📚 Year 13 CIE Physics: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 13 CIE 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering Year 13 CIE Physics requires more than just solving problems; it demands a solid grasp of precise scientific vocabulary. This guide provides clever memory hooks, etymological insights and conceptual links to help you quickly memorise key terms across the A2 syllabus.
掌握 Year 13 CIE 物理不仅需要解题能力，还要求扎实掌握准确的科学词汇。本指南提供巧妙的记忆挂钩、词源解析和概念联系，帮助你在 A2 内容中快速记忆关键术语。
1. Base and Derived Units | 基本与导出单位
SI base quantities are the foundation. Remember the seven: mass (kg), length (m), time (s), electric current (A), thermodynamic temperature (K), amount of substance (mol), luminous intensity (cd). A classic mnemonic for the first six is 'My Large Tiger Can Kill Moles'.
国际单位制基本量是根基。记住七个：质量(kg)、长度(m)、时间(s)、电流(A)、热力学温度(K)、物质的量(mol)、发光强度(cd)。前六个的口诀是"大老虎能杀鼹鼠"，对应 mass, length, time, current, temperature, amount。
(ohm, Ω) is V A⁻¹ = kg m² s⁻³ A⁻². Always practise expressing a derived unit in base units — it reinforces the physical meaning.
导出单位由基本单位组合而成。力(牛顿, N)等于 kg m s⁻²。功(焦耳, J)为 N m，因此 J = kg m² s⁻²。电阻(欧姆, Ω)为 V A⁻¹ = kg m² s⁻³ A⁻²。经常练习将导出单位拆解为基本单位，能加深对物理意义的理解。
Homogeneity of equations: every term in a valid physical equation must have the same base units. When you check homogeneity, you can spot errors quickly.
量纲一致性：一个正确物理方程中的每一项必须具有相同的基本单位。检验量纲能帮你快速发现错误。
2. Circular Motion | 圆周运动
e angle subtended when arc length equals the radius. One full circle = 2π rad. Memory tip: 'arc = radius' so the angle is one radian.
弧度(rad)：弧长等于半径时所对的圆心角。一整圈为 2π 弧度。记忆技巧："弧长等于半径"，这个角就是 1 弧度。
ad) links arc length s: s = rθ. Angular velocity ω = Δθ/Δt. The symbol ω looks like a wavy 'w' — think of 'how fast you wiggle around the circle'.
角位移 θ (单位 rad) 与弧长关系：s = rθ。角速度 ω = Δθ/Δt。符号 ω 像一个波浪状的 w，可联想"wiggle"（摆动），表示绕圆摆动的快慢。
speed v = 2πr/T = ωr. Centripetal acceleration a = v²/r = rω² always points to the centre.
周期 T 是转一圈的时间；频率 f = 1/T。匀速圆周运动中，线速度 v = 2πr/T = ωr。向心加速度 a = v²/r = rω²，始终指向圆心。
F = mv²/r = mrω²
3. Gravitational Fields | 引力场
Gravitational field strength g is force per unit mass: g = F/m. Near Earth's surface it is 9.81 N kg⁻¹. In a radial field, g = GM/r². Think of g as 'gravity's pull per kilogram'.
引力场强度 g 是单位质量所受的力：g = F/m。地表附近为 9.81 N kg⁻¹。径向场中 g = GM/r²。可把 g 理解为"每千克受到的重力拉扯"。
ork done per unit mass in bringing a mass from infinity to that point. It is negative: φ = –GM/r. Zero at infinity. Remember: 'potential is work from infinity per kg'.
引力势 φ 是将单位质量从无穷远移到该点所做的功。值为负：φ = –GM/r，无穷远处为零。记忆："势是从无穷远搬运每千克所需的功"。
Escape velocity vesc = √2GM/R. Derived by setting kinetic energy equal to the magnitude of gravitational potential energy. All masses escape at the same speed from a given planet.
