📚 IGCSE WJEC PE: Your Quick-Fire Guide to Vocabulary & Terminology | IGCSE WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Memorising the key terms in IGCSE WJEC Physical Education can feel overwhelming, but mastering this vocabulary is essential for tackling both the short-answer questions and the extended writing sections. This guide breaks down the most critical terminology into logical groups, providing clear definitions and context to help you build confidence and recall information quickly during your exam. Let's dive into the world of sport science language and turn complex jargon into your second nature.
记住 IGCSE WJEC 体育中的关键术语可能会让人感到无从下手，但掌握这些词汇对于应对简答题和长篇论述题都至关重要。本指南将最重要的术语按逻辑分组，提供清晰的定义和语境，帮助你建立自信，并在考试中快速回忆信息。让我们一起深入运动科学的语言世界，把复杂的术语变成你的第二天性。
1. Anatomical & Movement Vocabulary | 解剖学与动作词汇
Anterior refers to the front of the body, while posterior describes the back; for example, the pectorals are located on the anterior side of the torso.
Anterior（前侧）指身体的前部，而 posterior（后侧）描述背部；例如，胸大肌位于躯干的前侧。
Medial means closer to the midline of the body, and lateral means further away from the midline; the nose is medial to the eyes.
Medial（内侧）指更靠近身体中线，lateral（外侧）指远离中线；鼻子相对于眼睛位于内侧。
Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, such as bending the elbow, whereas extension increases the angle, like straightening the knee after a kick.
Flexion（屈曲）减小关节角度，例如弯曲肘部，而 extension（伸展）增加角度，比如踢球后伸直膝盖。
Abduction is movement away from the midline (lifting the arm sideways), and adduction is movement towards the midline.
Abduction（外展）是远离中线的运动（侧向抬起手臂），adduction（内收）是朝向中线的运动。
The transverse plane divides the body into top and bottom halves, and rotation occurs in this plane; the sagittal plane divides the body into left and right, where flexion and extension happen.
Transverse plane（横切面）将身体分为上下两半，旋转发生在这个平面；sagittal plane（矢状面）将身体分为左右两部分，屈曲和伸展在此发生。
2. The Skeletal System Keywords | 骨骼系统关键词
Articular cartilage is the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints, acting as a shock absorber and reducing friction.
Articular cartilage（关节软骨）是覆盖在骨骼末端形成关节的光滑白色组织，起到减震器和减少摩擦的作用。
Synovial fluid is a viscous liquid secreted by the synovial membrane that lubricates the joint cavity, allowing bones to move freely without wear and tear.
Synovial fluid（滑液）是由滑膜分泌的粘稠液体，润滑关节腔，使骨骼能够自由移动而不会磨损。
Ligaments are strong, elastic bands of fibrous tissue that connect bone to bone and stabilise the joint, preventing excessive movement that could cause dislocation.
Ligaments（韧带）是强韧而有弹性的纤维组织带，连接骨与骨并稳定关节，防止可能导致脱臼的过度运动。
Tendons connect muscle to bone, transmitting the force generated by muscle contraction to produce movement; unlike ligaments, they are less elastic but very strong.
Tendons（肌腱）连接肌肉与骨骼，传递肌肉收缩产生的力量以产生运动；与韧带不同，它们弹性较差但非常坚韧。
Ossification is the lifelong process of bone formation and renewal, where cartilage is gradually replaced by calcium phosphate and other minerals to harden the skeleton.
Ossification（骨化）是骨骼形成与更新的终生过程，软骨逐渐被磷酸钙和其他矿物质取代，使骨骼硬化。
3. The Muscular System & Contraction | 肌肉系统与收缩
The agonist, or prime mover, is the muscle responsible for creating the movement at a joint, and it contracts concentrically; during a bicep curl, the bicep brachii is the agonist.
Agonist（主动肌），或称为原动肌，是负责在关节处产生运动的肌肉，进行向心收缩；在肱二头肌弯举中，肱二头肌是主动肌。
The antagonist is the muscle that relaxes and lengthens to allow the agonist to work effectively; in the bicep curl, the tricep brachii is the antagonist.
Antagonist（拮抗肌）是放松并拉长以允许主动肌有效工作的肌肉；在肱二头肌弯举中，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。
Isometric contraction occurs when muscle length remains constant while tension develops, with no visible movement at the joint, such as holding a plank position.
Isometric contraction（等长收缩）发生在肌肉长度保持不变而张力增加时，关节处没有可见的运动，例如保持平板支撑姿势。
Isotonic contraction involves movement where the muscle changes length; this is subdivided into concentric (muscle shortens) and eccentric (muscle lengthens under load) contractions.
