📚 IGCSE CCEA Music: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference | IGCSE CCEA 音乐:公式定理速查手册
This handbook condenses essential musical rules, structures, and computational methods needed for the CCEA IGCSE Music examination. From scale patterns to cadence formulas, every concept is presented as a clear, bilingual 'formula' or 'theorem' for fast revision.
本手册浓缩了 CCEA IGCSE 音乐考试必备的核心规则、结构及计算方法。从音阶模式到终止式公式,每个知识点都呈现为一条条清晰的双语“公式”或“定理”,供你快速复习。
1. Major Scale Formula | 大调音阶公式
A major scale is built using this fixed sequence of tones (T) and semitones (S): T – T – S – T – T – T – S. In whole-step and half-step terms: W – W – H – W – W – W – H. Start on any note and apply the pattern to produce the scale, e.g. C major: C–D–E–F–G–A–B–C.
大调音阶使用固定的全音(T)和半音(S)序列构建:全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 半。用全音/半音表示为:W – W – H – W – W – W – H。从任意音开始套用此模式,即可构成音阶,如 C 大调:C–D–E–F–G–A–B–C。
2. Minor Scale Formulas | 小调音阶公式
Natural minor: T – S – T – T – S – T – T. Harmonic minor: T – S – T – T – S – T+3S – S (raise the 7th degree by a semitone, creating an augmented 2nd). Melodic minor (ascending): T – S – T – T – T – T – S (raise 6th and 7th); descending is the natural minor. Example A harmonic minor: A–B–C–D–E–F–G♯–A.
自然小调:全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 半 – 全 – 全。和声小调:全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 半 – 增二度 – 半(升高七级音半音,形成增二度)。旋律小调上行:全 – 半 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 全 – 半(升高六级与七级);下行还原为自然小调。例如 a 和声小调:A–B–C–D–E–F–G♯–A。
3. Interval Quality and Semitone Count | 音程性质与半音数
Intervals are measured by the number of semitones between two notes. Perfect unison: 0. Minor 2nd: 1, Major 2nd: 2, Minor 3rd: 3, Major 3rd: 4, Perfect 4th: 5, Augmented 4th/Diminished 5th: 6, Perfect 5th: 7, Minor 6th: 8, Major 6th: 9, Minor 7th: 10, Major 7th: 11, Perfect octave: 12. A major interval reduced by a semitone becomes minor; reduced again becomes diminished. A perfect interval increased by a semitone becomes augmented.
音程按两音之间的半音数衡量。纯一度:0。小二度:1,大二度:2,小三度:3,大三度:4,纯四度:5,增四度/减五度:6,纯五度:7,小六度:8,大六度:9,小七度:10,大七度:11,纯八度:12。大音程降低半音变为小;再降为减。纯音程升高半音变为增。
4. Triad Chord Formulas | 三和弦公式
Major triad: root + major 3rd (4 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones). Example: C–E–G.
Minor triad: root + minor 3rd (3 semitones) + perfect 5th (7 semitones). Example: A–C–E.
Diminished triad: root + minor 3rd (3 semitones) + diminished 5th (6 semitones). Example: B–D–F.
Augmented triad: root + major 3rd (4 semitones) + augmented 5th (8 semitones). Example: C–E–G♯.
大三和弦:根音 + 大三度(4 个半音) + 纯五度(7 个半音)。例如:C–E–G。
小三和弦:根音 + 小三度(3 个半音) + 纯五度(7 个半音)。例如:A–C–E。
减三和弦:根音 + 小三度(3 个半音) + 减五度(6 个半音)。例如:B–D–F。
增三和弦:根音 + 大三度(4 个半音) + 增五度(8 个半音)。例如:C–E–G♯。
5. Seventh Chord Formulas | 七和弦公式
Dominant 7th: major triad + minor 7th (10 semitones from root). Pattern: root, M3 (4 st), P5 (7 st), m7 (10 st). Example: G–B–D–F (V⁷ in C major).
Major 7th: major triad + major 7th (11 semitones). Example: C–E–G–B.
Minor 7th: minor triad + minor 7th. Example: A–C–E–G.
Diminished 7th: diminished triad + diminished 7th (9 semitones). Example: B–D–F–A♭.
属七和弦:大三和弦 + 小七度(距根音 10 个半音)。模式:根音、大三度 (4)、纯五度 (7)、小七度 (10)。例如:G–B–D–F(C 大调 V⁷)。
大七和弦:大三和弦 + 大七度 (11 个半音)。例:C–E–G–B。
小七和弦:小三和弦 + 小七度。例:A–C–E–G。
减七和弦:减三和弦 + 减七度 (9 个半音)。例:B–D–F–A♭。
6. Chord Inversions and Figured Bass | 和弦转位与数字低音
Root position: root in the bass. Figured bass: ⁵₃ (often omitted).
First inversion: 3rd in bass. Figured bass: ⁶ (or ⁶₃). Example: C major first inversion is E–G–C, labelled I⁶.
Second inversion: 5th in bass. Figured bass: ⁶₄. Example: G–C–E, labelled I⁶₄.
Third inversion (7th chords): 7th in bass, figured bass: ⁴₂ or ². Dominant 7th second inversion: V⁴₃; third inversion: V⁴₂ or V².
原位:根音在低音部。数字低音标记为 ⁵₃(常省略)。
第一转位:三音在低音部。标记为 ⁶(或 ⁶₃)。例如 C 大调第一转位是 E–G–C,记作 I⁶。
第二转位:五音在低音部。标记为 ⁶₄。例如 G–C–E,记作 I⁶₄。
第三转位(七和弦):七音在低音部,标记为 ⁴₂ 或 ²。属七和弦第二转位 V⁴₃;第三转位 V⁴₂ 或 V²。
7. Circle of Fifths and Key Signatures | 五度圈与调号
Moving clockwise adds a sharp (raise by a perfect 5th): C (0), G (1♯), D (2♯), A (3♯), E (4♯), B (5♯), F♯ (6♯), C♯ (7♯). Moving anticlockwise adds a flat: F (1♭), B♭ (2♭), E♭ (3♭), A♭ (4♭), D♭ (5♭), G♭ (6♭), C♭ (7♭). Order of sharps: F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯. Order of flats: B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭.
顺时针方向每次增加一个升号(上移纯五度):C (0)、G (1♯)、D (2♯)、A (3♯)、E (4♯)、B (5♯)、F♯ (6♯)、C♯ (7♯)。逆时针增加降号:F (1♭)、B♭ (2♭)、E♭ (3♭)、A♭ (4♭)、D♭ (5♭)、G♭ (6♭)、C♭ (7♭)。升号出现顺序:F♯ C♯ G♯ D♯ A♯ E♯ B♯。降号顺序:B♭ E♭ A♭ D♭ G♭ C♭ F♭。
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