📚 Year 13 WJEC Biology: Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 13 WJEC 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of A-level Biology transforms complex processes into manageable steps. This WJEC Year 13 guide pairs every key term with a sharp definition and a memory hack, covering energetics, genetics, homeostasis and ecosystems so you can recall them instantly in the exam.
掌握 A-level 生物的语言是把复杂过程拆解成可管理模块的关键。这份 WJEC Year 13 速记指南为每一个核心术语配上精准定义和记忆妙招，覆盖能量学、遗传、稳态与生态系统，帮助你在考场上秒速回想。
1. Bioenergetics Core Vocabulary | 生物能学核心词汇
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the universal energy currency; it consists of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups. Think 'A-T-Piece' of energy — it transfers small packets of fuel to metabolic reactions.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）是通用能量货币，由腺嘌呤、核糖和三个磷酸基团组成。可以记成“能量的小包裹”，每次代谢反应就用它运输一小份燃料。
ATP hydrolysis me ATP hydrolase chops off the terminal phosphate. Visualise a rechargeable battery: ATP is the charged form, ADP the discharged.
ATP 水解 ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pᵢ（释放能量）。ATP 水解酶切掉末端磷酸。想象一节可充电电池：ATP 是满电，ADP 是空电。
Chemiosmosis is the diffusion of protons (H⁺) down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase, driving the synthesis of ATP. Picture water rushing through a turbine in a dam.
化学渗透是质子沿电化学梯度经 ATP 合酶扩散，从而驱动 ATP 合成。想象水流冲过水坝涡轮发电。
Oxidation and reduction (OIL RIG): Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain. In respiration, reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH₂ carry electrons to the electron transport chain.
氧化与还原 (OIL RIG)：氧化是失电子，还原是得电子。在呼吸作用中，还原型辅酶 NADH 和 FADH₂ 携带电子去电子传递链。
2. Photosynthesis | 光合作用
Photolysis: the light-driven splitting of water, 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + O₂ + 4e⁻. Remember 'photo' = light, 'lysis' = breaking — light breaks water, replenishing electrons for photosystem II.
光解：光驱动分解水，2H₂O → 4H⁺ + O₂ + 4e⁻。记住“光”照“解”裂，为光系统 II 补充电子。
Photophosphorylation is ATP production using light energy. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation uses both photosystems and makes ATP, NADPH and O₂; cyclic uses only PSI and produces extra ATP. Mnemonic: 'Non-cyclic gives NADPH and O₂; cyclic circles only for ATP.'
光合磷酸化是利用光能制造 ATP。非循环光合磷酸化使用两个光系统，产出 ATP、NADPH 和 O₂；循环光合磷酸化只经 PSI，额外产生 ATP。速记：“非循环送 NADPH 和氧气，循环只转圈产 ATP”。
Calvin cycle: the light-independent reaction in the stroma. Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) is carboxylated by Rubisco, producing two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP). This is then reduced to triose phosphate (TP) using ATP and NADPH. Think 'CO₂ meets RuBP, GP reduced to TP.'
卡尔文循环：类囊体膜外的暗反应。RuBP 被 Rubisco 羧化，生成两分子甘油酸-3-磷酸 (GP)，再借助 ATP 和 NADPH 还原为磷酸丙糖 (TP)。记法：“CO₂ 抱住 RuBP，GP 变成 TP”。
Rubisco: ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. The world's most abundant enzyme; it fixes CO₂ but can also fix O₂ in photorespiration. Recite its full name to remember the substrate RuBP and the carboxylase function.
Rubisco：核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶。是地球上最丰富的酶，催化 CO₂ 固定，也会在光呼吸中固定 O₂。把全名背熟就等于记住了底物 RuBP 和羧化酶功能。
3. Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration | 有氧与无氧呼吸
Glycolysis: glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) → 2 pyruvate in the cytoplasm. Net gain: 2 ATP, 2 reduced NAD. 'Glyco' = sweet, 'lysis' = splitting — splitting sugar.
糖酵解：葡萄糖在细胞质中裂解为 2 分子丙酮酸。净得 2 ATP、2 还原态 NAD。“糖”被“酵解”，拆分糖分子。
Link reaction ₂ and reducing NAD⁺ to NADH. This links glycolysis to the Krebs cycle. Visualise the link as a bridge that strips CO₂ off pyruvate.