Isotonic contraction（等张收缩）涉及肌肉长度变化的运动；分为 concentric（向心收缩，肌肉缩短）和 eccentric（离心收缩，肌肉在负荷下拉长）。
Hypertrophy is the increase in muscle size and cross-sectional area resulting from repeated resistance training, which causes micro-tears in muscle fibres that repair and grow stronger.
Hypertrophy（肌肥大）是由于反复的抗阻训练导致肌肉体积和横截面积增加，训练造成肌纤维微撕裂，修复后变得更强壮。
4. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terminology | 心血管与呼吸术语
Heart rate (HR) is the number of times the heart beats per minute (bpm); stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per beat.
Heart rate（心率）是心脏每分钟跳动的次数（bpm）；stroke volume（每搏输出量）是左心室每次搏动泵出的血液量。
Cardiac output (Q) is the product of stroke volume and heart rate, represented by the equation:
Cardiac output（心输出量）是每搏输出量与心率的乘积，公式表示为：
Q = SV × HR
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breath at rest; minute ventilation is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs per minute.
Tidal volume（潮气量）是静息状态下正常呼吸时吸入和呼出的空气量；minute ventilation（每分通气量）是每分钟进出肺部的空气体积。
Vital capacity is the maximum volume of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximum inspiration, often measured using a spirometer.
Vital capacity（肺活量）是最大吸气后能用力呼出的最大空气体积，通常用肺活量计测量。
Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow to the skin surface, aiding heat loss during exercise; vasoconstriction is the narrowing of vessels to conserve heat.
Vasodilation（血管舒张）是血管扩张以增加流向皮肤表面的血液，帮助运动时散热；vasoconstriction（血管收缩）是血管变窄以保存热量。
5. Components of Fitness | 体适能要素
Cardiovascular endurance is the ability of the heart and lungs to supply oxygen to working muscles over sustained periods; a marathon runner relies heavily on this component.
Cardiovascular endurance（心血管耐力）是心脏和肺部在持续时间内向工作肌肉供氧的能力；马拉松选手极大依赖这一要素。
Muscular endurance is the capacity of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light to moderate resistance without fatigue, such as in a rowing event.
Muscular endurance（肌耐力）是肌肉或肌群对抗轻至中等阻力进行重复收缩而不疲劳的能力，如赛艇比赛。
Agility is the ability to change the direction of the body quickly and accurately under control; a netball player dodging a defender demonstrates excellent agility.
Agility（敏捷性）是在控制下快速准确地改变身体方向的能力；无挡板篮球运动员闪避防守者展示了出色的敏捷性。
ert a maximal force in as short a time as possible, calculated as (force × distance)/time.
Power（爆发力）是力量与速度的结合，定义为在尽可能短的时间内发挥最大力量的能力，计算方式为（力量 × 距离）/ 时间。
Reaction time is the time taken to initiate a response to a stimulus; it consists of no movement, just the processing delay between seeing the signal and starting to move.
Reaction time（反应时）是开始对刺激作出反应所花费的时间；它不包含运动，仅仅是看到信号与开始移动之间的处理延迟。
6. Principles of Training & Exercise | 训练与运动原则
The FITT principle is a framework for setting up a training programme, standing for Frequency, Intensity, Time, and Type; manipulating these variables avoids plateaus.
FITT 原则是建立训练计划的框架，代表频率（Frequency）、强度（Intensity）、时间（Time）和类型（Type）；调整这些变量可以避免平台期。
Progressive overload means gradually increasing the stress placed on the body during training to continually force adaptation; if you lift the same weight every week, you won't gain strength.
Progressive overload（渐进超负荷）指在训练中逐渐增加对身体施加的压力，以持续迫使身体适应；如果每周举同样的重量，力量就不会增长。
Specificity states that training must be relevant to the sport, energy system, and movement patterns used; a sprinter should train anaerobically over short distances, not run marathons.
Specificity（专项性）指出训练必须与运动项目、能量系统和动作模式相关；短跑运动员应该进行短距离无氧训练，而不是跑马拉松。
Reversibility, often phrased as 'use it or lose it', describes the rapid loss of fitness gains when training is stopped or dramatically reduced.
Reversibility（可逆性），通常表述为"用进废退"，描述了当停止或大幅减少训练时，体适能的获得会迅速丧失。
Rest and recovery are essential for adaptation; rest days allow muscles to repair micro-tears and replenish glycogen stores, preventing overuse injuries and overtraining syndrome.
Rest and recovery（休息与恢复）对于适应至关重要；休息日让肌肉修复微撕裂并补充糖原储备，防止过度使用损伤和过度训练综合征。
7. Sport Psychology Terminology | 运动心理学术语
Intrinsic motivation comes from within the performer, driven by personal satisfaction, enjoyment, or a desire to master a skill; extrinsic motivation relies on external rewards like trophies or prize money.