逃逸速度 vesc = √2GM/R。由动能等于引力势能的绝对值推导而来。对于同一行星，所有物体逃逸速度相同。
Kepler's third law: T² ∝ r³. For orbits around a central mass M, T² = (4π²/GM) r³. Use the mnemonic 'T² is proportional to r³, like a cube roll'.
开普勒第三定律：T² ∝ r³。绕中心质量 M 的轨道满足 T² = (4π²/GM) r³。可记作"周期的平方正比于半径的立方"。
4. Thermal Physics | 热物理学
Thermal equilibrium: no net heat flow between bodies, thus same temperature. Temperature (K) measures average translational kinetic energy of particles: Ek = (3/2)kT for monatomic gas.
热平衡：物体间无净热流，温度相同。温度(K)衡量粒子的平均平动动能，单原子气体 Ek = (3/2)kT。
Specific latent heat L: energy for phase change per kg without temperature change. Q = mL.
比热容 c：1 kg 物质升温 1 K 所需的能量。Q = mcΔθ。比潜热 L：单位质量相变而不改变温度所需的能量。Q = mL。
¹. Alternatively pV = NkT, with N = number of molecules, k = Boltzmann constant. Remember: 'pV equals nRuT' (R = universal gas constant).
理想气体方程：pV = nRT，n 是摩尔数，R = 8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹。也可写作 pV = NkT，N 为分子数，k 为玻尔兹曼常量。可记作 "pV = nRuT"。
Avogadro constant NA = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹. The molar mass M = mparticle × NA. Key link: R = NA k.
阿伏伽德罗常数 NA = 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹。摩尔质量 M = 单个粒子质量 × NA。关键联系：R = NA k。
5. Thermodynamics | 热力学
rst law: ΔU = Q + W. Q is heat added to system, W is work done on system. Sign convention: 'Q in, W on' increases U.
内能 U 是粒子无规则动能与势能的总和。热力学第一定律：ΔU = Q + W。Q 为系统吸热，W 为对系统做功。符号规则："热量输入，做功输入"使内能增加。
Work done by gas: W = –pΔV if p constant and gas expands. On a p– diagram, area under curve gives work done. For a complete cycle, net work = enclosed area.
气体做功：恒压膨胀时，W = –pΔV。在 p–V 图上，曲线下的面积表示做功。一个完整循环的净功等于所围面积。
to increase. Entropy S: measure of disorder, ΔS = ΔQ/T for reversible isothermal process.
第二定律：孤立系统的熵永不减少，倾向于增加。熵 S 是混乱度的量度，可逆等温过程 ΔS = ΔQ/T。
6. Oscillations | 振动
acceleration is proportional to displacement from equilibrium and directed towards it: a = –ω²x. The negative sign means 'always back to centre'.
简谐运动(SHM)的条件是加速度与离开平衡位置的位移成正比且方向相反：a = –ω²x。负号表示"总是指向平衡位置"。
Amplitude x₀: maximum displacement. Period T = 2π√m/k for mass–spring, and T = 2π√l/g for simple pendulum. Frequency f = 1/T. Angular frequency ω = 2πf.
振幅 x₀：最大位移。弹簧振子周期 T = 2π√m/k，单摆周期 T = 2π√l/g。频率 f = 1/T。角频率 ω = 2πf。
otential. Total energy E = ½ m ω² x₀². At centre, all kinetic; at extremes, all potential.
简谐运动的能量在动能与势能之间连续转化。总能量 E = ½ m ω² x₀²。在平衡位置全为动能，在最大位移处全为势能。
Damping reduces amplitude. Critical damping brings the system to rest in shortest time without oscillation. Light damping gives gradual decay while heavy damping makes it slow.
阻尼使振幅减小。临界阻尼使系统在无震荡下以最短时间回到平衡。轻阻尼缓慢衰减，重阻尼则运动迟缓。
7. Electric Fields and Capacitance | 电场与电容
For a point charge, E = kQ/r² (or Q/4πε₀r²). Field lines point away from positive charges.
电场强度 E = F/q，单位正电荷所受的力。点电荷的电场 E = kQ/r² (或 Q/4πε₀r²)。电场线从正电荷发出。
harge to bring a test charge from infinity. V = kQ/r. Potential difference drives current.
