← 返回资讯屏轩教育 · 行业资讯

WJEC Year 13 Business: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | WJEC Year 13 商务：公式定理速查手册

2026-07-24 03:44 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 WJEC Year 13 Business: Formulas & Theorems Quick Reference | WJEC Year 13 商务：公式定理速查手册

Mastering the quantitative toolkit is half the battle in A2 Business. This concise handbook gathers every essential formula, ratio, and decision-making theorem you need to recall for WJEC Unit 3 and Unit 4 examinations. From break-even sensitivity to critical path float, each entry is presented with a paired English–Chinese explanation to help you memorise and apply concepts with confidence.

掌握定量工具是A2商务考试成功的一半。这本精炼手册汇集了WJEC第三单元与第四单元中所有必须记忆的公式、比率和决策定理。从盈亏平衡敏感到关键路径浮动时间，每一条均配有英中双语解释，帮助你记忆并自信地应用这些概念。

1. Break-even and Contribution | 盈亏平衡与贡献分析

Break-even analysis reveals the level of output at which total revenue equals total costs. Contribution is the surplus after variable costs are covered, and it helps managers make short-term decisions about pricing, special orders, and make-or-buy problems.

盈亏平衡分析揭示总收入等于总成本时的产出水平。贡献是支付可变成本后的盈余，帮助管理者就定价、特殊订单和自制或外购等问题做短期决策。

Contribution per unit = Selling price per unit – Variable cost per unit

单位贡献 = 单位售价 – 单位可变成本

Break-even output (units) = Total fixed costs ÷ Contribution per unit

盈亏平衡产量（单位） = 固定成本总额 ÷ 单位贡献

Margin of safety = Actual (or budgeted) output – Break-even output

安全边际 = 实际（或预算）产量 – 盈亏平衡产量

You can also express the break-even point in revenue terms by multiplying the break-even units by the selling price, or by using the contribution to sales ratio (C/S ratio).

也可用销售额表示盈亏平衡点，只需将盈亏平衡产量乘以售价，或使用贡献销售率（C/S比率）。

C/S ratio = (Contribution per unit ÷ Selling price per unit) × 100%

贡献销售率 = (单位贡献 ÷ 单位售价) × 100%

These metrics let you quickly gauge the impact of cost changes, price adjustments, and shifts in product mix on overall profitability.

上述指标让你快速判断成本变动、价格调整以及产品组合变化对整体盈利能力的影响。

2. Investment Appraisal Methods | 投资评估方法

Three principal techniques help businesses evaluate capital projects: payback period, average rate of return (ARR), and net present value (NPV). Each offers a different lens—time, accounting profit, or time-adjusted cash flows.

企业评估资本项目主要采用三种方法：回收期法、平均收益率法（ARR）和净现值法（NPV）。它们分别从时间、会计利润和折现现金流的角度提供分析。

Payback period: The time it takes for the initial investment to be recovered from net cash inflows. Simpler projects with quicker payback are often favoured.

回收期：初始投资从净现金流入中回收所需的时间。回收更快的项目往往更受青睐。

Year before full recovery + (Unrecovered amount at start of year ÷ Cash flow during year)

回收期 = 完全收回前一年 + (年初未收回金额 ÷ 当年现金流)

Average rate of return (ARR): Compares average annual accounting profit to the initial (or average) investment, expressed as a percentage.

平均收益率（ARR）：比较年均会计利润与初始（或平均）投资额，以百分比表示。

ARR = (Average annual profit ÷ Initial investment) × 100%

平均收益率 = (年平均利润 ÷ 初始投资) × 100%

Net present value (NPV): Discounts all future cash flows to their present value using a chosen discount rate, then subtracts the initial cost. A positive NPV suggests the project adds value.

净现值（NPV）：用选定的折现率将所有未来现金流折现到当前，再减去初始成本。正净现值表示项目创造价值。

NPV = Σ [Net cash flow in year t ÷ (1 + r)t] – Initial investment

净现值 = Σ [第t年净现金流 ÷ (1 + r)t] – 初始投资

When comparing projects, NPV is theoretically superior because it accounts for the time value of money, while payback and ARR provide useful quick screening tools.

比较项目时，NPV在理论上更具优势，因为它考虑了货币时间价值，而回收期与ARR则是实用的快速筛选工具。

3. Profitability Ratios | 盈利能力比率

Profitability ratios measure a firm's ability to generate profit relative to sales, assets, and equity. They are crucial for assessing financial performance over time and against competitors.

