📚 IGCSE Cambridge Engineering: Vocabulary Quick-Memorisation Guide | IGCSE 剑桥工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is the hidden key to success in IGCSE Engineering. This guide groups essential terms by topic and pairs them with simple memory hooks, helping you recall definitions under pressure without ever turning to a glossary in panic.
掌握专业术语是 IGCSE 工程考试中隐形的关键。这篇指南按主题将核心术语分组，并为每个词搭配简单的记忆口诀，帮助你在考场高压下快速调取定义，不再因翻查术语表而手忙脚乱。
1. Forces and Loads | 力与载荷
A force is a push or pull that can change an object's motion or shape. The SI unit is the newton (N). Think of an apple (≈1 N) resting in your hand to anchor the magnitude.
力是能改变物体运动或形状的推或拉，国际单位是牛顿 (N)。想象一个苹果（约 1 牛）放在手心的感觉，就能记住这个量级。
Tension is a pulling force that stretches a material; compression is a pushing force that crushes or shortens it. Shear acts parallel to a surface, like the cut of scissors. Picture a rope bridge (tension), a pillar (compression), and a deck of cards sliding sideways (shear).
拉力是使材料伸长的牵引力；压力是使材料压短或挤压的推力。剪力平行于表面作用，如同剪刀的剪切。联想：索桥拉索（拉力）、石柱（压力）、一叠纸牌侧滑（剪力）。
Moments from the pivot. Visualise a spanner: lengthening the handle multiplies the moment, helping you loosen a tight nut.
力矩是力的转动效应，公式为：力矩 = 力 × 到支点的垂直距离。想象一把扳手：加长手柄会让力矩倍增，轻松拧松顽固的螺母。
2. Stress and Strain | 应力与应变
Stress rce / cross-sectional area (units: Pa or N/m²). Think of a stiletto heel: the tiny area creates huge stress on the floor.
应力是物体单位面积承受的力，公式为：应力 = 力 / 截面积（单位：帕斯卡 Pa 或 牛/米²）。想象细高跟鞋：极小的面积对地板产生巨大应力。
Strain is the deformation caused by stress, measured as the ratio of extension to original length. It has no units. A rubber band lengthening by half its length has a strain of 0.5. Remember: stress causes, strain is the effect.
应变是由应力引起的变形，用伸长量与原长之比衡量，无单位。一根拉伸一半原长的橡皮筋，应变为 0.5。记住：应力是原因，应变是结果。
The Young modulus (E) is a material's stiffness, defined as stress / strain within the elastic limit. A steep initial slope on a stress–strain graph means high E, like steel; a gentle slope means low E, like rubber.
杨氏模量 (E) 是材料的刚度，由弹性限度内应力除以应变定义。应力–应变图上陡峭的初始线段代表高 E（如钢）；平缓线段代表低 E（如橡胶）。
3. Material Properties – Mechanical | 材料力学性能
Strength is the ability to withstand an applied force without breaking. Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can endure while being stretched before necking. Picture a tug-of-war rope: the point just before it snaps marks its tensile strength.
强度是承受外力而不断裂的能力。抗拉强度是材料在被拉伸至颈缩前所能承受的最大应力。想象拔河绳：即将断裂前的瞬间，对应的就是它的抗拉强度。
Hardness resists indentation or scratching. A diamond scratches glass because it is harder. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy and deform plastically without fracturing. Rubber and mild steel are tough; glass is not – it shatters. Use the phrase: 'hard to scratch, tough to crack'.
硬度抵抗压痕或刮擦。钻石能刻划玻璃，因为它更硬。韧性是吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。橡胶与低碳钢韧性好，玻璃则不然——它会碎裂。口诀：'硬怕刮，韧怕裂'。
Ductility allows a material to be drawn into a wire; malleability allows it to be hammered into a thin sheet. Gold is both ductile and malleable. Chalky materials are brittle: they fracture with little deformation.
延展性使材料能拉成丝；可锻性使材料能锤成薄片。金兼具延展与可锻。白垩类材料则很脆：变形极小就会断裂。
4. Energy, Work and Power | 能量、功与功率
Work done equals force multiplied by distance moved in the direction of the force. If you lift a 10 N brick onto a shelf 2 m high, you do 20 J of work. Say to yourself: 'Force makes it go, distance tells how far.'
