📚 Cambridge IGCSE Psychology: Core Knowledge Organiser | 剑桥IGCSE心理学核心知识点梳理
This article provides a comprehensive review of the key topics in the Cambridge IGCSE Psychology syllabus, designed to help students consolidate essential concepts. From research methodology to psychological disorders, each section presents core knowledge in a clear and structured way, with English explanations immediately followed by Chinese translations to support bilingual learning.
本文全面梳理了剑桥IGCSE心理学教学大纲中的核心主题，旨在帮助学生巩固关键概念。从研究方法到心理障碍，每个部分都以清晰的结构呈现核心知识，英文解释后紧接中文翻译，助力双语学习。
1. Research Methods | 研究方法
The experimental method is the most powerful tool for establishing cause-and-effect relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable (IV) and measuring the dependent variable (DV), while controlling all other extraneous variables. Random allocation of participants to experimental and control conditions helps to eliminate participant variables and ensure internal validity.
实验法是建立因果关系最有力的工具。它涉及操纵自变量 (IV) 并测量因变量 (DV)，同时控制所有其他无关变量。将参与者随机分配到实验条件和控制条件有助于消除参与者变量，确保内部效度。
Non-experimental methods include observations, interviews, and questionnaires. Observations can be naturalistic or controlled; interviews provide in-depth qualitative data but may suffer from interviewer bias; questionnaires allow collection of large amounts of data efficiently but rely on self-report which may be inaccurate.
非实验方法包括观察、访谈和问卷。观察可以是自然观察或控制观察；访谈能提供深入的定性数据，但可能存在访谈者偏差；问卷能高效收集大量数据，但依赖自我报告可能不准确。
Ethical guidelines must be followed in all psychological research. Participants have the right to informed consent, the right to withdraw, and protection from harm. Confidentiality must be maintained and deception should only be used when necessary, followed by a full debriefing.
所有心理学研究都必须遵循伦理准则。参与者有权知情同意、自由退出和免受伤害。必须保密，欺骗仅在必要时使用，并随后进行充分的解释说明。
2. Memory and Forgetting | 记忆与遗忘
hoic registers), short-term memory (STM, limited capacity of about 7±2 items and duration of up to 30 seconds), and long-term memory (LTM, potentially unlimited capacity and duration). Information is transferred from STM to LTM through rehearsal.
阿特金森和希夫林提出的记忆多储存模型描述了三种不同的储存库：感觉记忆（非常短暂，有视觉和听觉登记）、短时记忆（STM，容量有限约为7±2个项目，持续时间最长30秒）和长时记忆（LTM，容量和持续时间潜在地无限）。信息通过复述从短时记忆转入长时记忆。
Forgetting can occur due to interference or retrieval failure. Proactive interference is when old information disrupts recall of new information, while retroactive interference is the opposite. Retrieval failure happens when there are insufficient cues to access a memory, such as in context-dependent forgetting.
遗忘可能由干扰或检索失败引起。前摄干扰是指旧信息干扰新信息的回忆，倒摄干扰则相反。检索失败发生在缺乏足够线索来提取记忆时，例如情境依赖遗忘。
3. Sleep and Dreaming | 睡眠与做梦
The sleep cycle consists of four non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. As we progress through the night, deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) decreases while REM sleep increases in duration. REM sleep is characterised by rapid eye movements, heightened brain activity, and muscle paralysis, and is when most vivid dreaming occurs.
睡眠周期包括四个非快速眼动 (NREM) 阶段和快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠。随着夜晚进展，深睡眠（第3和第4阶段）减少，而REM睡眠持续时间增加。REM sleep以快速眼球运动、大脑活动增强和肌肉麻痹为特征，是大多数生动梦境发生的阶段。
Two major theories explain why we dream. Freud's wish-fulfilment theory suggests that dreams represent unconscious desires and conflicts, often disguised through symbolism. The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Hobson and McCarley, argues that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals originating in the brainstem during REM sleep.
两大理论解释了我们为何做梦。弗洛伊德的愿望实现理论认为，梦代表了潜意识的欲望和冲突，常常通过象征伪装。霍布森和麦卡利提出的激活-综合假说认为，梦是大脑试图对REM睡眠期间脑干产生的随机神经信号赋予意义的产物。
4. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Conformity is the tendency to change one's behaviour or attitudes to match those of a group. Asch's line study showed that even when the correct answer was obvious, many participants conformed to an incorrect majority at least once, demonstrating normative social influence. Factors that increase conformity include group size, unanimity, and task difficulty.
从众是指改变自己的行为或态度以匹配群体的倾向。阿希的线段研究表明，即使正确答案显而易见，许多参与者至少有一次会服从错误的多数，证明了规范性社会影响。增加从众的因素包括群体规模、一致性和任务难度。
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