📚 Year 13 WJEC Science: Key Terms Quick-Memory Guide | Year 13 WJEC 科学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for success in Year 13 WJEC Science. Clear understanding of key terms not only improves exam answers but also builds confidence in practical assessments. This guide provides effective memory strategies and a comprehensive list of must-know terminology across biology, chemistry, and physics.
掌握科学词汇是 Year 13 WJEC 科学取得成功的必要条件。深入理解关键术语不仅能提升考试作答质量，还能增强实践评估的信心。本指南提供有效的记忆策略，并列出生物、化学和物理学科中必须熟知的术语清单。
1. Why Master Scientific Terminology? | 为何要掌握科学术语？
In WJEC A Level Science, precise use of terminology is crucial for A* performance. Examiners expect you to differentiate between similar terms such as accuracy and precision, and to apply them correctly in unfamiliar contexts. Without a solid vocabulary base, even strong conceptual knowledge can be let down by vague language.
在 WJEC A Level 科学中，术语的精确使用是取得 A* 的关键。考官期望你能区分诸如准确度与精度等相似术语，并在陌生情境中正确应用它们。如果没有扎实的词汇基础，即使概念理解很强，也可能因语言模糊而失分。
2. Core Experimental Terms | 核心实验术语
Independent variable (IV): The factor that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the experimenter.
自变量 (IV)：由实验者有意改变或操控的因素。
Dependent variable (DV): The factor that is measured; its value depends on the independent variable.
因变量 (DV)：被测量的因素；其值取决于自变量。
Control variable: A variable that is kept constant to ensure a fair test.
控制变量：保持恒定的变量，以确保实验公平。
Control group: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment, used as a baseline for comparison.
对照组：实验中不接受处理的组别，用作比较基准。
Categoric variable: A variable with distinct categories (e.g., blood type).
类别变量：具有不同类别的变量（例如血型）。
Continuous variable: A variable that can take any value within a range (e.g., temperature).
连续变量：在一定范围内可取任意值的变量（例如温度）。
3. Variables and Hypotheses | 变量与假设
A hypothesis is a testable statement predicting the relationship between independent and dependent variables. In WJEC exams, you must write hypotheses using the format: 'If [IV] is changed, then [DV] will change in a specific way, because...'
假设是一个可验证的陈述，预测自变量与因变量之间的关系。在 WJEC 考试中，你必须使用如下格式撰写假设：“如果[自变量]发生变化，那么[因变量]会以特定方式变化，因为……”。
Null hypothesis (H₀): States that there is no significant effect or no relationship between variables.
原假设 (H₀)：陈述变量间无显著效应或无关。
Alternative hypothesis (H₁): States that there is a significant effect or relationship.
备择假设 (H₁)：陈述存在显著效应或关系。
4. Accuracy, Precision, and Errors | 准确度、精度与误差
Accuracy: How close a measured value is to the true value. An accurate measurement has low systematic error.
准确度：测量值与真实值的接近程度。准确的测量具有较低的系统误差。
Precision: How close repeated measurements are to each other, irrespective of the true value. Precision reflects random error.
精度：多次重复测量值之间的接近程度，与真实值无关。精度反映随机误差。
Reliability: The consistency of results when the experiment is repeated under the same conditions.
可靠性：在相同条件下重复实验时结果的一致性。
Validity: A measurement is valid if it measures what it is supposed to measure, free from systematic errors.
有效性：如果测量能够测定目标量且无系统误差，则测量有效。
Systematic error: Consistent bias in measurements due to faulty equipment or procedure; affects accuracy.
系统误差：由于设备或步骤缺陷导致测量值始终偏离；影响准确度。
Random error: Unpredictable variations caused by environmental factors or human limitations; affects precision.
随机误差：由环境因素或人为限制引起的不可预测变化；影响精度。
Uncertainty: The interval within which the true value is expected to lie, often expressed as ± half the smallest scale division.
不确定度：真实值预期所处的区间，通常表示为±最小分度值的一半。
5. Data Processing Vocabulary | 数据处理词汇
Mean: The arithmetic average, calculated as sum of values divided by the number of values.
平均值：算术平均数，由总和除以数值个数得出。
Median: The middle value when data are ordered; less affected by outliers.
中位数：数据按顺序排列时的中间值；受异常值影响较小。
Mode: The most frequently occurring value in a data set.
众数：数据集中出现频率最高的值。
Range: The difference between the maximum and minimum values; a simple measure of spread.
极差：最大值与最小值的差；一种简单的离散度量。
Standard deviation (s): A measure of the spread of data around the mean. The formula is:
标准差 (s)：衡量数据围绕平均值的离散程度。公式为：
s = √[ Σ(x − x̄)² / (n − 1) ]
where x is each value, x̄ is the mean, and n is the sample size.
其中 x 是每个值，x̄ 是平均值，n 是样本量。
Standard error (SE): Indicates the precision of the sample mean (SE = s/√n).
标准误差 (SE)：表示样本平均值的精度 (SE = s/√n)。
Anomalous result: A data point that does not fit the overall pattern; should be excluded with justification.
异常结果：不符合整体模式的数据点；应说明理由后排除。
6. Biological Terms Quick Recall | 生物学术语速记
Use memory triggers for WJEC Biology: for 'Osmosis', think 'O-so-slow water movement' – water moves from high to low water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
使用记忆触发器应对 WJEC 生物学：“渗透”（Osmosis）可联想“O-so-slow 水运动” – 水通过部分透膜从高水势向低水势移动。
Diffusion is passive net movement of particles from high to low concentration. Remember 'Diffusion = Down the hill'.
扩散是粒子顺着浓度梯度的被动净移动。记住“Diffusion = 下坡”。
Active transport: movement against a concentration gradient using energy (ATP). Associate 'Active = ATP'.
主动运输：消耗能量 (ATP) 逆浓度梯度的运动。联想“Active = ATP”。
Photosynthesis: 6CO&sub2; + 6H&sub2;O → C&sub6;H&sub1
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