressure where air rises, leading to cloud formation and often precipitation.
低压系统：空气上升的低气压区域，会导致云的形成，常有降水。
Climate graph: A combination graph showing average monthly temperature (as a line) and average monthly rainfall (as bars) for a location.
气候图表：一种将某地月平均气温（用折线表示）和月平均降水量（用柱状图表示）结合在一起的图表。
3. Human Geography: Population and Settlement | 人文地理：人口与聚落
Population density: The number of people living per square kilometre of land area.
人口密度：每平方千米土地上居住的人口数量。
Birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year.
出生率：某地区一年内每 1000 人中的活产婴儿数。
Death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.
死亡率：某地区一年内每 1000 人中的死亡人数。
Natural increase: The difference between the birth rate and the death rate, expressed as a percentage or per thousand.
自然增长率：出生率与死亡率之差，通常以百分比或千分比表示。
Push factor: A negative condition or circumstance that drives people away from their current place of residence, such as unemployment or natural disasters.
推力因素：促使人们离开现居地的负面条件或事件，例如失业或自然灾害。
Pull factor: A positive attribute of a destination that attracts migrants, such as better job opportunities or higher living standards.
拉力因素：吸引移民前往目的地的积极特征，例如更好的就业机会或更高的生活水平。
4. Economic Geography: Industry and Development | 经济地理：产业与发展
Primary industry: Industries that extract raw materials directly from the Earth or sea, such as farming, mining, fishing, and forestry.
第一产业：直接从土地或海洋中获取原材料的产业，如农业、采矿、渔业和林业。
Secondary industry: Industries that process raw materials into finished or semi-finished goods, including manufacturing and construction.
第二产业：将原材料加工为成品或半成品的产业，包括制造业和建筑业。
Tertiary industry: The provision of services to businesses and individuals, such as retail, transport, education, and healthcare.
第三产业：向企业和个人提供服务的行业，如零售、运输、教育和医疗保健。
Quaternary industry: Industries based on knowledge, research, and information technology, including scientific research and ICT.
第四产业：基于知识、研究和信息技术的产业，包括科研和信息通信技术。
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): The total value of all goods and services produced within a country in one year.
国内生产总值：一个国家或地区一年内生产的所有商品和服务的总价值。
HDI (Human Development Index): A composite indicator that measures a country’s average achievements in health (life expectancy), education, and standard of living (GNI per capita).
人类发展指数：衡量一国在健康（预期寿命）、教育和生活水平（人均国民总收入）方面平均成就的复合指标。
5. Environmental Geography: Resources and Sustainability | 环境地理：资源与可持续性
Renewable resource: A natural resource that can be replenished naturally at a rate equal to or faster than its rate of consumption, such as solar energy or wind power.
可再生资源：能够以等于或快于消耗速度自然补充的自然资源，例如太阳能或风能。
Non-renewable resource: A resource that exists in a fixed amount and cannot be replaced once used, such as fossil fuels and minerals.
不可再生资源：数量固定且用完后无法补充的资源，例如化石燃料和矿物。
Sustainable development: Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
可持续发展：既满足当代人的需求，又不损害后代人满足其需求的能力的发展方式。
Deforestation: The large-scale removal of trees and clearance of forest areas, often for agriculture, logging, or urban expansion.
森林砍伐：为农业、伐木或城市扩张等目的，大规模砍伐树木和清除林地。
Desertification: The process by which fertile land becomes desert, caused by drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture.
荒漠化：肥沃土地因干旱、森林砍伐或不恰当的农业活动而变成沙漠的过程。
Carbon footprint: The total amount of greenhouse gases, mainly carbon dioxide, emitted directly or indirectly by an individual, organisation, event, or product.
碳足迹：个人、组织、活动或产品直接或间接排放的温室气体（主要是二氧化碳）的总量。
6. Geographical Skills: Maps and Data | 地理技能：地图与数据
Scale: The relationship between a distance measured on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground, expressed as a ratio, fraction, or linear bar.
比例尺：地图上测量的距离与地面上相应实际距离之间的比例关系，可用比率、分数或直线比例尺表示。
Contour line: A line on a map joining points of equal height above sea level; closely spaced contours indicate a steep slope.
等高线：地图上连接海拔高度相同点的线条；等高线密集表示坡度陡峭。
Cross-section: A side view or profile of a landscape, drawn by plotting heights along a chosen line on a contour map.
地形剖面图：通过在等高线地图上沿选定路线绘制高度而得到的景观侧面轮廓图。
GIS (Geographic Information System): A computer system that captures, stores, analyses, and displays geographically referenced data in layers.
地理信息系统：一种用于获取、存储、分析和分层显示地理参考数据的计算机系统。
Remote sensing: The gathering of information about the Earth's surface from satellites or high-flying aircraft without direct contact.
遥感技术：通过卫星或高空飞行器在不直接接触的情况下收集地表信息技术。
Choropleth map: A thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the value of the statistic being displayed, such as population density.
等值区域图：用不同深浅颜色或图案表示区域统计值（如人口密度）的比例专题地图。
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