做功等于力乘以沿力方向移动的距离。把一个 10 牛的砖块提到 2 米高的架子上，做功 20 焦。自问：'力让它动，距离知多远。'
Energy tional potential energy = mass × g × height. Keep the two formulas aligned by remembering: '½ m v² runs; m g h climbs.'
能量是做功的能力。动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²。重力势能 = 质量 × g × 高度。对齐两个公式可记口诀：'½ m v² 跑，m g h 爬。'
Power rk: is the rate of doing work: power = work done / time taken (unit: watt, W). A motor that lifts the same brick in 2 s instead of 4 puts twice the power. Picture a sprinter (high power) versus a marathoner (steady energy).
功率是做功的速率：功率 = 做功 / 所用时间（单位：瓦特 W）。一台电机若把同一块砖在 2 秒而非 4 秒内提起，输出功率就翻倍。想象短跑选手（高功率）对比马拉松选手（稳定能量）。
5. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
A lever amplifies an input force to lift a larger load. Three classes of lever help you remember: 'FLE' – 1st class (Fulcrum in middle), 2nd class (Load in middle), 3rd class (Effort in middle). Think of a seesaw, a wheelbarrow, and a fishing rod.
杠杆放大输入力以提起更大负载。三类杠杆助记：'FLE' – 第1类支点在中间，第2类负载在中间，第3类施力在中间。联想：跷跷板、手推车、钓鱼竿。
Gears transmit rotary motion. A smaller driver gear turning a larger driven gear increases torque and decreases speed. Count the teeth: if the driver has 20 and the driven 40, the speed halves while torque doubles (neglecting friction). The phrase 'Small spins fast, big lasts' captures the trade-off.
齿轮传递旋转运动。小主动轮带动大从动轮时，扭矩增大而转速降低。数齿数：若主动轮 20 齿、从动轮 40 齿，速度减半而扭矩加倍（忽略摩擦）。口诀：'小轮转得快，大轮走得久'道出了交换关系。
Pulleys and belt drives change speed or direction. A crossed belt reverses rotation. Cams convert rotary motion into linear reciprocating motion – essential in engines. Visualise the pear-shaped cam pushing a follower up and down.
滑轮与皮带传动改变速度或方向。交叉皮带反转旋转方向。凸轮将旋转运动变为直线往复运动——是发动机中的关键。想象梨形凸轮推着挺杆上下移动。
6. Structures and Stability | 结构与稳定性
Equilibrium occurs when all forces and moments balance. A structure is stable if it returns to equilibrium after a small disturbance. Picture a low, wide stool versus a tall, narrow one: the wider base keeps the centre of gravity inside the footprint.
当所有力与力矩平衡时，就处于平衡状态。若结构在微小扰动后能恢复平衡，它就是稳定的。想象一张低矮宽大的凳子与一张高瘦的凳子：宽大的底座让重心始终落在支撑面内。
Triangulation makes frameworks rigid. A square frame can collapse sideways, but adding a diagonal splits it into two triangles that cannot change shape without changing side lengths. Remember: 'Triangles are the only rigid polygon.'
三角化让框架变得刚硬。一个方形框架会侧向塌陷，但加一条对角线就能把它分割成两个三角形，不改变边长就无法变形。记住：'三角形是唯一刚性的多边形。'
Struts are members under compression, ties are under tension. In a crane, the jib is often a strut; the cable is always a tie. You can feel the difference if you push a ruler (strut) or pull a string (tie).
压杆承受压力，拉杆承受拉力。在起重机中，吊臂通常是压杆，钢索总是拉杆。亲手推一把直尺（压杆）或拉一根线绳（拉杆），就能直观感受区别。
7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting pours molten metal into a mould; forging shapes solid metal with compressive hammer blows. Casting suits intricate shapes; forging refines grain structure for toughness. 'Cast flows, forging blows' links process to action.
铸造将熔融金属浇入模具；锻造用压缩锤击使固态金属成形。铸造适合复杂形状；锻造可细化晶粒，提高韧性。'铸造靠流，锻造靠锤'把工艺和动作挂钩。
Machining removes material: turning (lathe cuts rotating workpiece), milling (rotating cutter moves over stationary workpiece), drilling (creates holes). The key motion differs: workpiece rotates, cutter rotates, or bit advances linearly.
