📚 Year 13 CIE Economics: Key Terminology Quick-Recall Guide | Year 13 CIE 经济：关键术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology used in CIE A-Level Economics is essential for achieving high marks in both data response and essay questions. This quick‑recall guide organises core Year 13 concepts into 12 topic‑based clusters, providing concise definitions, relevant formulas where needed, and memory prompts that link terms to real‑world reasoning. Use it alongside your revision notes to sharpen your technical vocabulary.
掌握CIE A-Level经济学中使用的精确术语，对于数据分析和论文题取得高分至关重要。这份速记指南将Year 13的核心概念分为12个主题组，提供简要定义、必要的公式，以及将术语联系到实际推理的记忆提示。请配合复习笔记使用，以强化你的专业词汇。
1. Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost | 稀缺性、选择与机会成本
Scarcity: The fundamental economic problem that finite resources are insufficient to satisfy unlimited human wants. Whatever the time or place, societies must choose how to allocate land, labour and capital. Memory tip: 'Scarce' means 'not enough' — every spending decision you make reflects scarcity.
稀缺性：有限资源不足以满足无限人类欲望的根本经济问题。无论何时何地，社会都必须选择如何分配土地、劳动和资本。记忆技巧：'稀缺'就是'不够' — 你的每一笔消费决定都反映着稀缺性。
Opportunity Cost: The value of the next best alternative foregone when a choice is made. It is never the sum of all alternatives, only the single most valuable option given up. Memory tip: The true cost of a free lunch is the paid lunch you could have eaten instead.
机会成本：做出选择时所放弃的次优替代品的价值。它不是所有替代品的总和，而只是放弃的那个最有价值的单一选项。记忆技巧：免费午餐的真正代价是你原本可以吃到的那顿付费午餐。
Production Possibility Frontier (PPF): A curve showing the maximum attainable combinations of two goods an economy can produce with full employment of resources and a given state of technology. Points inside the PPF indicate unemployment or inefficiency; an outward shift represents economic growth. Memory tip: A point outside the PPF is a wish, not a reality.
生产可能性边界 (PPF)：一条曲线，显示一个经济体在资源充分就业和给定技术水平下，所能生产的两种商品的最大可能组合。PPF内的点表示失业或低效率；向外移动代表经济增长。记忆技巧：PPF外的点是一个愿望，而非现实。
2. Demand, Supply and Elasticity | 需求、供给与弹性
Law of Demand: As the price of a good falls, the quantity demanded rises, ceteris paribus. The demand curve slopes downward. Non‑price factors — income, tastes, prices of related goods — shift the entire demand curve. Memory tip: When you see a sale, you want to buy more; a shift happens when you suddenly have more pocket money.
需求定律：在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格下降，需求量上升。需求曲线向下倾斜。非价格因素——收入、偏好、相关商品价格——会使整条需求曲线移动。记忆技巧：当看到打折时你想多买；当零花钱突然增加时，需求曲线就移位了。
Law of Supply: As the price of a good rises, the quantity supplied rises, ceteris paribus. The supply curve slopes upward. Shifts occur when costs of production, technology or the number of sellers change. Memory tip: Producers chase profit; a higher price gives them a bigger reason to produce more.
供给定律：在其他条件不变的情况下，商品价格上升，供给量上升。供给曲线向上倾斜。当生产成本、技术或卖家数量变化时，供给曲线移位。记忆技巧：生产者追求利润；更高的价格给了他们更大的增产动力。
Price Elasticity of Demand (PED): Measures the responsiveness of quantity demanded to a change in price. PED = %ΔQd ÷ % c (<1), unitary (=1). Determinants include substitutes, necessity and time. Memory tip: 'Elastic' like a rubber band — small price stretch leads to a big quantity snap.
需求价格弹性 (PED)：衡量需求量对价格变化作出的反应程度。PED = %ΔQd ÷ %ΔP。数值：富有弹性 (>1)，缺乏弹性 (<1)，单位弹性 (=1)。决定因素包括替代品、必需品属性和时间。记忆技巧：像橡皮筋一样'弹性' —— 价格轻轻一拉，数量大幅反弹。
Price Elasticity of Supply (PES): Measures the responsiveness of quantity supplied to a change in price. PES = %ΔQs ÷ % and the availability of stocks. Memory tip: In the very short run, supply is almost fixed — you cannot grow strawberries overnight.
供给价格弹性 (PES)：衡量供给量对价格变化作出的反应程度。PES = %ΔQs ÷ %ΔP。关键决定因素：时间跨度、闲置产能和库存可得性。记忆技巧：在非常短期内，供给几乎固定——你无法一夜之间让草莓长出来。
Income Elasticity of Demand (YED): %ΔQd ÷ %Δ income. Normal goods have positive YED; inferior goods have negative YED. Luxury goods (YED>1) and necessities (0<YED<1) are subsets of normal goods. Memory tip: When your salary doubles, do you buy more bus tickets or more plane tickets?
需求收入弹性 (YED)：%ΔQd ÷ %Δ income。正常品的YED为正；劣等品的YED为负。奢侈品 (YED>1) 和必需品 (0<YED<1) 是正常品的子类。记忆技巧：当工资翻倍，你是多买公交车票还是多买飞机票？
Cross Elasticity of Demand (XED): %ΔQd of good A ÷ %Δ price of good B. Positive XED indicates substitutes; negative XED indicates complements. Memory tip: Coke and Pepsi — a rise in the price of one boosts demand for the other (positive XED).
需求交叉弹性 (XED)：A商品需求量变化百分比 ÷ B商品价格变化百分比。XED为正表示替代品；为负表示互补品。记忆技巧：可乐与百事——一种涨价，另一种需求上升 (正XED)。
3. Market Equilibrium and Government Intervention | 市场均衡与政府干预
Equilibrium Price: The price at which quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, leaving no shortage or surplus. In a free market, prices automatically adjust toward equilibrium. Memory tip: The 'clearing price' clears the market like a handshake.
均衡价格：需求量等于供给量时的价格，既无短缺也无过剩。在自由市场中，价格会自动向均衡调整。记忆技巧：'清场价格'像一次握手，清了市场。
Consumer Surplus: The difference between what consumers are willing to pay and what they actually pay. It is the area below the demand curve and above the market price. Memory tip: The extra satisfaction you feel when you would have paid more but got it cheaper.
消费者剩余：消费者愿意支付的最高价格与实际支付价格之间的差额。它是需求曲线以下、市场价格以上的区域。记忆技巧：你本来愿意多付钱却买到了便宜货时感到的额外满足。
Producer Surplus: The difference between the price producers receive and the minimum price they would accept. It is the area above the supply curve and below the market price. Memory tip: The bonus revenue sellers earn over their minimum needed to cover costs.
生产者剩余：生产者实际收到的价格与它们愿意接受的最低价格之间的差额。它是供给曲线以上、市场价格以下的区域。记忆技巧：卖家赚到的超过最低保本价的额外收入。
Indirect Tax: A tax levied on goods or services, shifting the supply curve vertically upward by the tax amount. The burden (incidence) is shared between consumers and producers depending on elasticities. Memory tip: The more
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Economics Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图