📚 IGCSE Cambridge Psychology: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Revision Guide | IGCSE 剑桥心理学：词汇术语速记指南
IGCSE Psychology is full of specialised terms that can feel overwhelming at first. This guide breaks down the key vocabulary into manageable themes and pairs every English explanation with a Chinese one, helping you build a solid bilingual understanding while picking up clever memory hooks along the way. Whether you are revising for Paper 1 or Paper 2, mastering these terms will sharpen your answers and boost your confidence.
IGCSE 心理学充斥着专业术语，一开始可能会让人感到无从下手。本指南将关键词汇按主题拆解，每个英文解释都配以中文解释，帮助你建立扎实的双语理解，同时掌握巧妙的记忆钩子。无论你在复习试卷一还是试卷二，掌握这些术语都能让你的答案更精准、更有信心。
1. Research Methods and Variables | 研究方法与变量
An independent variable (IV) is the factor the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to observe its effect. Think of it as the 'I do' variable: the one you, the experimenter, actively control.
自变量 (IV) 是研究者故意改变或操纵的因素，以观察其影响。可以把它想成“我来做”变量：你作为实验者主动控制的那个因素。
A dependent variable (DV) is what the researcher measures; it depends on the changes made to the IV. Remember: the DV is the Data you collect.
因变量 (DV) 是研究者测量的内容，它取决于对自变量的操作。记住：DV 就是你收集的数据 (Data)。
Extraneous variables are any variables other than the IV that could affect the DV if not controlled. They are unwanted guests at the experiment party.
额外变量 是除自变量外可能影响因变量的任何变量，如果不加控制就会干扰结果。它们是实验派对上的不速之客。
A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable that changes systematically with the IV, making it impossible to tell which one really caused the effect. It confuses the cause.
混淆变量 是一种与自变量系统性地共同变化的额外变量，使得我们无法确定到底是哪一个真正导致了效应。它混淆了因果关系。
Standardised procedures are a set of instructions and conditions that are kept identical for every participant to ensure fairness and replicability.
标准化程序 是一套对每位参与者都保持相同的指导语和条件，以确保公平和可重复性。
2. Experimental Designs | 实验设计
Independent measures design allocates different participants to each condition of the experiment. A quick memory trick: 'Independent people, independent groups'. The main weakness is participant variables – differences between individuals may affect results.
独立组设计 将不同参与者分配到实验的每个条件中。快速记忆窍门：“独立的人，独立的组”。主要弱点是参与者变量——个体差异可能影响结果。
Repeated measures design uses the same participants in all conditions. This controls participant variables beautifully but can suffer from order effects such as practice or fatigue.
重复测量设计 在所有条件下使用相同的参与者。这很好地控制了参与者变量，但可能受到顺序效应的影响，比如练习效应或疲劳效应。
Matched pairs design pairs participants based on key characteristics (e.g., IQ score) and then splits the pairs so one goes to each condition. It is like creating mini-twins for the experiment.
配对组设计 根据关键特征（如智商分数）将参与者配对，然后把每对中的两人分别分配到不同条件中。这就像为实验创造迷你双胞胎。
Order effects refer to the impact of the sequence of tasks on performance, common in repeated measures. Counterbalancing – half the participants do condition A then B, the other half B then A – is the typical cure.
顺序效应 指任务顺序对表现的影响，常见于重复测量设计。平衡法——一半参与者先做条件A再做B，另一半先B后A——是典型的解决办法。
3. Sampling and Participants | 抽样与参与者
A target population is the entire group of individuals the researcher is interested in studying. The sample is the smaller group drawn from that population who actually take part.
目标总体 是研究者感兴趣于研究的全部个体群。样本 是从该总体中抽出的、实际参与研究的小群体。
Random sampling gives every member of the target population an equal chance of being selected, like pulling names from a hat. It minimises bias but can be impractical.
随机抽样 让目标总体中的每个成员都有同等被选中的机会，就像从帽子里抽名字。它最大限度地减少偏差，但可能不切实际。
Opportunity sampling selects whoever is available and willing, such as people walking past a classroom. It is quick but often unrepresentative.
机会抽样 选择任何有空且愿意的人，比如路过教室的行人。它快速，但往往缺乏代表性。
Self-selected (volunteer) sampling relies on participants offering to take part, often through advertisements. This may attract a certain personality type, creating a volunteer bias.