机械加工去除材料：车削（车床切削旋转工件）、铣削（旋转刀具在固定工件上移动）、钻削（制孔）。核心运动各不相同：工件转、刀具转、或钻头直线进给。
Joining methods include welding, brazing, soldering, and adhesives. Welding melts parent metals; soldering uses a lower-melting filler. A common mistake is confusing soldering with brazing – soldering happens below 450 °C, brazing above.
连接方法包括焊接、钎焊、软钎焊与胶接。焊接熔融母材；软钎焊使用低熔点填充金属。常见错误是混淆软钎焊与硬钎焊——软钎焊在 450 °C 以下，硬钎焊在此温度以上。
8. Quality and Measurement | 质量与测量
Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value; precision is the consistency of repeated readings. A dartboard analogy: accurate means hitting the bullseye; precise means tight grouping even if off-centre.
准确度是测量值接近真值的程度；精确度是重复读数的一致性。飞镖靶类比：准确就是命中靶心；精确则是分布紧密，哪怕偏离中心。
Tolerance is the acceptable range of variation from a specified dimension. A shaft designed as 25.00 ± 0.05 mm must measure between 24.95 and 25.05 mm. Engineers say: 'Tolerances keep parts interchangeable.'
公差是相对规定尺寸允许的变动范围。一根设计为 25.00 ± 0.05 mm 的轴，必须在 24.95 至 25.05 mm 之间。工程师常说：'公差让零件实现互换。'
Vernier calipers and micrometers both measure small lengths. A vernier scale reads to 0.1 mm or 0.05 mm; a micrometer typically resolves 0.01 mm. 'V for visible scale, M for minute measurements' helps distinguish them.
游标卡尺与千分尺都测量小长度。游标尺可读至 0.1 mm 或 0.05 mm；千分尺通常分辨至 0.01 mm。'V 是可见刻度，M 是极微测量'有助于区分两者。
9. Electrical Terms in Engineering | 工程电学术语
Current (I) is the flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). Think of a river: current is the volume of water passing a point per second. Voltage (V) is the 'push' that drives the current, like the gradient making the river flow.
电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，单位安培 (A)。想象一条河：电流是每秒流过某点的水量。电压 (V) 是驱动电流的'推力'，好比让河水流动的坡度。
Resistance (R) opposes current flow; ohm (Ω) is its unit. Ohm's law: V = I × R. Cover the unknown on the triangle: V at top, I and R at bottom. 'Volt drives, ohm fights, amp flows' is a quick chant.
电阻 (R) 阻碍电流；单位欧姆 (Ω)。欧姆定律：V = I × R。用三角形覆盖未知量：V 在顶，I 与 R 在底。口诀：'电压推，电阻挡，电流淌。'
Power Remember that doubling voltage quadruples power if resistance is fixed, because P = V²/R.
电功率公式：P = V × I（瓦特）。在电机中，电功率转化为机械功率，并伴有损耗。记住：若电阻固定，电压加倍使功率增至四倍，因为 P = V²/R。
10. Engineering Drawings and Symbols | 工程制图与符号
Orthographic projection shows a 3D object in multiple 2D views: front, top, and side. 'Fold the box' – imagine unfolding a glass box with the object inside to arrange the six principal views correctly.
正投影将三维物体用多个二维视图表示：前视、俯视与侧视。'拆开玻璃盒'——想象把一个装有物体的玻璃盒展开，就能正确摆放六个基本视图。
Dimension lines and extension lines must be crisp and clear. Always place the dimension above the line and use arrowheads that touch the extension lines. A missing dimension can halt a whole workshop.
尺寸线与延伸线必须清晰利落。尺寸永远标注在尺寸线上方，箭头碰及延伸线。遗漏一个尺寸可能让整个车间停工。
Common surface finish symbols: a triangle (old standard) or a check-mark-like symbol with bars indicating roughness value in micrometres. The lay symbol (a small line with a triangle) shows the direction of machining marks. 'The tick marks tell the tool's track.'
常见表面粗糙度符号：三角（旧标准）或带横杠的对勾形符号，粗细度以微米表示。纹理方向符号（带三角的小横线）指明加工痕迹的方向。'小勾标记道出刀具的轨迹。'
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