📚 IGCSE CAIE Psychology: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | IGCSE CAIE 心理学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering psychology terminology is not just about rote learning — it is about making meaningful connections. This guide provides clever mnemonics, word associations, and links to everyday examples so you can lock in the key terms for your IGCSE CAIE Psychology exam.
掌握心理学专业术语不只是死记硬背——而是建立有意义的联系。本指南提供巧妙的助记符、词语联想和日常实例，帮助您牢牢记住 IGCSE CAIE 心理学考试的关键术语。
1. Memory and Forgetting | 记忆与遗忘
Encoding – transforming sensory input into a memory code. Imagine entering a secret code into your brain's computer.
编码 – 将感觉输入转化为记忆代码。想象把一串秘密密码输入大脑这台电脑。
Storage – holding encoded information over time. Picture a vast storage warehouse in your mind, with shelves for different memories.
存储 – 将编码信息保持一段时间。想象一个巨大的储物仓库，不同记忆放在不同的架子上。
Retrieval – accessing stored information. The 're-' means again, and 'trieve' sounds like a retriever dog bringing back a ball.
提取 – 提取已存储的信息。're-' 表示再次，'trieve' 听起来像寻回犬把球叼回来。
Short-term memory (STM) – limited capacity (7±2 chunks). Think of a seven-slot toaster — you cannot stuff more items in without popping something out.
短时记忆 (STM) – 容量有限 (7±2 组块)。想象一个七槽烤面包机——你不可能放入太多而不弹出一些。
Long-term memory (LTM) – potentially unlimited storage. Compare it to an infinite cloud drive that never fills up.
长时记忆 (LTM) – 容量近乎无限。把它比作一个永不装满的无限云端硬盘。
Decay theory – forgetting occurs because memory traces fade over time. Just like a photograph fading in sunlight if not reinforced.
衰退理论 – 遗忘是因为记忆痕迹随时间消退。就像一张照片在阳光下慢慢褪色，如果不加巩固。
Interference theory – forgetting because other memories disrupt recall. Proactive (old blocks new) and retroactive (new blocks old). Use the mnemonic 'P.O.R.N.' (Pro-Old, Retro-New) — but keep it clean!
干扰理论 – 因其他记忆干扰而遗忘。前摄抑制 (旧阻碍新) 和倒摄抑制 (新阻碍旧)。记忆窍门："前旧后新"，或干脆记住"先来干扰后来"。
2. Perception and Illusions | 感知与错觉
Sensation – raw data from sense organs. 'Sense-ation' — the beginning of feeling something.
感觉 – 来自感觉器官的原始数据。可以拆成"感"和"觉"，即开始感受到什么。
Perception – brain's interpretation of sensations. 'Per-' means through, and '-ception' links to 'conception' — making sense through interpretation.
知觉 – 大脑对感觉信息的解释。'per-' 意为通过，'-ception' 联想"概念"，即通过解释形成概念。
Visual illusions – mismatches between perception and reality. Remember the Muller-Lyer illusion: two lines of equal length look different because of arrowheads. Imagine the arrows 'pulling' the line longer or 'pushing' it shorter.
视错觉 – 知觉与现实不匹配。记住缪勒-莱耶错觉：两条等长线段因箭头方向不同而显得不一样长。想象箭头在"拉长"或"压短"线条。
Gestalt laws – principles of perceptual grouping (proximity, similarity, closure, continuity). Think 'GESTALT': Great Examples Show That All Little Things (group).
格式塔法则 – 知觉组织原则 (接近、相似、闭合、连续)。可记成："接近相似封闭连，格式塔看整体观"。
Depth cues – signals that help perceive distance. Binocular (needs two eyes, e.g., retinal disparity) and monocular (one eye, e.g., linear perspective). 'Bi' = two, 'mono' = one.
深度线索 – 帮助感知距离的信号。双眼线索 (需两只眼，如双眼视差) 和单眼线索 (一只眼，如线条透视)。"双"对"单"，简单明了。
3. Cognitive Development | 认知发展
Schema – mental framework that organises knowledge. Imagine a filing cabinet in your brain where all related concepts are in one folder.
