Year 13 OCR PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | A Level 体育词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 13 OCR PE: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | A Level 体育词汇术语速记指南

Mastering the language of A Level Physical Education is half the battle. This guide breaks down the most challenging terms from the OCR Year 13 specification into bite-sized definitions, memory hooks, and applied examples – so you can recall them quickly in exam conditions.

掌握 A Level 体育的语言是成功的一半。本指南将 OCR Year 13 大纲中最棘手的术语拆解为精简的定义、记忆钩子和应用实例，帮助你在考试环境下快速回忆。

1. ATP-PC System | ATP-PC 系统

t is anaerobic, does not require oxygen, and uses stored phosphocreatine (PC) to rapidly resynthesise ATP. Think 'PC = Power Clean' – lifts rely on this system. The reaction: PC → P + C + energy, which drives ADP + P → ATP.

ATP-PC（三磷酸腺苷-磷酸肌酸）系统为最长 10 秒的高强度活动提供即时能量。它是无氧的，不需要氧气，利用储存的磷酸肌酸（PC）快速再合成 ATP。记忆法：'PC = 爆发力翻举'——爆发性举重依赖该系统。反应：PC → P + C + 能量，驱动 ADP + P → ATP。

A practical example: a 100 m sprinter uses the ATP-PC system for the entire race. Coaches can train this system through short, maximal-effort intervals with full recovery.

实例：100 米短跑选手在整个赛程中使用 ATP-PC 系统。教练可通过短时全力间歇训练并充分恢复来锻炼该系统。

2. Lactate System & Anaerobic Threshold | 乳酸系统与无氧阈

The lactate system (anaerobic glycolytic system) dominates efforts from about 10 to 90 seconds. Glucose is broken down without oxygen to produce ATP, with lactic acid as a by-product. The 'lactate threshold' or 'anaerobic threshold' is the exercise intensity at which lactate begins to accumulate rapidly in the blood, typically around 85% of maximum heart rate. Mnemonic: 'Lactic lasts longer, but leaves a burn'.

乳酸系统（无氧糖酵解系统）主导约 10 至 90 秒的运动。葡萄糖在无氧条件下分解产生 ATP，副产物为乳酸。'乳酸阈'或'无氧阈'是指血乳酸开始快速堆积的运动强度，通常约为最大心率的 85%。助记符：'乳酸撑得久，但留下灼烧感'。

Consider a 400 m runner: they rely heavily on the lactate system. Training near the anaerobic threshold improves the body's ability to clear lactate, delaying fatigue.

以 400 米跑运动员为例：他们严重依赖乳酸系统。在无氧阈附近训练可提高身体清除乳酸的能力，延缓疲劳。

3. VO₂ Max & Aerobic System | 最大摄氧量与有氧系统

c system yields the most ATP over prolonged exercise, oxidising carbohydrates and fats. Key equation: VO₂ = cardiac output × arteriovenous oxygen difference. Remember: 'VO₂ max = your engine's size; the bigger, the longer you go'.

最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）是人体每分钟每千克体重所能利用的氧气最大体积，反映有氧耐力水平。有氧系统在长时间运动中产生最多 ATP，氧化碳水化合物和脂肪。关键公式：VO₂ = 心输出量 × 动静脉氧差。记忆：'VO₂ max = 你的引擎排量；排量越大，续航越久'。

Elite endurance athletes, such as marathon runners, exhibit VO₂ max values above 70 ml/kg/min. Altitude training can stimulate red blood cell production, enhancing oxygen transport.

顶级耐力运动员（如马拉松选手）的最大摄氧量可超过 70 ml/kg/min。高原训练能刺激红细胞生成，提高氧气运输能力。

4. Starling's Law & Cardiac Output | 斯塔林定律与心输出量

Starling' stretch of cardiac muscle fibres. Cardiac output (Q) = stroke volume (SV) × heart rate (HR). The mnemonic 'Stretch then Squeeze' cial during exercise when active muscle pumps and respiratory pumps enhance venous return.

斯塔林定律指出，当心脏充盈血量（舒张末期容积）增加时，心肌纤维受到更大拉伸，每搏输出量随之增大。心输出量（Q）= 每搏输出量（SV）× 心率（HR）。助记口诀'先拉伸再挤压'提醒你，静脉回流量越大，心肌收缩越有力。这在运动中至关重要，因为肌肉泵和呼吸泵会促进静脉回流。

For instance, during steady-state running, increased venous return stretches the left ventricle, raising stroke volume and sustaining elevated cardiac output without excessive heart rate.