自愿（志愿者）抽样 依赖参与者主动报名，通常通过广告。这可能吸引特定人格类型，产生志愿者偏差。
Ethical considerations in sampling include informed consent, right to withdraw, confidentiality, and debriefing. Think of the acronym 'CICD': Consent, Integrity, Confidentiality, Debriefing.
抽样中的伦理考量 包括知情同意、退出权、保密和事后解释。记住缩写 'CICD'：同意 (Consent)、诚信 (Integrity)、保密 (Confidentiality)、事后解释 (Debriefing)。
4. Data Types and Statistics | 数据类型与统计
Quantitative data is numerical information, such as scores on a memory test. It is easy to analyse but may miss the 'why' behind the numbers.
定量数据 是数字信息，如记忆测验的分数。它易于分析，但可能错过数字背后的“为什么”。
Qualitative data is descriptive and non-numerical, like interview transcripts. It provides rich detail but is harder to summarise and compare.
定性数据 是描述性、非数字的信息，如访谈记录。它提供丰富的细节，但更难总结和比较。
Mean is the average calculated by adding all scores and dividing by the number of scores. The median is the middle score when data are ordered. The mode is the most frequent score.
平均数 是将所有分数相加再除以分数个数得到的平均值。中位数 是数据排序后位于中间的分数。众数 是出现最频繁的分数。
Mnemonics: Mean is the 'mean' one that uses every value; Median is the 'mid' one; Mode is the 'most' common. In order: Mean, Median, Mode - alphabetically M, M, M.
记忆术：Mean 是那个“刻薄的”用了所有数值的；Median 是中间的 (mid)；Mode 是最常见的 (most)。按字母排序：Mean, Median, Mode——M, M, M。
Range is the difference between the highest and lowest score, giving a simple measure of spread. It can be distorted by outliers.
极差 是最高分与最低分之差，提供了一种简单的离散度量。它可能被异常值扭曲。
5. Biological Psychology Basics | 生物心理学基础
The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord. Think of it as the body's command centre and main highway for signals.
中枢神经系统 (CNS) 由脑和脊髓组成。可以把它想象成身体的指挥中心和信息传输的主干道。
Neurons are nerve cells that transmit information using electrical impulses. A helpful phrase: 'Neurons that fire together wire together.'
神经元 是使用电冲动传递信息的神经细胞。一句有帮助的话：“一起放电的神经元会连接在一起。”
Synapse is the tiny gap between neurons where chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) carry the signal from one cell to the next.
突触 是神经元之间的微小间隙，化学信使（神经递质）在此将信号从一个细胞传递到下一个细胞。
Brain scanning techniques include MRI (structural images using magnetic fields) and fMRI (functional images showing brain activity by detecting blood flow). fMRI is like a movie of the brain; MRI is like a photograph.
脑部扫描技术 包括 MRI（使用磁场生成结构图像）和 fMRI（通过检测血流显示脑活动的功能图像）。fMRI 就像大脑的电影；MRI 就像照片。
6. Cognitive Psychology: Memory | 认知心理学：记忆
Encoding is the process of transforming sensory input into a form that can be stored. Think of it as typing information into your mental computer.
编码 是将感觉输入转换成可存储形式的过程。就像把信息键入你的大脑计算机。
Storage is the retention of encoded information over time. Retrieval is getting the stored information back out when needed.
存储 是编码信息随时间的保留。提取 是在需要时将存储的信息取出来。
The Multi-Store Model (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) proposes three separate stores: sensory register, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). Information moves between them via attention and rehearsal.
多存储模型（Atkinson 和 Shiffrin, 1968）提出三个独立的存储库：感觉登记、短时记忆 (STM) 和长时记忆 (LTM)。信息通过注意和复述在它们之间传递。
Short-term memory has a limited capacity of about 7±2 chunks and a duration of around 18-30 seconds. 'Chunking' is grouping information to make it more manageable – like turning a 10-digit number into three chunks.
短时记忆 的容量有限，约为 7±2 个组块，持续时间约 18-30 秒。“组块化”是将信息分组使其更易管理——就像把 10 位数字变成三个组块。
Long-term memory is potentially unlimited in capacity and duration. Types include episodic (personal events), semantic (facts), and procedural (skills). Remember 'ESP': Episodic, Semantic, Procedural.