Intrinsic motivation（内在动机）来自运动员内心，由个人满足感、乐趣或掌握技能的愿望驱动；extrinsic motivation（外在动机）依赖于奖杯或奖金等外部奖励。
Arousal is the physical and mental state of alertness and readiness to perform, varying from deep sleep to extreme excitement; the Inverted-U theory suggests moderate arousal leads to peak performance.
Arousal（唤醒水平）是身体和精神警觉并准备好表现的状态，从深睡到极度兴奋有所不同；倒U型理论认为中等唤醒水平带来最佳表现。
Trait anxiety is a stable personality characteristic where a person generally perceives situations as threatening; state anxiety is a temporary, situation-specific emotional response, like nerves before a penalty kick.
Trait anxiety（特质焦虑）是一种稳定的人格特征，此人通常认为情境具有威胁性；state anxiety（状态焦虑）是一种暂时的、情境特定的情绪反应，比如罚点球前的紧张。
Goal setting involves establishing specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound (SMART) targets to focus effort and increase persistence.
Goal setting（目标设定）涉及建立具体、可衡量、可实现、现实且有时限的（SMART）目标，以集中精力并提高坚持度。
Imagery, or mental rehearsal, is a technique where the performer vividly pictures themselves successfully executing a skill in their mind, activating neural pathways similarly to physical practice.
Imagery（意象训练），或称心理演练，是一种技巧，表演者在脑海中生动地想象自己成功执行一项技能，激活与身体练习类似的神经通路。
8. Skill Acquisition & Classification | 技能习得与分类
A skill can be classified as gross (involving large muscle groups, e.g., jumping) or fine (intricate precision movements using small muscle groups, e.g., dart throwing).
技能可分为 gross（粗大技能，涉及大肌群，如跳跃）或 fine（精细技能，使用小肌肉群的复杂精确动作，如投掷飞镖）。
An open skill is performed in an unpredictable, constantly changing environment where the performer must react and adapt to external factors, such as tackling in football.
Open skill（开放性技能）在不可预测、不断变化的环境中进行，表演者必须对外部因素作出反应和适应，如足球中的铲球。
A closed skill is executed in a stable, predictable setting where the performer has full control over the timing and pace, like a gymnast's floor routine.
Closed skill（封闭性技能）在稳定、可预测的环境中执行，表演者完全控制时机和节奏，如体操运动员的自由操。
Guidance refers to the delivery of information to a learner; this can be visual (demonstration), verbal (coaching instructions), manual (physical support), or mechanical (using apparatus).
Guidance（指导）指向学习者传递信息；可以是 visual（视觉示范）、verbal（语言指导）、manual（身体支撑）或 mechanical（使用器械）。
Feedback is the information a performer receives about the outcome or quality of their movement; intrinsic feedback is felt internally, while extrinsic feedback comes from an outside source like a coach.
Feedback（反馈）是表演者收到的关于动作结果或质量的信息；intrinsic feedback（内在反馈）是自身感觉到的，extrinsic feedback（外在反馈）来自教练等外部来源。
9. Health, Fitness, and Well-being | 健康、体适能与福祉
Health is defined by the World Health Organization as a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Health（健康）被世界卫生组织定义为一种身体、心理和社会福祉均完满的状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱。
Sedentary lifestyle describes a way of living with little or no physical activity; it is linked to increased risks of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
Sedentary lifestyle（静态生活方式）描述了一种几乎没有体力活动的生活方式；它与肥胖、2型糖尿病和心血管疾病的风险增加有关。
Balanced diet components include carbohydrates (energy), proteins (growth and repair), fats (insulation and secondary energy), vitamins and minerals (metabolic processes), fibre (digestion), and water (hydration).
Balanced diet（均衡膳食）成分包括碳水化合物（供能）、蛋白质（生长修复）、脂肪（隔热和次要能源）、维生素和矿物质（代谢过程）、纤维（消化）和水（水合作用）。
Dehydration occurs when fluid loss, usually through sweating, exceeds fluid intake, leading to a decrease in blood volume, increased heart rate, and impaired thermoregulation.
Dehydration（脱水）发生在液体流失（通常通过出汗）超过液体摄入时，导致血容量下降、心率加快和体温调节受损。
Recreation refers to voluntary, active or passive activities undertaken for enjoyment and refreshment during leisure time, distinct from professional competitive sport.
Recreation（休闲娱乐）指在闲暇时间为了享受和恢复精力而自愿进行的主动或被动活动，与职业竞技体育不同。
10. Biomechanics Essentials | 生物力学基础
A lever in the human body consists of a rigid bone, a pivot point at the joint (fulcrum), a load (resistance), and an effort (muscle force); these create mechanical advantage.