图式 – 组织知识的心智框架。想象大脑里的一个文件柜，相关概念都放在同一个文件夹。
Assimilation – fitting new information into existing schemas. Think 'assimilate' like blending a new student into an existing class — they adapt to fit in.
同化 – 将新信息纳入已有图式。想象一位新学生融入现有班级——他们调整自己以适应环境。
Accommodation – altering existing schemas to fit new information. If the filing cabinet folder cannot hold a concept, you create a new folder or rename it.
顺应 – 改变已有图式以适应新信息。如果文件夹装不下一个新概念，你就会新建一个或重命名。
Object permanence – knowing objects exist even when not seen. 'Peek-a-boo!' — infants lack this until around 8 months. Think of a toy hidden under a blanket; the baby now knows it still exists.
客体永久性 – 知道物体即使看不见也仍然存在。"躲猫猫！"婴儿约 8 个月前缺乏此概念。想象玩具藏在毯子下，婴儿现在知道它依然存在。
Conservation – understanding that quantity stays the same despite changes in appearance (Piaget's concrete operational stage). Pour water from a short wide glass into a tall thin one; a child who conserves knows the volume is unchanged.
守恒 – 理解数量不随外观改变而变化 (皮亚杰的具体运算阶段)。把水从矮宽杯子倒入高瘦杯子，掌握守恒的孩子知道水量不变。
4. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity – changing your behaviour to fit group norms. Remember Asch's line study; the confederates deliberately gave wrong answers. Many participants conformed to avoid standing out — think 'conform' sounds like 'confirm' to the group.
从众 – 改变行为以符合群体规范。记住阿希线段实验；同谋者故意给出错误答案。很多参与者从众以避免突出——"从众"可联想"随从大众"。
Obedience – following direct orders from an authority figure. Milgram's shock experiment. 'Obey' rhymes with 'okay' — you do what the authority says as 'okay'.
服从 – 遵循权威人物的直接命令。米尔格拉姆电击实验。"服从"可联想"服"从上级的安排。
Confederate – an actor who appears to be a participant but works with the researcher. They 'confederate' secretly with the experimenter.
同谋者 – 看似是参与者，实则与研究者合作的人。他们暗中与实验者"共谋"。可以记为"同伙"。
Social loafing – exerting less effort in a group than when working alone. Imagine a loaf of bread sitting around doing nothing — that is what a social loafer does.
社会懈怠 – 在群体中比单独工作时付出更少努力。想象一条面包 (loaf) 悠闲地躺着什么也不干——这就是社会懈怠者的写照。
5. Prosocial and Antisocial Behaviour | 亲社会与反社会行为
Prosocial behaviour – voluntary actions that benefit others, such as helping, sharing, cooperating. 'Pro' = for, so it is 'for society'.
亲社会行为 – 自愿有益于他人的行为，如帮助、分享、合作。"亲"意为亲近，就是对社会友好。
Bystander effect – the more people present, the less likely anyone helps. When many stand by, responsibility diffuses. Think 'bi-stander' — 'by' stander, they just stand by.
旁观者效应 – 在场人数越多，出手相助的可能性越低。人多时责任扩散。可记为"旁"观者、"站"着看。
Diffusion of responsibility – feeling less personally responsible when others are present. Responsibility spreads thinly like butter over too much bread.
责任扩散 – 他人在场时感到个人责任减少。责任像黄油抹在太大的面包上，分布得薄薄的。
Altruism – selfless helping with no expectation of reward. Imagine a true 'all-true-ism' — genuinely doing good for others.
利他主义 – 无私的帮助，不求回报。想象"纯粹为了他"，即完全为别人好。
6. Research Methods: Designs and Variables | 研究方法：设计与变量
Independent variable (IV) – the factor the researcher manipulates. You independently decide to change it.
自变量 (IV) – 研究者操纵的因素。你独立决定改变它。
Dependent variable (DV) – the factor that is measured; it depends on the IV.
