📚 Quick Guide to Memorising Sociological Terms for IGCSE WJEC | IGCSE WJEC 社会学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key sociological terminology is essential for success in the IGCSE WJEC Sociology examination. This guide provides concise definitions and memorable explanations to help you recall concepts quickly. From culture and socialisation to stratification and research methods, each term is broken down into clear, bilingual paragraphs for effective revision.
掌握关键的社会学术语对于在IGCSE WJEC社会学考试中取得成功至关重要。本指南提供简洁的定义和易记的解释，帮助你快速回忆概念。从文化和社会化到分层和研究方法，每个术语都以清晰的双语段落呈现，便于高效复习。
1. Core Concepts: Culture, Norms and Values | 核心概念：文化、规范与价值观
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a particular society, including its language, beliefs, customs, norms, values and material objects. It is learned and shared across generations.
文化指一个特定社会的整体生活方式，包括其语言、信仰、习俗、规范、价值观和物质对象。它是习得并在代际间共享的。
Norms are informal rules that define acceptable and appropriate behaviour in specific situations. For example, queuing in a shop or facing the front in a lift are social norms.
规范是在特定情境中定义可接受和适当行为的非正式规则。例如，在商店排队或在电梯里面向门口站立就是社会规范。
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is important, right and wrong within a society. They underpin norms; the value of privacy leads to norms like not reading others’ messages.
价值观是社会内部关于什么重要、对与错的深层信念。它们支撑着规范；隐私的价值观导致了如不窥探他人信息的规范。
Status is the social position a person holds, which carries certain expectations. It can be ascribed (given at birth, e.g., sex, ethnicity) or achieved (gained through effort, e.g., a degree).
地位是个人拥有的社会位置，伴随着一定的期望。它可以是先赋的（出生时获得，如性别、民族）或自致的（通过努力获得，如学位）。
Role is the expected behaviour associated with a particular status. A teacher’s role includes instructing students, preparing lessons and marking work.
角色是与特定地位相关的期望行为。教师的角色包括教授学生、备课和批改作业。
2. Socialisation and Its Agents | 社会化及其动因
Socialisation is the lifelong process by which individuals learn the culture of their society, including norms, values and roles. It enables people to function as members of society.
社会化是个体学习其所在社会文化（包括规范、价值观和角色）的终身过程。它使人能够作为社会成员发挥功能。
Primary socialisation occurs in early childhood, mainly within the family. Children learn basic language, hygiene, love and moral codes for the first time.
初级社会化发生在儿童早期，主要在家庭内部。儿童首次学习基本的语言、卫生习惯、爱与道德准则。
Secondary socialisation takes place later through institutions such as schools, peer groups, the workplace and the mass media. It teaches more specific skills and roles, such as teamwork and obedience to authority.
次级社会化随后通过学校、同龄群体、工作场所和大众传媒等机构发生。它教授更具体的技能和角色，如团队合作和服从权威。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that carry out socialisation. Key agents include the family, education system, peer group, religion and the mass media.
社会化动因是执行社会化的个人、群体和机构。关键动因包括家庭、教育系统、同龄群体、宗教和大众传媒。
Resocialisation involves learning new norms and values that are very different from those previously held, often occurring in total institutions such as prisons or the army.
再社会化涉及学习与以往截然不同的新规范和价值观，通常发生在监狱或军队等全控机构中。
3. Social Control and Deviance | 社会控制与越轨
Social control refers to the various methods used to persuade or force individuals to conform to the dominant norms and values of a society. It maintains order.
社会控制指用来说服或迫使个体遵从社会主导规范与价值观的各种方法。它维护社会秩序。
Formal social control is carried out by authorised agents, such as the police, courts and prisons. It involves written rules and laws, and sanctions are legally enforced.
正式社会控制由获授权的机构执行，如警察、法院和监狱。它涉及成文规则和法律，制裁由法律强制执行。
Informal social control is exercised through social interaction without official authority, for example by families, peers or communities using ridicule, gossip or ostracism.
非正式社会控制通过社会互动实施，没有官方权力，例如家庭、同伴或社区通过嘲笑、闲话或排斥实施。
Deviance is any behaviour that breaks the norms or values of a group or society. It is not necessarily criminal—wearing unusual clothing by a teenager can be deviant but not illegal.
越轨是违反一个群体或社会规范或价值观的任何行为。它不一定是犯罪——青少年穿着奇装异服可能是越轨的但不违法。
Sanctions are rewards or punishments used to encourage conformity and discourage deviance. Positive sanctions include praise and medals; negative sanctions include fines and imprisonment.
制裁是用于鼓励遵从和阻止越轨的奖励或惩罚。积极制裁包括表扬和奖章；消极制裁包括罚款和监禁。
4. Social Stratification: Class and Inequality | 社会分层：阶级与不平等
Social stratification is the hierarchical arrangement of individuals into divisions of power and wealth within a society. It can be based on class, gender, ethnicity or age.
社会分层是根据权力和财富将个体分级排列的社会结构。它可以基于阶级、性别、种族或年龄。
Social class is a grouping of people who share a similar economic position, occupation and lifestyle. Sociologists often distinguish between the upper, middle, working and underclass.
社会阶级是具有相似经济地位、职业和生活方式的人群群体。社会学家通常区分上层、中层、工人阶级和底层阶级。
Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social positions. It can be upward (gaining a higher status) or downward (losing status).
社会流动指个人或群体在不同社会位置之间的移动。它
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