IGCSE WJEC Politics: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | IGCSE WJEC 政治：词汇术语速记指南

📚 IGCSE WJEC Politics: Quick Vocabulary & Terminology Guide | IGCSE WJEC 政治：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering political vocabulary is the first step to acing your IGCSE WJEC Politics exam. This guide presents key terms in thematic groups with clear definitions and memory aids, helping you understand, recall and apply them confidently in essays and source-based questions.

掌握政治词汇是在 IGCSE WJEC 政治考试中取得好成绩的第一步。本指南按主题分类呈现核心术语，配有清晰的定义和记忆技巧，帮助你自信地理解、回忆并在论文和材料分析题中灵活运用这些术语。

1. Core Political Concepts | 核心政治概念

Power is the ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do, whether through force, persuasion or authority. In politics, power can be held by individuals, institutions or the state.

权力 是指让他人做其本不会去做的事情的能力，可以通过强制、说服或权威来实现。在政治中，个人、机构或国家都可以掌握权力。

Authority is power that is recognised as legitimate by those subject to it. A police officer has authority because society accepts their right to enforce the law.

权威 是被统治者认可为合法的权力。警察拥有权威，因为社会接受其执法的正当性。

Legitimacy means the rightful acceptance of a political system or ruler. A government elected in free and fair elections enjoys democratic legitimacy.

合法性 指政治制度或统治者被正当接受的状态。通过自由公正选举产生的政府享有民主合法性。

Sovereignty refers to supreme and unrestricted power, either within a state (internal sovereignty) or in relation to other states (external sovereignty). In the UK, Parliament is traditionally seen as sovereign.

主权 指至高无上、不受限制的权力，既包括对内主权（国内最高权力），也包括对外主权（与其他国家关系中的独立地位）。在英国，议会传统上被认为是主权者。

2. Types of Government | 政府类型

Democracy is a system where the people hold political power, either by voting directly on policies (direct democracy) or by electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf (representative democracy). The UK operates as a representative democracy.

民主 是一种人民掌握政治权力的制度，可以是直接对政策投票（直接民主），也可以是选举代表代替他们做决定（代议制民主）。英国实行代议制民主。

Dictatorship is a form of government in which one person or a small group holds absolute power without effective constitutional limitations. Opposition is usually suppressed, and free elections are absent.

独裁 是一种个人或小团体拥有绝对权力、不受有效宪法限制的政府形式。反对派通常受到镇压，没有自由选举。

Totalitarianism is an extreme form of dictatorship where the state seeks to control every aspect of public and private life, including beliefs, culture and the economy.

极权主义 是独裁的极端形式，国家试图控制公共和私人生活的方方面面，包括信仰、文化和经济。

Constitutional monarchy describes a system where a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, with real political power lying with an elected parliament. The United Kingdom is a key example.

君主立宪制 描述的是君主在宪法框架内担任国家元首、真正的政治权力属于民选议会的制度。英国是一个典型例子。

3. The British Constitution | 英国宪法

Constitution is a set of rules that determine how a state is governed, the distribution of powers among institutions and the rights of citizens. It can be written (codified) or unwritten (uncodified).

宪法 是一套决定国家如何治理、机构间权力如何分配以及公民权利如何保障的规则。它可以是成文的（法典化）或不成文的（非法典化）。

Uncodified constitution means there is no single legal document containing all constitutional rules. The UK's constitution is uncodified, drawn from statutes, conventions, common law and authoritative works.

不成文宪法 意味着不存在包含所有宪法规则的单一法律文件。英国宪法属于不成文宪法，来源于制定法、惯例、普通法和权威著作。

Statute law refers to laws passed by Parliament that have constitutional significance, such as the Human Rights Act 1998 or the Scotland Act 1998. They form part of the UK constitution.

制定法 指由议会通过、具有宪法意义的法律，如1998年《人权法案》或1998年《苏格兰法案》。它们构成英国宪法的一部分。

Constitutional conventions are unwritten rules that are considered binding but are not legally enforceable. An example is that the monarch appoints the leader of the majority party as Prime Minister.

宪法惯例 是被视为具有约束力但无法律强制执行力的不成文规则。例如，君主任命多数党领袖为首相的做法。

4. The Legislature | 立法机构

Legislature is the branch of government responsible for making laws. In the UK, the legislature is Parliament, which consists of the monarch, the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

立法机构 是负责制定法律的政府部门。在英国，立法机构是议会，由君主、下议院和上议院组成。

House of Commons is the lower chamber of the UK Parliament, whose members are elected in general elections. It is the primary law-making body, and the government is drawn from the party with a majority here.

下议院 是英国议会的下院，其成员在大选中选举产生。它是主要的立法机构，政府由在该院拥有多数的政党组成。

House of Lords is the upper chamber, comprising life peers, bishops and hereditary peers. It revises legislation and acts as a check on the Commons, but its powers are limited by the Parliament Acts.

上议院 是议会的上院，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。它负责修订立法并对下议院形成制约，但其权力受到《议会法案》的限制。

Backbenchers are MPs or peers who do not hold ministerial or shadow ministerial roles. They represent constituencies and can scrutinise the government through debates and select committees.