因变量 (DV) – 被测量的因素；它依赖于自变量。
Extraneous variable – any unwanted variable that could affect the DV. Think 'extra' things you want to control.
额外变量 – 任何可能影响因变量的不需要的变量。想想那些你想要控制的 "额外" 东西。
Confounding variable – an extraneous variable that systematically varies with the IV, ruining the experiment. 'Confound' means to confuse; it muddles the results.
混淆变量 – 与自变量系统变化，破坏实验的额外变量。"混淆"就是混淆结果，让你分不清是谁的作用。
Experimental design – independent groups, repeated measures, matched pairs. Mnemonic: 'I Really Mind' (Independent, Repeated, Matched).
实验设计 – 独立组、重复测量、匹配组。记忆窍门：独复匹 ("独"立组、"复"复测、"匹"配)。
7. Sampling and Ethical Issues | 抽样与伦理议题
Random sampling – everyone has equal chance of selection. 'Random' like drawing names from a hat.
随机抽样 – 每个人都有平等被选中的机会。"随机"就像从帽子里抽名字。
Opportunity sampling – selecting whoever is available. It is the easiest 'opportunity' to grab participants.
机会抽样 – 选择任何可用的人。这是抓住参与者的最便捷"机会"。
Volunteer sampling – people self-select to participate. They volunteer their time.
志愿者抽样 – 人们自我选择参与。他们自愿投入时间。
Informed consent – participants must know what the study involves and agree freely. Think 'informed' + 'consent' — they are told and sign.
知情同意 – 参与者必须了解研究内容并自由同意。"知情" + "同意" = 知道后点头。
Deception – misleading participants. It must be justified, and they must be debriefed. 'De-' means away from truth.
欺骗 – 误导参与者。必须合理，事后必须进行事后说明。"欺"即离开真相。
Confidentiality – data must be kept private. 'Confidential' like a secret file.
保密性 – 数据必须保密。"机密"文件一样。
8. Brain and Neuropsychology | 大脑与神经心理学
Central nervous system (CNS) – brain and spinal cord. The 'central' command centre.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) – 脑和脊髓。是"中央"指挥中心。
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) – nerves outside the CNS. It lies in the periphery of the body.
外周神经系统 (PNS) – CNS 之外的神经。位于身体的外围。
Hippocampus – seahorse-shaped structure vital for memory consolidation. It looks like a seahorse (Greek hippokampos). A hippocampus helps you remember where the campus is!
海马体 – 形似海马，对记忆巩固至关重要。它看起来像海马 (希腊语hippokampos)。海马帮你记住校园 (campus) 在哪！
Amygdala – almond-shaped cluster involved in emotion, especially fear. 'Amyg-' sounds like 'almond'. If you see a dangerous almond, your amygdala fires!
杏仁核 – 杏仁状结构，涉及情绪，尤其是恐惧。'Amyg-' 听起来像 'almond'。看见一颗危险的杏仁，你的杏仁核就点燃！
Prefrontal cortex – front part of the brain responsible for decision-making and impulse control. Think 'pre-frontal' — before the frontal, and 'cortex' sounds like 'cortex' (executive).
前额叶皮层 – 大脑前部，负责决策和冲动控制。"前"额叶，首席执行官所在地。
9. Mental Disorders and Schizophrenia | 心理障碍与精神分裂症
Schizophrenia – a severe mental disorder characterised by hallucinations and delusions. Break it: 'schizo' = split, 'phren' = mind — split from reality.
精神分裂症 – 以幻觉和妄想为特征的重性心理障碍。拆开："精神"+"分裂"，心智与现实割裂。
Hallucination – a false sensory perception (seeing/hearing things that are not there). 'Hallu-' sounds like 'hollow' — hollow perceptions.
幻觉 – 虚假的感觉知觉 (看到或听到不存在的东西)。"幻"即虚幻，"觉"像真的。
Delusion – a firmly held false belief despite contradictory evidence. 'Delude' means to deceive oneself.
妄想 – 不顾相反证据坚信的虚假信念。"妄"即荒谬之念。
Positive symptoms – added abnormal experiences (hallucinations, delusions). They add something to normal behaviour.