连接反应：丙酮酸 → 乙酰辅酶 A，释出 CO₂，NAD⁺ 还原为 NADH。它是糖酵解通往 Krebs 循环的桥梁——去掉一个碳，接上辅酶 A。
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle): acetyl CoA enters a cycle of decarboxylation and oxidation, producing CO₂, reduced NAD, reduced FAD and one ATP per turn. Memorise the cycle's outputs: 2 CO₂, 3 NADH, 1 FADH₂, 1 ATP (substrate-level).
克雷布斯循环（三羧酸循环）：乙酰辅酶 A 进入一个脱羧和氧化的循环，每轮产出 CO₂、还原态 NAD、还原态 FAD 及一分子 ATP（底物水平磷酸化）。记住“每轮：2 CO₂，3 NADH，1 FADH₂，1 ATP”。
Oxidative phosphorylation: the electron transport chain (ETC) in the inner mitochondrial membrane transfers electrons from NADH and FADH₂ to O₂, pumping protons and generating a gradient for chemiosmosis. The final electron acceptor is oxygen, forming water.
氧化磷酸化：线粒体内膜上的电子传递链将 NADH 和 FADH₂ 的电子传递给 O₂，同时泵出质子，建立化学渗透梯度，驱动 ATP 合酶。最终电子受体是氧，生成水。
Anaerobic respiration in eukaryotes: pyruvate is reduced to lactate (animals) or ethanol and CO₂ (yeast). This regenerates NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue. Recall 'lactate when lactic' and 'ethanol fizz'.
真核生物的无氧呼吸：丙酮酸被还原为乳酸（动物）或乙醇和 CO₂（酵母）。目的是再生 NAD⁺ 让糖酵解继续。联想：“肌肉酸，产乳酸；酵母发酵，冒气泡”。
4. Microbiology and Biotechnology | 微生物学与生物技术
Aseptic technique: keeping equipment and cultures free of unwanted microorganisms. Think 'a-' = without, 'septic' = infection. Flaming loops, autoclaving media, disinfecting surfaces.
无菌技术：让设备和培养物保持无杂菌。联想：“a-” 表示无，“septic” 指腐败。做法包括灼烧接种环、高压灭菌培养基和消毒台面。
Batch culture: microorganisms are grown in a closed vessel with a fixed volume of nutrients; once nutrients run low, growth ceases and secondary metabolites are often harvested. Like baking a single cake — one batch, then stop.
分批培养：微生物在封闭容器中培养，营养物定量；耗尽后生长停止，常收集次级代谢产物。如同烤蛋糕——一批结束就收工。
Continuous culture: fresh medium is continuously added and culture broth removed to maintain exponential growth. Ideal for primary metabolite production. Think of a flowing river, never drying up.
连续培养：新鲜培养基持续流入，培养液持续流出，维持对数生长期。适合生产初级代谢产物。想象一条长流不息的河。
Immobilised enzymes: enzymes attached to or trapped in an inert matrix. This allows reuse, easier product separation and increased stability. Picture enzymes glued onto beads, continually processing substrate.
固定化酶：酶附着或包埋于惰性载体中，可重复使用，产物易分离，酶也更稳定。想象酶被粘在小珠上，持续转化底物。
5. Populations and Evolution | 群体与进化
Hardy-Weinberg principle onstant. Use p + q = 1 for allele frequencies; p² + 2pq + q² = 1 for genotype frequencies.
哈代-温伯格定律：在无限大、随机交配、无突变、无迁移、无选择的群体中，等位基因频率世代恒定。等位基因频率 p + q = 1，基因型频率 p² + 2pq + q² = 1。
p + q = 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
Genetic drift: random changes in allele frequency in small populations. A 'drift' boat may crash into a bottleneck (bottleneck effect) or a few founders may start a new colony (founder effect).
遗传漂变：小群体中等位基因频率的随机变化。像一条“漂变”小船可能撞上“瓶颈”（瓶颈效应）或少数先驱者建立新群体（奠基者效应）。
Allopatric speciation: geographic isolation splits a population, preventing gene flow. 'Allo' = other, 'patric' = homeland — homelands. Sympatric speciation occurs without geographic barriers, often via polyploidy.