后座议员 是不担任部长或影子部长职务的下院或上院成员。他们代表选区，并可以通过辩论和特别委员会来审查政府。

5. The Executive | 行政机构

Executive is the branch of government responsible for implementing and enforcing laws. In the UK, the executive consists of the Prime Minister, the Cabinet, ministers and the civil service.

行政机构 是负责执行和实施法律的政府部门。在英国，行政机构由首相、内阁、各部大臣和公务员体系组成。

Prime Minister is the head of government, appointed by the monarch but usually the leader of the largest party in the Commons. The PM chairs the Cabinet, sets policy direction and represents the country internationally.

首相 是政府首脑，由君主任命，但通常是下议院最大党的领袖。首相主持内阁、确定政策方向并代表国家参与国际事务。

Cabinet is a group of senior ministers chosen by the Prime Minister to lead major government departments. It makes key decisions on policy and coordinates the work of the government.

内阁 是由首相选拔的高级大臣组成的团体，领导各主要政府部门。它作出关键政策决定并协调政府各部门的工作。

Civil service comprises politically neutral officials who serve the government of the day. They provide advice, implement policies and ensure continuity when governments change.

公务员体系 由政治上中立的官员组成，为当届政府服务。他们提供建议、执行政策并在政府更替时确保运转的连续性。

6. The Judiciary & Rule of Law | 司法与法治

Judiciary refers to the system of courts and judges that interprets and applies the law. In a democratic state, it should be independent of the executive and legislature.

司法机构 指解释和适用法律的法院和法官系统。在一个民主国家，司法机构应独立于行政和立法机构。

Rule of law is the principle that all individuals and institutions are subject to and accountable to the law, and that laws should be fairly applied and enforced. No one is above the law.

法治 是指所有个人和机构均受法律约束并对其负责，且法律应公平适用和执行的原则。没有人可以凌驾于法律之上。

Judicial independence means judges should be free from improper influence by the other branches of government or private interests. It is safeguarded by secure tenure and a separate appointments process.

司法独立 意味着法官不应受其他政府部门或私人利益的不当影响。其保障措施包括法官职位保障和独立的任命程序。

Judicial review is a process by which courts examine the decisions of public bodies to determine whether they have acted lawfully. It is a vital check on executive power.

司法审查 是法院审查公共机构决定以判定其行为是否合法的程序。这是对行政权力的一种重要制约。

7. Elections & Voting Systems | 选举与投票制度

General election is the process by which citizens elect Members of Parliament to the House of Commons. In the UK, they must be held at least every five years under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act (as amended).

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大选 是公民选举下议院议员的过程。根据修订后的《固定任期议会法案》，英国至少每五年举行一次大选。

First-past-the-post (FPTP) is an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat. It tends to produce single-party majority governments but can lead to disproportional results.

简单多数制 是一种选举制度，在各选区得票最多的候选人赢得议席。它往往产生一党多数政府，但可能导致选举结果不成比例。

Proportional representation (PR) aims to allocate seats in proportion to the votes each party receives. Variations such as the Single Transferable Vote are used in Northern Ireland and Scottish local elections.

比例代表制 旨在按各政党得票比例分配席位。其变体如单一可转让投票制，用于北爱尔兰和苏格兰地方选举中。

Referendum is a direct vote by the electorate on a single political question. Examples include the 2016 EU membership referendum and the 1997 devolution referendums in Wales and Scotland.

公投 是选民就某个单一政治问题进行的直接投票。例子包括2016年欧盟成员国身份公投和1997年威尔士与苏格兰的权力下放公投。

8. Political Parties | 政党

Political party is an organised group that seeks to gain political power by contesting elections. Parties develop a policy platform, put forward candidates and work to appeal to a broad electorate.

政党 是一个通过角逐选举来获取政治权力的有组织团体。政党制定政策纲领、推举候选人并努力争取广大选民的支持。

Manifesto is a public declaration of a party's policies and intentions, published before an election. It serves as a contract with the electorate and a basis for the government's mandate.

竞选宣言 是政党在选举前公开宣布其政策与意图的文件。它既是对选民的承诺，也是政府获得授权的依据。

Left-wing generally describes political views that support social equality, redistribution of wealth and a larger role for the state in the economy. Labour has traditionally been seen as left of centre.

左翼 一般描述支持社会平等、财富再分配以及国家在经济中发挥更大作用的政治观点。工党传统上被视为中间偏左。

Right-wing generally favours individual freedom, limited government intervention and a belief in free markets. The Conservative Party is typically placed on the right of the political spectrum.

右翼 一般赞成个人自由、有限政府干预和自由市场信念。保守党通常被置于政治光谱的右侧。

9. Pressure Groups & Participation | 压力团体与政治参与

Pressure group is an organisation that aims to influence government policy without seeking to become the government. They differ from political parties in that they often focus on single issues or specific interests.