长时记忆 的容量和持续时间可能是无限的。类型包括情景记忆（个人事件）、语义记忆（事实）和程序性记忆（技能）。记住 'ESP'：情景、语义、程序。
Forgetting ve can be due to decay, displacement, or interference. Proactive interference (old memories disrupt new) vs. retroactive interference (new disrupts old) – use P.O.R.N.: Proactive = Old hurts New; Retroactive = New hurts Old.
遗忘 可能由消退、替代或干扰引起。前摄干扰（旧记忆干扰新信息）与倒摄干扰（新信息干扰旧记忆）——使用 P.O.R.N.：Proactive 旧伤新；Retroactive 新伤旧。
7. Social Psychology: Obedience and Conformity | 社会心理学：服从与从众
Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief to fit in with a group, often due to real or imagined social pressure. Think: 'C' for copying the crowd.
从众 是为融入群体而改变行为或信念，通常源于真实或想象的社会压力。记住：“C”代表模仿人群 (copying the crowd)。
Obedience is following direct orders from an authority figure. Milgram's famous (1963) electric shock study revealed high levels of obedience to destructive commands.
服从 是遵从权威人物的直接命令。Milgram 著名的（1963）电击实验揭示了对破坏性指令的高度服从。
Normative social influence is conforming to be liked and accepted by the group; informational social influence is conforming because you believe the group is right. Think: Normative = Need to be liked; Informational = I want to be correct.
规范社会影响 是为获得群体喜爱和接纳而顺从；信息社会影响 是因认为群体正确而顺从。记忆：规范性 (Normative) = 需要被喜欢 (Need to be liked)；信息性 (Informational) = 我要正确 (I want to be correct)。
Bystander effect is the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to help if other bystanders are present. Diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance play a role.
旁观者效应 是指当有其他旁观者在场时，任何特定旁观者出手相助的可能性都会降低。责任分散和多数无知起了作用。
8. Developmental Psychology: Attachment | 发展心理学：依恋
Attachment is a strong emotional bond between an infant and caregiver. Bowlby argued it is innate and serves an evolutionary survival function – think of 'ATTACH' as 'A Tiny Tot Always Clings Hard'.
依恋 是婴儿与照料者之间强烈的情感纽带。Bowlby 认为它是先天的，具有进化上的生存功能——可以把 'ATTACH' 想成“小宝宝总是抓得紧紧的 (A Tiny Tot Always Clings Hard)”。
Strange Situation (Ainsworth, 1978) is a controlled observation used to assess attachment type. It identifies three main patterns: secure (Type B), insecure-avoidant (Type A), and insecure-resistant (Type C). 'Secure' babies explore but use the caregiver as a safe base.
陌生情境法 (Ainsworth, 1978) 是一种用于评估依恋类型的控制观察。它识别出三种主要模式：安全型 (B 型)、不安全-回避型 (A 型) 和不安全-抗拒型 (C 型)。安全型婴儿会探索，但把照料者当作安全基地。
Separation anxiety is distress shown by an infant when separated from the primary caregiver. Stranger anxiety is distress in the presence of unfamiliar people. Both are normal around 6-8 months.
分离焦虑 是婴儿与主要照料者分离时表现出的痛苦。陌生人焦虑 是在陌生人面前表现出的痛苦。两者在 6-8 个月左右都是正常的。
Privation is a lack of any attachment bond, whereas deprivation is the loss of an existing attachment. Genie's case illustrates the devastating effects of extreme privation.
剥夺（Privation） 是指完全缺乏任何依恋纽带，而 丧失（Deprivation） 是指失去已有的依恋。Genie 的案例说明了极端剥夺的毁灭性影响。
9. Individual Differences: Personality and Disorders | 个体差异：人格与障碍
Personality refers to an individual's characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving. The Big Five model (OCEAN) includes Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
人格 是指个体特有的思维、情感和行为模式。大五 模型 (OCEAN) 包括开放性、尽责性、外向性、宜人性和神经质。
A phobia is an irrational, persistent fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. Classical conditioning can explain how phobias are acquired, as in the Little Albert study (Watson & Rayner, 1920).
恐惧症 是对特定物体、活动或情境的非理性、持续性恐惧。经典条件作用可以解释恐惧症是如何习得的，如小阿尔伯特研究 (Watson & Rayner, 1920)。
Depression is a mood disorder characterised by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and fatigue. Cognitive explanations like Beck's negative triad focus on negative views of self, world, and future.