电势 V = 将单位正电荷从无穷远移到某点所做的功。V = kQ/r。电势差驱动电流。
rallel-plate capacitor, C = ε₀A/d. Energy stored = ½ QV = ½ CV². Think of a capacitor as a 'charge bucket', storing energy in the electric field.
电容 C = Q/V，单位法拉(F)。平行板电容器 C = ε₀A/d。储存能量 = ½ QV = ½ CV²。可将电容视为"电荷桶"，电场中储能。
ime constant τ = RC for charging/discharging. After one time constant, charge decays to 37% of initial value. Use the phrase 'RC, ready to see 37%'.
时间常数 τ = RC。经过一个时间常数，电荷衰减到初始值的37%。可记作"RC，看到37%"。
8. Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
rrying wire. One tesla is the flux density that gives a force of 1 N per 1 A per 1 m when perpendicular.
磁通量密度 B (特斯拉) 由 F = BIL sinθ 定义。1 特斯拉是垂直时每安培每米产生 1 牛顿力的磁通量密度。
ripetal force for circular motion: r = mv/(BQ). The mass spectrometer uses this principle.
运动电荷在磁场中受力 F = BQv sinθ。这为圆周运动提供向心力：r = mv/(BQ)。质谱仪利用此原理。
Magnetic flux Φ = BA cosθ; unit weber (Wb). Faraday's law: induced emf equals rate of change of flux linkage. Lenz's law: induced current opposes the change in flux. Remember 'Lenz opposes the motion'.
磁通量 Φ = BA cosθ，单位韦伯(Wb)。法拉第定律：感应电动势等于磁链变化率。楞次定律：感应电流阻碍磁通变化。记住"楞次反对变化"。
Emf ε = –N ΔΦ/Δt. The negative sign embodies Lenz's law. For a conductor moving perpendicularly, ε = BLv.
电动势 ε = –N ΔΦ/Δt。负号体现楞次定律。垂直切割磁感线的导体 ε = BLv。
9. Alternating Currents | 交流电
direction periodically. An AC voltage is usually sinusoidal: V = V₀ sin(ωt). rms value: Vrms = V₀/√2. Equivalent to dc that delivers same power to a resistor.
交流电(AC)方向周期性变化。交流电压通常为正弦波：V = V₀ sin(ωt)。均方根值：Vrms = V₀/√2，等效于在电阻上产生相同功率的直流电压。
Transformer: Vs/Vp = Ns/Np. For ideal transformer, power primary = power secondary, so IpVp = IsVs. Used to step voltage up or down.
变压器：Vs/Vp = Ns/Np。理想变压器原副边功率相等，IpVp = IsVs，用于升压或降压。
Rectification converts AC to DC. Half-wave rectification uses one diode; full-wave uses a diode bridge. Smoothing capacitor reduces ripple. Think of a bridge rectifier as flipping the negative half up.
整流将交流变为直流。半波整流用一只二极管；全波整流用二极管桥。滤波电容减小纹波。桥式整流犹如把负半周翻到上方。
10. Quantum Physics | 量子物理
ic effect: electrons are emitted only if photon energy exceeds work function φ. hf = φ + Kmax.
光子能量 E = hf = hc/λ。普朗克常量 h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s。光电效应：只有当光子能量大于逸出功 φ 时才能发射电子。hf = φ + Kmax。
Threshold frequency f₀ = φ/h. Stopping potential estop = eVs = Kmax. The wave nature of matter: de Broglie wavelength λ = h/p = h/(mv).
截止频率 f₀ = φ/h。遏止电势差 eVs = Kmax。物质波：德布罗意波长 λ = h/p = h/(mv)。
in discrete orbits. Photon emitted when electron drops from higher to lower level: hf = E₂ – E₁. Absorption spectra show dark lines.
原子能级：电子存在于分立轨道。电子从高能级跃迁到低能级时发射光子：hf = E₂ – E₁。吸收光谱呈现
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