例如，在稳定状态跑步时，静脉回流增加拉伸左心室，提升每搏输出量，从而在心率不过高的情况下维持较高心输出量。

5. Borg's Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) | 博格主观疲劳量表

Borg's RPE scale (6–20) quantifies an individual' , non-invasive method to monitor exercise intensity, especially when heart rate monitors are unavailable. Cue: 'Borg's 6 to 20, heart rate's on the run'.

博格 RPE 量表（6–20 级）量化个体在运动中对努力程度的感知。该量表的设计使 RPE × 10 约等于心率（如 RPE 12 ≈ 120 次/分）。它提供了一种简易、无创的监测运动强度的方法，尤其在没有心率监测设备时。提示：'博格 6 到 20，心率跟着跑'。

In a circuit training session, an athlete might be asked to maintain an RPE of 15–16, corresponding to a 'hard' intensity. This allows self-regulation of workload while maintaining training specificity.

在一次循环训练课中，可能要求运动员维持 RPE 15–16，对应'费力'的强度。这使运动员能够在保持训练专项性的同时自我调节负荷。

6. Social Facilitation & Inhibition | 社会促进与抑制

Social facilitation refers to improved performance in the presence of an audience, typically for well-learned or simple skills. Social inhibition describes performance decrement when an audience is present, often for complex or novel skills. Zajonc's drive theory explains this: the presence of others increases arousal, which strengthens the dominant response. If the dominant response is correct (expert performer), facilitation occurs; if incorrect (novice), inhibition occurs.

社会促进指有观众在场时表现提升，通常适用于熟练或简单的技能。社会抑制则指有观众时表现下降，常见于复杂或新颖的技能。扎永茨的驱力理论对此解释：他人在场会增加唤醒水平，从而强化优势反应。若优势反应正确（熟练者），则产生促进；若不正确（新手），则产生抑制。

A professional basketball player thrives on crowd noise during free throws (facilitation), whereas a beginner may miss under the same pressure (inhibition). Coaches can use simulated crowd noise in training to inoculate athletes against negative effects.

职业篮球运动员在观众喧嚣中罚球更准（促进），而初学者在同样压力下可能罚失（抑制）。教练可在训练中模拟观众噪音，使运动员对负面影响产生免疫。

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7. Cohesion: Task & Social | 凝聚力：任务与社交

Cohesion is the tendency for a group to stick together while pursuing goals. Task cohesion reflects shared commitment to achieving group objectives (e.g., winning a league). Social cohesion refers to interpersonal attraction and enjoyment within the group (e.g., socialising off the pitch). Carron's conceptual model highlights four antecedents: environmental, personal, leadership, and team factors. Tip: 'Task ties the goal; Social ties the soul'.

凝聚力是群体在追求目标时团结一致的倾向。任务凝聚力反映成员对实现群体目标（如赢得联赛）的共同承诺。社交凝聚力指团队内部的人际吸引和愉悦感（如场下社交）。卡伦的概念模型强调四个前因：环境因素、个人因素、领导因素和团队因素。记忆：'任务连目标，社交连人心'。

A rowing eight needs high task cohesion to synchronise perfectly; a leisure netball team may thrive on social cohesion. Effective coaches foster both through team-building activities and clear role clarity.

八人赛艇队需要高任务凝聚力以实现完美同步；休闲篮网球队伍则可能因社交凝聚力而蓬勃发展。高效教练通过团队建设活动和明确的角色定位来培养两者。

8. Self-Determination Theory (SDT) | 自决理论

SDT proposes that intrinsic motivation flourishes when three basic psychological needs are satisfied: autonomy (feeling in control), competence (feeling effective), and relatedness (feeling connected to others). In sport, coaches can nurture these through athlete-led decision-making, positive feedback on skill improvement, and fostering a supportive team climate. Acronym: 'ACR' – Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness.

自决理论提出，当三种基本心理需求——自主性（感到能控制）、胜任感（感到有能力）和关联感（感到与他人相连）得到满足时，内在动机会蓬勃发展。在体育中，教练可通过让运动员主导决策、对技能进步给予正面反馈以及营造支持性的团队氛围来培育这些需求。缩略词：'ACR'——自主、胜任、关联。

When a gymnastics coach allows athletes to choose their own floor music (autonomy) and praises their progress on a new vault (competence), intrinsic drive increases, potentially reducing dropout rates.

当体操教练允许运动员自选自由操音乐（自主性）并表扬其新跳马动作的进步（胜任感）时，内在动力会提升，可能降低退出率。

9. Aggression in Sport: Hostile vs Instrumental | 体育中的攻击行为：敌意性与工具性

Hostile aggression is driven by anger and aims to harm; instrumental aggression uses harm as a means to a goal, such as winning, without anger. The frustration-aggression hypothesis (Dollard) suggests that frustration always leads to aggression, and aggression is always a result of frustration. However, Berkowitz's revised theory adds that aggression occurs only if frustration generates negative affect. Quick contrast: 'Hostile has heat; Instrumental has intent'.

