📚 IGCSE WJEC Chinese: Quick Reference Handbook of Formulas and Theorems | IGCSE WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册
Mastering Chinese for the IGCSE WJEC examination often feels like learning a set of interlocking formulas. Once you internalise these grammatical patterns, constructing accurate and fluent sentences becomes a logical process. This handbook distils essential Chinese grammar into easy-to-remember structures, designed to support your writing, speaking, and comprehension across all papers. Use it as a rapid revision tool to scaffold your expression with precision.
在 IGCSE WJEC 中文考试中，掌握语言常常就像学习一套相互关联的公式。一旦内化了这些语法模式，构建准确流利的句子便成为有逻辑可循的过程。本手册将核心中文语法提炼为易于记忆的结构，旨在全面助力你的写作、口语与阅读理解。把它当作快速复习工具，用精准的框架支撑你的表达。
1. Core Sentence Formula (S + V + O) | 核心句子公式（主 + 谓 + 宾）
The fundamental building block of Chinese mirrors English SVO order. However, time and place adverbs typically precede the verb rather than sitting at the end of the sentence. Think of this as the 'Time + Place + Action' theorem.
中文的基本构建模块与英语的主谓宾语序相似，但时间和地点状语通常位于动词之前，而非句末。可将此视为“时间 + 地点 + 动作”定理。
Formula: Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object
公式：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语
Example: I went to the library yesterday. → Wǒ zuótiān zài túshūguǎn kànshū le. (I yesterday at library read books.)
示例：我昨天在图书馆看书了。（I yesterday at library read books.）
- Negation theorem: Use 'bù' (不) before the verb for present/future, 'méi' (没) for past actions. Position remains before the verb in the sequence.
- 否定定理：现在/将来时在动词前用“不”，过去动作用“没”。位置始终在序列中的动词之前。
2. The 'bǎ' Disposal Formula | “把”字处置公式
The bǎ construction is used to emphasise how an object is dealt with or disposed of. It brings the object forward and requires a verb with a resultative ending, complement, or reduplication. Never end a bǎ sentence with a bare verb.
“把”字句用于强调对某物的处置或处理方式，它将宾语提前，并要求动词带有结果补语、趋向补语或重叠形式。“把”字句句尾绝不能只有一个光秃秃的动词。
Formula: Subject + bǎ + Object + Verb + Complement / Other Element
公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/其他成分
Example: Please close the door. → Qǐng bǎ mén guānshàng. (Please ba door close-up.)
示例：请把门关上。（Please ba door close-up.）
Key theorem: If a verb is a simple single syllable like kàn (看) or xiě (写), you must add a result such as kàn wán (看完, finish reading) or xiě hǎo (写好, finish writing).
关键定理：如果动词是单音节词如“看”或“写”，必须添加结果，如“看完”“写好”。
3. The 'bèi' Passive Theorem | “被”字被动定理
While bǎ deals with active disposal, bèi marks the passive voice, often reserved for undesirable or unexpected events, though neutral usage is growing. The agent can be omitted if unknown.
“把”表示主动处置，而“被”标示被动语态，多用于不如意或意外事件，但中性用法也在增加。如果施事者未知，可以省略。
Formula: Subject + bèi (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement / le
公式：主语 + 被（+ 施事者）+ 动词 + 补语/了
Example: The cake was eaten by me. → Dàngāo bèi wǒ chī le. (Cake bei me eat le.)
示例：蛋糕被我吃了。（Cake bei me eat le.）
Contrast theorem: If the result is positive, Chinese often prefers a topic-comment structure or shì...de rather than bèi. For instance, 'The letter was written by him' is usually 'Xìn shì tā xiě de' rather than 'Xìn bèi tā xiě le'.
对比定理：如果结果是积极的，中文更倾向于主题-评论结构或“是...的”句式，而非“被”字句。例如，“信是他写的”通常不说“信被他写了”。
4. Comparative Structures (A bǐ B Adj) | 比较结构公式（A 比 B Adj）
Comparisons follow a strict pattern where the standard of comparison comes before the adjective. The exact degree of difference can be added with adverbs like 'yīdiǎnr' (a little) or 'duō le' (much more).
比较句遵循严格模式，比较标准置于形容词之前。差异程度可用“一点儿”“多了”等副词添加。
Formula: A + bǐ + B + Adjective (+ degree complement)
公式：A + 比 + B + 形容词（+ 程度补语）
Example: I am taller than him. → Wǒ bǐ tā gāo. (I bi him tall.)
示例：我比他高。（I bi him tall.）
Advanced theorem: To say 'A is much taller than B', use 'Adj + de duō' (得多) or 'Adj + hěn duō' (很多). Equivalence uses 'A gēn B yīyàng Adj' (A 跟 B 一样 Adj).