压力团体 是一个旨在影响政府政策、但不寻求取而代之的组织。它们与政党的不同在于，往往专注于单一议题或特定利益。

Insider groups are pressure groups that are regularly consulted by the government and have access to policy-makers. Examples include the British Medical Association and the National Farmers' Union.

内部团体 是经常受政府咨询、并能接触到决策者的压力团体。例如英国医学协会和全国农民联合会。

Outsider groups operate outside formal consultative channels, often because their goals are controversial or not seen as mainstream. They may resort to direct action and media campaigns, such as Greenpeace or Extinction Rebellion.

外部团体 在正式咨询渠道之外运作，往往因为其目标有争议或不被视为主流。它们可能采取直接行动和媒体宣传活动，如绿色和平或反抗灭绝运动。

Lobbying is the activity of trying to persuade members of the legislature or other policy-makers to support a particular cause or legislation. It is a legitimate form of participation but can raise concerns about transparency.

游说 是试图说服立法机关成员或其他决策者支持某一特定事业或立法的活动。这是一种合法的参与形式，但可能引发对透明度的关切。

10. Devolution & Local Government | 权力下放与地方政府

Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from central government to regional or national bodies. In the UK, this has created the Scottish Parliament, the Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament) and the Northern Ireland Assembly.

权力下放 是将中央政府的部分权力转移给地区或国家机构。在英国，这催生了苏格兰议会、威尔士议会（Senedd Cymru）和北爱尔兰议会。

Senedd Cymru (Welsh Parliament) is the devolved legislature for Wales, with powers over areas such as health, education and transport. It was established after the 1997 referendum and has gained further law-making powers over time.

威尔士议会（Senedd Cymru）是威尔士的权力下放立法机构，在卫生、教育、交通等领域拥有权力。它在1997年公投后成立，并随着时间推移获得了更多立法权。

Local government refers to councils at county, district or unitary level that deliver services like housing, recycling and planning permission. Local councillors are elected, and councils have limited tax-raising powers.

地方政府 指郡、区或单一管理层级的议会，提供住房、垃圾回收和规划许可等服务。地方议员由选举产生，议会拥有有限的税收权力。

Unitary authority is a single tier of local government responsible for all local services in an area, combining the functions of county and district councils. Many parts of Wales are served by unitary authorities.

单一管理区 是地方政府的一个单一层级，负责一个地区的所有地方服务，合并了郡和区议会的职能。威尔士许多地区都由单一管理区提供服务。

11. International Politics & Sovereignty | 国际政治与主权

Globalisation is the increasing interconnectedness of countries through trade, investment, migration and technology. It can challenge national sovereignty by making states more dependent on international decisions.

全球化 是各国通过贸易、投资、移民和技术日益相互联系的过程。它可能使国家更依赖国际决定，从而挑战国家主权。

Sovereignty (external) refers to a state's independence from external control. Membership in international organisations such as the EU or NATO involves pooling sovereignty, where states agree to make some decisions collectively.

主权（对外） 指一个国家不受外部控制的独立性。加入欧盟或北约等国际组织意味着主权共享，即各国同意集体作出某些决定。

United Nations (UN) is an international organisation founded in 1945 to promote peace, security and cooperation. Its bodies include the General Assembly and the Security Council, where permanent members hold veto power.

联合国 是一个成立于1945年、旨在促进和平、安全与合作的国际组织。其机构包括联合国大会和安全理事会，后者常任理事国拥有否决权。

Humanitarian intervention is the use of military force by external actors to prevent massive human rights abuses within a sovereign state, such as the NATO intervention in Kosovo in 1999. It raises debates over the balance between sovereignty and human rights.

人道主义干预 是由外部行为体使用军事力量，以防止一主权国家内部的大规模人权侵害，例如1999年北约对科索沃的干预。它引发了关于主权与人权如何平衡的辩论。

12. Rights & Citizenship | 权利与公民身份

Human rights are basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person regardless of nationality, sex, ethnicity or other status. They include the right to life, freedom from torture and the right to a fair trial.

人权 是属于每一个人、无论国籍、性别、种族或其他身份如何的基本权利与自由。它们包括生命权、免于酷刑的自由和获得公正审判的权利。

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is an international treaty to protect human rights in Europe. The UK incorporated it into domestic law through the Human Rights Act 1998, allowing citizens to bring cases in UK courts.

《欧洲人权公约》 是一项保护欧洲人权的国际条约。英国通过1998年《人权法案》将其纳入国内法，允许公民在国内法院提起诉讼。

Citizenship denotes full membership of a political community, conferring both rights (such as voting) and responsibilities (such as obeying the law and serving on juries). Citizens can participate in shaping the state's future.

公民身份 表示政治共同体的正式成员身份，既赋予权利（如投票权），也施加责任（如守法、担任陪审员）。公民可以参与塑造国家的未来。

Civil liberties are fundamental freedoms that protect individuals from excessive government interference, such as freedom of speech, assembly and religion. These can be restricted only in clearly defined circumstances, often for national security or public safety.

公民自由 是保护个人免受政府过度干涉的基本自由，如言论自由、集会自由和宗教自由。只有在明确界定的情况下，如为了国家安全或公共安全，才可加以限制。

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