抑郁症 是一种以持续情绪低落、兴趣丧失和疲劳为特征的心境障碍。认知解释如 Beck 的负性认知三联征聚焦于对自我、世界和未来的负面看法。
Addiction involves compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences. It can be explained through biological (dopamine reward pathway) and learning (operant conditioning) perspectives.
成瘾 涉及不顾不良后果而强迫性地从事奖赏性刺激。可以从生物学（多巴胺奖赏通路）和学习理论（操作性条件作用）的角度来解释。
10. Psychological Approaches Overview | 心理学流派概览
The biological approach explains behaviour through genes, brain structures, and neurochemistry. It is highly scientific but may ignore environmental influences.
生物学流派 通过基因、脑结构和神经化学来解释行为。它非常科学，但可能忽视环境影响。
The cognitive approach focuses on internal mental processes like memory, perception, and decision-making, often comparing the mind to a computer. Schema theory (mental frameworks) is central.
认知流派 关注内部心理过程，如记忆、知觉和决策，常将心灵比作计算机。图式理论（心理框架）是其核心。
The learning approach (behaviourism) argues that all behaviour is learned from experience through classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning. Pavlov's dogs and Skinner's rats are classic examples.
学习流派（行为主义）认为所有行为都是通过经典条件作用、操作性条件作用和社会学习从经验中习得的。巴甫洛夫的狗和斯金纳的老鼠是经典例子。
The social approach examines how other people, groups, and culture influence behaviour. Major topics include conformity, obedience, prejudice, and helping behaviour. It bridges individual and group levels.
社会流派 研究他人、群体和文化如何影响行为。主要议题包括从众、服从、偏见和助人行为。它连接了个体层面和群体层面。
11. Memory Hooks and Visual Mnemonics | 记忆钩子与视觉助记法
For variables manipulate; DV = Data I collect. Draw a see-saw with IV on one side, DV on the other, and 'confounding variable' an unseen weight tipping it.
对于变量：IV = 我操纵的 (I manipulate)；DV = 我收集的数据 (Data I collect)。画一个跷跷板，一头是 IV，一头是 DV，而“混淆变量”是一个看不见的重物，使跷跷板倾斜。
For memory stores: Picture a leaking bucket (STM, small and slippery) next to a vast underground cavern (LTM). Rehearsal is cupping water from the bucket to the cavern.
对于记忆存储：想象一个漏水的水桶（STM，小且滑）旁边是一个巨大的地下洞穴（LTM）。复述就是用手从水桶里舀水到洞穴里。
For attachment types: Secure baby – happy explorer, uses caregiver as safe harbour. Avoidant – aloof, 'whatever'. Resistant – clingy and angry. Visualise a boat: secure child sails out and returns to the harbour; avoidant drifts away; resistant clings to the dock but cries.
对于依恋类型：安全型婴儿——快乐的探索者，以照料者为安全港。回避型——疏离，“无所谓”。抗拒型——黏人且愤怒。视觉化一艘船：安全型孩子航行出去并返回港湾；回避型漂离；抗拒型抓着码头哭。
For sampling methods = lottery machine. Opportunity = person walking by. Volunteer = hand raised in the crowd.
对于抽样方法：随机 = 彩票机。机会 = 路过的人。志愿者 = 人群中举起的手。
12. Quick-Fire Revision Table | 快速复习表
Here is a summary table of high-frequency terms you must know for the exam.
以下是一张总结表，列出了考试中必须掌握的高频术语。
| Term (English) | 中文术语 | Mnemonic / 记忆法 |
|---|---|---|
| Operationalisation | 操作化 | 'Op' makes vague things operable – define how you will measure. |
| Hypothesis | 假设 | A testable prediction; 'Hypo' = under, 'thesis' = idea. |
| Null hypothesis | 零假设 | No difference, nothing to see here – the boring assumption. |
| Demand characteristics | 需求特征 | Participants 'guess the aim' and act accordingly – they demand a clue. |
| Social desirability bias | 社会期许偏差 | Wanting to look good socially – 'Faking good'. |
| Ecological validity | 生态效度 | Does it reflect real life? 'Eco' = real-world environment. |
| Longitudinal study | 纵向研究 | Long in time, following the same group over years. |
| Cross-sectional study | 横断面研究 | A slice across different groups at one point in time. |
| Correlation coefficient | 相关系数 | r ranges from –1.0 to +1.0; 'correlation is not causation'. |
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