进阶定理：表示“A 比 B 高得多”，可用“形容词 + 得多”或“形容词 + 很多”。相等比较用“A 跟 B 一样 + 形容词”。
5. The 'shì...de' Emphasis Formula | “是...的”强调公式
This structure focuses on the time, place, manner, or agent of a completed action. It does not describe new events but highlights known circumstances. The verb is placed before 'de', and the emphasised element sits between 'shì' and the verb.
该结构强调已完成动作的时间、地点、方式或施事者，不描述新事件，而是突显已知情况。动词置于“的”前，被强调成分处在“是”与动词之间。
Formula: Subject + shì + [Time/Place/Manner] + Verb + de (+ Object)
公式：主语 + 是 + [时间/地点/方式] + 动词 + 的（+ 宾语）
Example: I came by bus. → Wǒ shì zuò gōngjiāochē lái de. (I shi by bus come de.)
示例：我是坐公交车来的。（I shi sit bus come de.）
Omission theorem: In positive statements, 'shì' can often be left out, but 'de' must remain. Negative form is 'bù shì...de'.
省略定理：肯定句中，“是”常可省略，但“的”必须保留。否定式用“不是...的”。
6. Resultative Complements Formula | 结果补语公式
A resultative complement attaches to a verb to indicate the outcome of the action. Common complements include wán (完, finish), hǎo (好, well), dào (到, reach), cuò (错, wrong), and dǒng (懂, understand). This creates a tight verb-complement unit that behaves like a single verb.
结果补语附加在动词后，表示动作的结果。常见补语有“完”“好”“到”“错”“懂”。这构成一个紧密的动补结构，如同一个动词单元。
Formula: Verb + Result Complement (+ le/Object)
公式：动词 + 结果补语（+ 了/宾语）
Example: I finished reading the book. → Wǒ kàn wán shū le. (I read finish book le.)
示例：我看完书了。（I read finish book le.）
Potential theorem: To express 'can/cannot achieve the result', insert 'de' (得) or 'bu' (不) between the verb and complement: kàn de wán (able to finish reading) vs kàn bu wán (unable to finish).
可能定理：表示“能/不能达成结果”，在动词和补语间插入“得”或“不”：“看得完”与“看不完”。
7. Directional Complements Theorem | 趋向补语定理
Directional complements indicate the direction of movement, either simple (来/去) or compound (上来/下去/进来/回去). They often combine with a verb like ná (拿), zǒu (走), or pǎo (跑). When an object is present, it usually slips between the verb and the simple direction, or after the whole compound.
趋向补语表示移动方向，分简单趋向（来/去）和复合趋向（上来/下去/进来/回去）。常与“拿”“走”“跑”等动词搭配。当有宾语时，宾语通常插在动词与简单趋向之间，或放在整个复合补语之后。
Formula: Verb + Directional Complement (+ Object)
公式：动词 + 趋向补语（+ 宾语）
Example: He took out a book. → Tā ná chūlái yī běn shū. / Tā ná chū yī běn shū lái. (He take out-come one measure book.)
示例：他拿出来一本书。/ 他拿一本书出来。（He take out-come one book. / He take one book out come.）
Extended theorem: Extended meanings: 'xiàqù' means 'continue' (shuō xiàqù, go on speaking), 'qǐlái' means 'start and gather' (xiào qǐlái, start laughing).
引申定理：引申义：“下去”表示“继续”（说下去），“起来”表示“开始并聚集”（笑起来了）。
8. Aspect Markers: le, zhe, guò | 态标记：了、着、过
These particles are not tenses but aspect indicators. Le (了) signals a completed action, zhe (着) a continuous state or ongoing action, guò (过) an experience in the past. Their placement follows strict ordering rules relative to the verb and object.
这些助词并非时态，而是态标记。“了”表示动作完成，“着”表示持续状态或进行，“过”表示过去经历。它们相对动词和宾语的位置有严格规则。
Formulas:
- Completion: Verb + le (+ quantified object) – Wǒ mǎi le sān ge píngguǒ.
- Experience: Verb + guò (+ object) – Wǒ kàn guò zhè bù diànyǐng.
- Continuous: Verb + zhe (+ object) – Tā chuānzhe yī tiáo liányīqún.
公式：
- 完成：动词 + 了（+ 数量宾语）—— 我买了三个苹果。
- 经历：动词 + 过（+ 宾语）—— 我看过这部电影。
- 持续：动词 + 着（+ 宾语）—— 她穿着一条连衣裙。
Dual le theorem: When both sentence-final le (change of state) and verb le occur, the verb le may be omitted. Wǒ chī (le) fàn le. (I’ve eaten now.)