异域物种形成：地理隔离阻止基因流。“异域”即不同家乡。同域物种形成没有地理障碍，常通过多倍体实现。
Directional selection: favours one extreme phenotype; stabilising selection favours the intermediate; disruptive selection favours both extremes. Think of arrows: one way, balanced, or split two ways.
定向选择偏爱极端表型；稳定选择偏爱中间型；分裂选择偏爱两个极端。想象箭头指向：单向、居中或双向。
6. Homeostasis and the Kidney | 稳态与肾脏
Negative feedback: a change triggers a response that counteracts the change to maintain a set point. Like a thermostat — too hot, cooling on; too cold, heating on.
负反馈：变化引发相反方向的响应，维持调定点。像恒温器——温度太高就制冷，太低则加热。
Osmoregulation: control of water potential in the blood. The hypothalamus detects high blood solute concentration, triggering ADH release. ADH increases water permeability of the collecting duct via aquaporins.
渗透调节：控制血液水势。下丘脑感知血液溶质浓度升高，刺激释放 ADH。ADH 通过水通道蛋白增加集合管对水的通透性。
Ultrafiltration n : blood is filtered under high pressure in the glomerulus, producing glomerular filtrate free of cells and large proteins. Remember 'ultra' = extreme, 'filtration' = sieving through capillary walls.
超滤作用：血液在肾小球内高压过滤，形成没有细胞和大分子蛋白质的肾小球滤液。“超”强“过滤”，透过毛细血管壁筛出液。
Countercurrent multiplier in the loop of Henle actively transports Na⁺ and Cl⁻ out of the ascending limb, creating a concentration gradient in the medulla that helps concentrate urine. The descending limb is water-permeable. Visualise opposite flows exchanging solutes and water.
逆流倍增系统在髓袢中，升支主动转运 Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻，在髓质建立浓度梯度，有助于浓缩尿液。降支对水通透。想象逆流交换溶质与水，逐步倍增外髓渗透压。
7. Nervous Communication | 神经通讯
Resting potential: -70 mV across the axon membrane, maintained by Na⁺/K⁺ pump (3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in) and K⁺ leak channels. The inside is negative relative to outside.
静息电位：轴突膜内负外正，约 -70 mV。由钠钾泵（泵出3 Na⁺，泵入2 K⁺）和钾泄漏通道维持。
Action potential: a rapid depolarisation triggered when threshold (-55 mV) is reached. Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open (Na⁺ influx), then inactivate; voltage-gated K⁺ channels open (K⁺ efflux) causing repolarisation and a brief hyperpolarisation. 'All or nothing' law applies.
动作电位：达到阈电位（约 -55 mV）后触发的快速去极化。电压门控 Na⁺ 通道开放，Na⁺ 涌入，随后失活；电压门控 K⁺ 通道开放，K⁺ 外流造成复极化和短暂超极化。遵循“全或无”定律。
Saltatory conduction: action potentials jump from node of Ranvier to node in myelinated axons, speeding up transmission. The myelin sheath insulates, reducing ion leakage. Think of a frog leaping between lily pads.
跳跃传导：有髓鞘的轴突上，动作电位在郎飞结之间“跳跃”传导，速度更快。髓鞘绝缘，减少离子泄漏。像青蛙在莲叶间跳跃。
Synaptic transmission: an action potential triggers Ca²⁺ influx, leading to vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, opening ligand-gated ion channels.
突触传递：动作电位引起 Ca²⁺ 内流，促使突触小泡融合并释放神经递质到突触间隙。神经递质结合后膜受体，打开配体门控离子通道。
8. Gene Expression and Gene Technology | 基因表达与基因技术
Transcription omoters signal where to start. In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA is spliced to remove introns. Think 'DNA → mRNA is like transcribing a document into a portable message.'
转录：以 DNA 模板链为根据，由 RNA 聚合酶合成 mRNA。启动子标示起始点。真核生物中前体 mRNA 需剪接去除内含子。好比把一份档案抄写成可携带的便条。
Translation: ribosomes read mRNA codons (triplets), and tRNA molecules bring specific amino acids. The anticodon on tRNA pairs with the codon. The ribosome catalyses peptide bond formation. 'Translate' the nucleic acid language into a polypeptide.