盈利能力比率衡量企业相对于销售额、资产和所有者权益创造利润的能力，是比较不同时期业绩以及同业竞争的关键工具。

Ratio / 比率Formula / 公式Interpretation / 诠释
Gross Profit Margin
毛利率		(Gross Profit ÷ Revenue) × 100Shows mark-up over direct costs. 直接成本上的加价水平。
Profit for the Year Margin (Net Profit Margin)
净利润率		(Profit for the year ÷ Revenue) × 100Indicates overall expense control after all costs. 反映全部成本后的费用控制。
Return on Capital Employed (ROCE)
已动用资本回报率		(Operating Profit ÷ Capital Employed) × 100
资本 Employed = Total Assets – Current Liabilities (or Equity + Non-current Liabilities)		Efficiency of total invested capital. 总投资资本的运用效率。

ROCE is often regarded as the best overall measure of profitability because it links profit to the capital used to generate it. A rising ROCE signals improving business efficiency.

ROCE通常被视为衡量盈利能力的最佳综合指标，因为它将利润与所投入的资本联系起来。ROCE上升表明经营效率改善。

广告 / Sponsored

🛒
牛津高阶英汉双解词典 第10版
¥169
📱 去京东购买
京东精选

4. Liquidity Ratios | 流动性比率

Liquidity ratios assess a firm's ability to meet short-term obligations as they fall due. Creditors and suppliers pay close attention to these numbers.

流动性比率评估企业按时偿还短期债务的能力，是债权人和供应商密切关注的数据。

Ratio / 比率Formula / 公式Notes / 说明
Current Ratio
流动比率		Current Assets ÷ Current LiabilitiesIdeal benchmark often cited as 1.5:1–2:1. 理想值常引为1.5:1至2:1。
Acid Test (Quick) Ratio
速动比率		(Current Assets – Inventories) ÷ Current LiabilitiesExcludes slow-moving stock; a result near 1:1 is usually adequate. 剔除存货后一般1:1左右即可。

An excessively high current ratio may indicate inefficient use of cash or too much stock, while a very low ratio could signal risk of insolvency. Always interpret ratios in context of the industry norm.

流动比率过高可能意味着资金或存货使用低效，过低则可能预示偿债风险。始终结合行业标准解读比率。

5. Efficiency and Investor Ratios | 效率与投资者比率

Efficiency ratios show how effectively the business manages its assets and liabilities. Investor ratios help shareholders evaluate return and dividend prospects.

效率比率显示企业管理资产与负债的效率，投资者比率则帮助股东评估回报和股息前景。

Ratio / 比率Formula / 公式
Inventory Turnover (times)
存货周转率（次）		Cost of Sales ÷ Average Inventory Held
Trade Receivable Days
应收账款周转天数		(Trade Receivables ÷ Revenue) × 365
Trade Payable Days
应付账款周转天数		(Trade Payables ÷ Cost of Sales) × 365
Dividend per Share (DPS)
每股股息		Total Ordinary Dividends ÷ Number of Issued Ordinary Shares
Dividend Yield
股息率		(Dividend per Share ÷ Market Price per Share) × 100

Working Capital Cycle (days) = Inventory days + Receivable days – Payable days

营运资金周期 = 存货周转天数 + 应收账款周转天数 – 应付账款周转天数

A shorter working capital cycle usually improves liquidity; however, stretching payables too far can damage supplier relationships.

较短的营运资金周期通常改善流动性，但过分拖延应付账款可能损害供应商关系。

6. Decision Tree Analysis | 决策树分析

Decision trees map out possible outcomes of a decision, attaching probabilities and expected net gains to each branch. They help managers choose the option with the highest expected monetary value while considering risk.

决策树展示一项决策的可能结果，并为每个分支赋予概率与预期净收益。它们帮助管理者在考量风险的同时，选择预期货币价值最高的方案。

Expected value of an outcome = Probability × Expected net gain

某结果的预期值 = 概率 × 预期净收益

The total expected value for a choice is the sum of the expected values of all its branches, minus any initial setup cost. Remember to deduct failure costs when calculating net gain at end nodes.

一项选择的总预期值是所有分支预期值之和，再减去初始投入成本。计算末端节点净收益时记得扣除失败成本。

When the tree has multiple decision nodes, work backwards from right to left, selecting the branch with the highest net expected value at each decision point.

当决策树有多个决策节点时，需从右向左逆向计算，在每个决策点选择净预期值最高的分支。

7. Critical Path Analysis (Network Analysis) | 关键路径分析

Critical path analysis (CPA) identifies the longest sequence of dependent tasks in a project. Any delay on the critical path will delay the whole project.

关键路径分析找出项目中最长的依赖任务序列。关键路径上的任何延误都会延误整个项目。