人体中的 lever（杠杆）由刚性骨骼、关节处的支点（fulcrum）、负荷（阻力）和用力（肌肉力量）组成；这些产生机械优势。
The centre of mass is the point where the body's weight is balanced in all directions; in a standing human, it lies roughly in the lower abdomen and shifts as the body moves.
Centre of mass（质心）是身体重量在所有方向上平衡的点；在站立的人体中，它大致位于下腹部，并随着身体移动而改变位置。
Velocity is the speed of an object in a given direction; acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time, calculated as final velocity minus initial velocity divided by time.
Velocity（速度）是物体在给定方向上的速率；acceleration（加速度）是速度随时间变化的速率，计算方式为末速度减初速度除以时间。
Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force, such as a football staying still until kicked.
牛顿第一定律（惯性定律）指出，一个物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，直到有外力作用于它，比如足球被踢之前一直保持静止。
Force summation is the combination of forces generated by different body parts to produce maximum force; it starts from the larger, slower muscles moving through to the smaller, faster extremities.
Force summation（合力）是不同身体部位产生的力量结合以产生最大力量；它从较大、较慢的肌肉开始，逐步传递到较小、较快的末端。
11. Socio-Cultural Influences & Ethics | 社会文化影响与伦理
Commercialisation is the process of turning sport into a marketable commodity involving sponsors, media rights, advertising, and professional management, often changing the nature of the game.
Commercialisation（商业化）是将体育转变为可销售商品的过程，涉及赞助商、媒体版权、广告和职业化管理，往往改变了体育的性质。
Etiquette refers to the unwritten rules, customs, and conventions of sporting conduct that maintain respect and fairness, such as kicking the ball out of play when an opponent is injured in football.
Etiquette（体育礼仪）指维护尊重和公平的体育行为中不成文的规则、习俗和惯例，例如在足球比赛中对手受伤时将球踢出界外。
Sportsmanship is ethical, fair, and generous behaviour toward opponents, adhering to the spirit of the rules; gamesmanship stretches the rules to the absolute limit without officially breaking them to gain an advantage.
Sportsmanship（体育精神）是对对手表现出合乎道德、公平和宽厚的行为，遵守规则精神；gamesmanship（竞技战术）则是将规则拉伸到极限，不正式犯规却获取优势。
Performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) such as anabolic steroids (increase muscle mass) and beta-blockers (steady nerves) are banned because they give unfair advantages and pose serious health risks.
Performance-enhancing drugs（兴奋剂）如合成代谢类固醇（增加肌肉量）和β受体阻滞剂（稳定神经）被禁止，因为它们提供不公平的优势并带来严重的健康风险。
The media influences participation by promoting role models and sports, raising awareness, but can also create negative pressure and distort traditional scheduling to suit broadcasting demands.
Media（媒体）通过宣传榜样和运动项目、提高意识来影响参与，但也可能制造负面压力，并扭曲传统赛程以满足转播需求。
12. Commonly Confused Pairs & Acronyms | 易混淆词对与缩写
Aerobic exercise requires oxygen to break down glucose for energy over sustained, moderate-intensity activity; anaerobic exercise uses energy stored in muscles without oxygen for short, high-intensity bursts.
Aerobic（有氧运动）需要氧气来分解葡萄糖，为持续的中等强度活动供能；anaerobic（无氧运动）则在短时间高强度爆发中，不使用氧气，而使用肌肉中储存的能量。
Health-related fitness includes cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition; skill-related fitness covers agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time, and speed.
Health-related fitness（健康相关体适能）包括心血管耐力、肌力、肌耐力、柔韧性和身体成分；skill-related fitness（技能相关体适能）涵盖敏捷性、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时和速度。
Static stretching is holding a stretch in a stationary position; ballistic stretching involves bouncing movements that push muscles beyond normal range and is generally discouraged for novices.
Static stretching（静态拉伸）是在固定位置保持拉伸；ballistic stretching（弹震式拉伸）涉及弹跳动作，将肌肉推过正常范围，通常不鼓励初学者使用。
BMI (Body Mass Index) is a screening tool calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m̂²); it estimates body fatness but does not differentiate between muscle mass and fat mass.
BMI（身体质量指数）是一种筛查工具，计算方式为体重（千克）除以身高（米²）；它估算体脂，但不区分肌肉量和脂肪量。
HIIT (High-Intensity Interval Training) involves alternating short periods of intense anaerobic exercise with recovery periods; DOMS (Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness) is the pain and stiffness felt 24-72 hours after unaccustomed exercise.
HIIT（高强度间歇训练）涉及短时间剧烈无氧运动与恢复期交替进行；DOMS（延迟性肌肉酸痛）是在不习惯的运动后 24-72 小时感到的疼痛和僵硬。
Published by TutorHao | Physical Education Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图