翻译：核糖体阅读 mRNA 上的密码子，tRNA 携来对应氨基酸。tRNA 的反密码子与密码子配对。核糖体催化肽键形成。把核酸“语言”翻译成多肽。
Lac operon (prokaryotic gene regulation): in E. coli, the lac operon contains genes for lactose metabolism. A repressor protein blocks transcription when lactose is absent. Allolactose (inducer) binds the repressor, allowing RNA polymerase to transcribe the genes. 'When lactose appears, the repressor releases.'
乳糖操纵子（原核基因调控）：大肠杆菌中，lac 操纵子包含乳糖代谢基因。无乳糖时阻遏蛋白结合操作子阻止转录。别乳糖（诱导物）与阻遏蛋白结合，使之脱离，RNA 聚合酶得以转录。记：“乳糖来了，阻遏物放手”。
Recombinant DNA technology: restriction endonucleases cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, leaving sticky ends. DNA ligase seals the sugar-phosphate backbone. Plasmids act as vectors to carry the gene into host cells. PCR amplifies DNA fragments.
重组 DNA 技术：限制性内切酶在特定识别序列切割 DNA，留下黏性末端。DNA 连接酶缝合磷酸二酯键。质粒作为载体把目的基因带入宿主细胞。PCR 扩增 DNA 片段。
PCR (polymerase chain reaction): three steps — denaturation (95°C, separate strands), annealing (55-65°C, primers bind), extension (72°C, Taq polymerase synthesises new strand). Remember 'DAE' (Denature, Anneal, Extend).
PCR（聚合酶链式反应）：三步——变性（95°C 解链）、退火（55-65°C 引物结合）、延伸（72°C Taq 聚合酶合成新链）。记住首字母“DAE”。
9. Immunology and Disease | 免疫与疾病
Antigen: a molecule (often protein) recognised as foreign, triggering an immune response. Antibodies are Y-shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind specifically to antigens. The variable region determines specificity.
抗原：被识别为外来、引发免疫应答的分子（常为蛋白质）。抗体是由 B 细胞产生的 Y 形蛋白，能特异性结合抗原。可变区决定其专一性。
Clonal selection and expansion: a specific B or T cell is activated by its complementary antigen, then rapidly divides to produce a clone of identical cells. Some become effector cells, others memory cells. 'Select the right lock, make a thousand keys.'
克隆选择与扩增：特定的 B/T 细胞被互补抗原激活后快速分裂，产生一整个克隆。部分分化为效应细胞，余下为记忆细胞。比喻：“选对一把锁，配出千把钥匙”。
Vaccination: introduces a harmless form of antigen (attenuated, inactivated, or subunit), stimulating primary immune response and producing memory cells. Upon re-exposure, the secondary response is faster and stronger. Think of a fire drill preparing the immune system.
疫苗接种：引入无害形式的抗原（减毒、灭活或亚单位），激发初次免疫应答并产生记忆细胞。再次接触时，二次应答更快更强。像消防演习让免疫系统提前准备。
HIV and AIDS: Human Immunodeficiency Virus attacks helper T cells (CD4⁺), weakening cell-mediated and humoral immunity. AIDS is the late stage when opportunistic infections emerge. 'HIV Destroys the Helpers.'
HIV 与艾滋病：人类免疫缺陷病毒攻击辅助 T 细胞（CD4⁺），削弱细胞免疫与体液免疫。艾滋病是晚期，出现机会性感染。记成：“HIV 消灭助手”。
10. Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycles | 生态系统与养分循环
Primary succession: colonisation of bare rock or sand by pioneer species (e.g. lichens), eventually leading to a climax community. Secondary succession occurs where soil already exists. 'Primary starts from scratch, secondary rebuilds from soil.'
初生演替：裸岩或沙地由先锋物种（如地衣）开始定居，最终形成顶极群落。次生演替则在已有土壤的地点发生。“初生从零开始，次生靠土壤重建”。
Gross primary production (GPP) production (NPP) = GPP - respiration (R). NPP is the energy available to consumers. Learn: 'NPP is what's left after the plant has paid its own energy bill.'
总初级生产量 (GPP)：光合作用固定的总化学能。净初级生产量 (NPP) = GPP - 呼吸消耗 (R)。NPP 是可供异养生物利用的能量。记住：“NPP 是植物付完自家能源账单后
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图