阳性症状 – 添加的异常体验 (幻觉、妄想)。它们给正常行为增添了内容。
Negative symptoms – loss of normal functions (flat affect, social withdrawal). They take away from normal behaviour.
阴性症状 – 正常功能的丧失 (情感平淡、社交退缩)。它们拿走了正常行为的成分。
10. Addiction | 成瘾
Addiction – a persistent, compulsive dependence on a substance or behaviour. 'Addict' — you keep adding the behaviour to your life.
成瘾 – 对某种物质或行为持久的、强迫性的依赖。"成瘾"即"上瘾"，不断把它加入生活。
Physical dependence – the body's adaptation to a substance, leading to tolerance and withdrawal. The body physically believes it 'needs' the drug.
生理依赖 – 身体对物质的适应，导致耐受性和戒断症状。身体在生理上认为自己"需要"它。
Withdrawal symptoms – unpleasant physical/psychological effects when the substance is stopped. When the drug is withdrawn, the body complains.
戒断症状 – 停用物质时出现的不适身心反应。当物质被撤回时，身体就抗议。
Tolerance – needing increasing amounts to achieve the same effect. The body tolerates the drug so you need more.
耐受性 – 需要越来越大剂量才能达到同样效果。身体耐受了药物，所以需要加量。
Psychological dependence – emotional need for a substance to cope with daily life. The mind feels it cannot cope without.
心理依赖 – 在情绪上需要某种物质来应对日常生活。内心觉得没有它就无法应付。
11. Data Analysis and Statistics | 数据分析与统计
Mean – arithmetic average. Mean is the one you 'mean' to calculate by summing and dividing.
平均数 – 算术平均值。把所有数值加起来分，即这个数据集的"平均"代表。
Median – middle value when ordered. Median sounds like 'medium' — right in the middle.
中位数 – 排序后中间的值。"中"间的位置。
Mode – most frequent value. Mode and 'most' both start with 'mo'.
众数 – 出现频率最高的值。众数即"大众"之数。
Range – difference between highest and lowest scores. It shows how far the data ranges.
极差 – 最高分与最低分之差。显示数据伸展的范围。
Correlation – a relationship between two variables. A correlation coefficient (r) from -1 to +1. Think 'co-relation' — how they relate together. Positive: both go up; negative: one up, one down.
相关 – 两个变量之间的关系。相关系数 (r) 从 -1 到 +1。"相关"即互相联系。
12. Key Theorist Acronyms | 关键理论家速记
Piaget's stages – Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, Formal operational. Mnemonic: "Smart People Can Fly" (Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete, Formal).
皮亚杰阶段 – 感觉运动、前运算、具体运算、形式运算。记忆窍门："感前具形"谐音"赶前去行"。
Asch's conformity study – Group pressure on line judgment. Remember "Asch" like "ashamed" — some participants felt ashamed to disagree.
阿希从众研究 – 线段判断中的群体压力。"阿希"谐音"啊嘻"，一些人嘻哈着随大流。
Milgram's obedience – shocking authority study. Think "Mill-gram" — you shock a gram of flour? No, you obey authority like a mill grinding grain.
米尔格拉姆服从 – 电击权威研究。"米尔"谐音"迷尔"，被权威迷惑。
Pavlov's classical conditioning – dog salivates to bell. "Pavlov" = "Pavlov's dog," → unconditioned response (salivation). Conditioned stimulus (bell) → conditioned response.
巴甫洛夫经典条件反射 – 狗听到铃声分泌唾液。"巴甫洛夫"连接狗和铃声，食物 (非条件刺激) 引起唾液 (非条件反应)，铃声 (条件刺激) 引起条件反应。
Skinner's operant conditioning – reinforcement and punishment. "Skinner" – think of a skinny rat pressing a lever for food. Positive reinforcement (add treat), negative reinforcement (remove shock).
斯金纳操作条件反射 – 强化和惩罚。"斯金纳"想象一只瘦鼠按压杠杆得到食物。正强化 (加奖励)，负强化 (移除电击)。
Published by TutorHao | Psychology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图