双“了”定理：当句尾“了”（状态改变）和动词“了”同时出现时，动词“了”可省略：我吃(了)饭了。
9. Conditional 'rúguǒ...jiù...' Formula | 条件“如果...就...”公式
Conditional sentences use 'rúguǒ' (如果) in the subordinate clause and 'jiù' (就) in the main clause. 'rúguǒ' can be omitted if the condition is clear, but 'jiù' is almost always retained. This logical connector is essential for discursive essays.
条件句在从句中用“如果”，主句中用“就”。如果条件明确，“如果”可省略，但“就”几乎必须保留。这一逻辑关联词对于论述文章至关重要。
Formula: (Rúguǒ) + Condition + (de huà), + Subj + jiù + Result
公式：（如果）+ 条件 +（的话），+ 主语 + 就 + 结果
Example: If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go. → Rúguǒ míngtiān xià yǔ, wǒ jiù bù qù le.
示例：如果明天下雨，我就不去了。
Counterfactual theorem: For hypothetical scenarios contrary to fact, 'yàobúshì...jiù...' (要不是...就...) or 'yàoshi...jiù...' is used.
违实定理：与事实相反的假设，用“要不是...就...”或“要是...就...”。
10. Complex Sentence Connectors and Logical Flow | 复句关联词与逻辑流公式
WJEC examiners reward accurate use of connectors that show cause, effect, contrast, and concession. These pairs work like fixed algorithms, and deviating from the pattern can cause grammatical errors.
WJEC 考官看重能准确表达因果、转折、让步等关系的关联词。这些搭配如同固定算法，偏离模式会造成语法错误。
| Function | Connector Pair | Example |
|---|---|---|
| Because... so... | Yīnwèi...suǒyǐ... (因为...所以...) | Yīnwèi shēngbìng, suǒyǐ méi qù. |
| Although... but... | Suīrán...dànshì... (虽然...但是...) | Suīrán lèi, dànshì kāixīn. |
| Not only... but also... | Bùdàn...érqiě... (不但...而且...) | Bùdàn cōngmíng, érqiě yònggōng. |
| Only if... then... | Zhǐyǒu...cái... (只有...才...) | Zhǐyǒu nǔlì cái néng chénggōng. |
| As soon as... then... | Yī...jiù... (一...就...) | Yī dào jiā jiù xiě zuòyè. |
Note: In English, 'because' and 'so' are not used together, but in Chinese they form an inseparable pair. Violating this is a common deduction point.
注意：英语中“because”和“so”不同时使用，但在中文里它们是不成对使用的常见失分点。
11. Rhetorical Questions and Persuasive Formulas | 反问与说服公式
Rhetorical questions add emphasis and are frequently used in persuasive or argumentative writing. They rely on negation patterns and adverbs like 'nándào' (难道).
反问句添加强调效果，常用于议论文或说服性写作。它们依赖否定模式和“难道”等副词。
Formula 1: Méi + Noun + ma? (Isn’t there? / Don’t have?) – Méi wèntí ma? (No problem?)
公式1：没 + 名词 + 吗？—— 没问题吗？
Formula 2: Nándào + Statement + ma? (Could it be that...?) – Nándào nǐ wàngle ma? (Could you have forgotten?)
公式2：难道 + 陈述句 + 吗？—— 难道你忘了吗？
Affirmative-negative theorem: Using Verb-bù-Verb in a rhetorical sense creates a strong suggestion: Nǐ shuō yīngbùyīnggāi qù? (Shouldn’t you go?)
正反定理：用“V不V”表达反问，产生强烈建议：你说应不应该去？
12. Cohesive Devices and Thematic Progression | 衔接手段与主题推进公式
For high marks in composition, cohesive devices must logically chain ideas. Use pronouns, demonstratives, and lexical repetition according to set patterns to ensure the text flows. The 'topic chain' theorem: establish a topic and maintain it with zero anaphora or pronouns until a new topic is introduced.
要作文得高分，衔接手段必须逻辑连贯。按照既定模式使用代词、指示词和词汇复现，确保语篇流畅。“话题链”定理：确立话题后，使用零回指或代词保持话题，直至引入新话题。
Formula for listing points: Shǒuxiān...; qícì...; zuìhòu... (首先...; 其次...; 最后...)
列举公式：首先...；其次...；最后...
Contrast transition: xiāngfǎn (相反), rán'ér (然而), què (却)
转折过渡：相反、然而、却
Summary formula: Zǒngzhī / Zǒng'éryánzhī (总之/总而言之), zhè biǎomíng (这表明)
总结公式：总之/总而言之，这表明
By treating these devices as theorems of cohesion, your writing gains academic rigour and clarity. Practice embedding them naturally into every paragraph.
将这些衔接手段视为语篇的衔接定理，你的写作便获得了学术严谨性与清晰度。请练习将它们自然地嵌入每一段落。
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