敌意性攻击由愤怒驱动，目的是伤害；工具性攻击则将伤害作为达成目标（如获胜）的手段，没有愤怒。挫折-攻击假说（多拉德）认为挫折总导致攻击，攻击总是挫折的结果。然而，伯科维茨的修正理论补充道，只有当挫折引发负面情绪时，攻击才会发生。快速对比：'敌意带火气，工具带目的'。

A rugby player who throws a punch in retaliation (hostile) differs from a defender who purposefully fouls to stop a breakaway (instrumental). Governing bodies impose stricter sanctions on hostile aggression to uphold sportsmanship.

橄榄球运动员报复性挥拳（敌意性）不同于防守者故意犯规以阻止快攻（工具性）。管理机构对敌意性攻击行为施加更严厉的处罚，以维护体育精神。

10. Technology in Sport: Hawk-Eye & VAR | 体育科技：鹰眼与 VAR

Modern sport technology aids umpiring, performance analysis, and injury prevention. Hawk-Eye triangulates ball position using high-speed cameras, providing line decisions in tennis and cricket. VAR (Video Assistant Referee) reviews clear and obvious errors in football. While technology increases accuracy and fairness, it can disrupt the flow of the game and create controversy over interpretation. Memorable phrase: 'Tech for truth, but flow may lose'.

现代体育科技辅助裁判、表现分析和损伤预防。鹰眼系统利用高速摄像机三角定位球的方位，用于网球和板球的界内判罚。VAR（视频助理裁判）在足球中审查明显错误。科技虽提升了准确性与公平性，但可能打断比赛节奏，并在解读上引发争议。易记短语：'科技求真相，节奏恐受伤'。

In the 2019 Cricket World Cup, Hawk-Eye confirmed a crucial LBW decision. In football, VAR has overturned offside goals but sparked debates about 'armpit offside' marginality. Ethical considerations include equal access to technology across competitions.

2019 年板球世界杯，鹰眼确认了一次关键腿截球判罚。足球中，VAR 推翻了越位进球，却也引发了关于'腋窝越位'细微判定的争论。伦理考量包括不同比赛对科技的平等获取。

11. Periodisation & Tapering | 周期化与减量训练

Periodisation is the systematic planning of athletic training, dividing the season into macrocycles (annual), mesocycles (months), and microcycles (weeks). The goal is to peak at the right time. Tapering is the reduction in training volume before a major competition to allow full recovery and supercompensation, boosting performance by 2–3% on average. 'Plan to Peak' summarises periodisation; 'Less to be More' captures tapering.

周期化是对运动训练的系统规划，将赛季划分为大周期（年度）、中周期（数月）和小周期（数周），旨在适时达到巅峰状态。减量训练是在重大比赛前减少训练量，以实现充分恢复和超量补偿，平均可提升 2%–3% 的运动表现。'规划为巅峰'概括周期化；'以少求多'体现减量训练。

A swimmer might follow a periodised programme with macrocycles for endurance base, strength, and race pace, then taper for two weeks before Olympic trials by cutting volume by 40–60% while maintaining intensity.

游泳运动员可能遵循周期化计划，包括耐力基础、力量和比赛速度的大周期，然后在奥运选拔赛前进行两周减量训练，减少 40%–60% 的训练量但保持强度。

12. Working Memory Model in Sport | 体育中的工作记忆模型

Baddeley and Hitch's working memory model explains how we temporarily hold and manipulate information. It comprises the central executive (attentional control), phonological loop (verbal instructions), visuospatial sketchpad (visual-motor cues), and episodic buffer (integrating information). In sport, a coach's verbal instruction enters the phonological loop, while a demonstration uses the visuospatial sketchpad. Mnemonic: 'Coach talks (phonological), Coach shows (visuospatial), Brain manages (central executive)'.

巴德利和希奇的工作记忆模型解释了我们如何暂时存储与处理信息。它包括中央执行器（注意力控制）、语音回路（口头指令）、视空间画板（视觉运动线索）和情节缓冲器（信息整合）。在体育中，教练的语言指令进入语音回路，而示范则使用视空间画板。助记：'教练说（语音），教练演（视空间），大脑管（中央执行）'。

When a basketball coach explains a play (phonological loop) and simultaneously points to a tactical board (visuospatial), the episodic buffer combines these inputs into a coherent action plan. Overloading either slave system can cause errors.

当篮球教练讲解战术（语音回路）并同时指向战术板（视空间）时，情节缓冲器将这些输入整合为连贯的行动计划。任一子系统超载都可能导致错误。

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