📚 Year 13 OCR Sociology: Quick Revision Guide to Key Terms and Concepts | 关键术语速记指南
Mastering the terminology in A‑level Sociology is half the battle. This guide breaks down the most essential concepts for OCR Year 13, pairing each English term with a clear Chinese explanation and a memorisation hook. Read on to build a solid mental framework for essays and exams.
掌握 A‑level 社会学词汇是成功的一半。本文拆解了 OCR 13 年级最核心的概念，为每个英文术语配上清晰的中文解释和速记口诀，助你建立扎实的知识框架，从容应对论文与考试。
1. Theoretical Perspectives | 核心理论视角
The main theoretical lenses through which sociologists analyse society. Remember them as F‑M‑F‑I‑P: Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism, Interactionism, Postmodernism.
社会学家分析社会的主要理论视角。用 F‑M‑F‑I‑P 记忆：功能主义、马克思主义、女性主义、互动论、后现代主义。
- Functionalism – society as a stable system of interconnected parts, like an organism.
- 功能主义 – 把社会看作一个由相互关联的部分组成的稳定系统，如同一个有机体。
- Marxism – conflict between the bourgeoisie (ruling class) and proletariat (working class) drives change.
- 马克思主义 – 资产阶级（统治阶级）与无产阶级（工人阶级）之间的冲突推动社会变迁。
- Feminism – gender inequality is central to social order; patriarchy benefits men.
- 女性主义 – 性别不平等是社会秩序的核心；父权制度使男性受益。
- Interactionism – micro‑level focus on how individuals create meaning through interactions (labelling, symbolic meanings).
- 互动论 – 微观层面，关注个体如何通过互动创造意义（如标签、符号意义）。
- Postmodernism – rejects grand narratives; emphasises fragmentation, consumer culture, and identity as fluid.
- 后现代主义 – 拒绝宏大叙事；强调碎片化、消费文化以及身份的流动性。
2. Socialisation and Culture | 社会化与文化
Socialisation is the lifelong process of learning norms, values, and roles. Culture is the 'way of life' of a society.
社会化是终身学习规范、价值观与角色的过程。文化是社会的“生活方式”。
- Primary socialisation – early learning within the family (0‑5 years), shaping basic values.
- 初级社会化 – 在家庭中的早期学习（0‑5 岁），塑造基本价值观。
- Secondary socialisation – later learning through school, media, peers, workplace.
- 次级社会化 – 之后通过学校、媒体、同伴、职场进行的学习。
- Norms – unwritten rules of behaviour (e.g., queuing).
- 规范 – 不成文的行为规则（如排队）。
- Values – deeply held beliefs about what is right/wrong (e.g., honesty).
- 价值观 – 关于是非对错的深层信念（如诚实）。
- Subculture – a group whose norms/values differ from mainstream culture, e.g., punk.
- 亚文化 – 规范/价值观不同于主流文化的群体，如朋克。
- Cultural capital (Bourdieu) – non‑economic assets such as education, speech, taste that give advantage.
- 文化资本（布迪厄）– 教育、谈吐、品味等非经济资产，带来优势。
3. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Stratification is the ranking of individuals based on wealth, power, and prestige. In OCR, focus on class, gender, and ethnicity as key axes of inequality.
分层是根据财富、权力和声望对个体进行的排列。OCR 中重点关注阶级、性别与种族等不平等的主要轴线。
- Social class – a group sharing similar economic position; Weber added status and party.
- 社会阶级 – 经济地位相似的群体；韦伯补充了身份与政党。
- Life chances (Weber) – the opportunities an individual has to access resources, shaped by class.
- 生活机会（韦伯）– 个体获取资源的机会，由阶级塑造。
- Meritocracy – a system where rewards are based on ability and effort, not birth (criticised by Marxists).
- 精英统治/贤能主义 – 奖励基于能力与努力而非出身的制度（受马克思主义者批判）。
- Glass ceiling – invisible barrier preventing women/minorities reaching top positions.
- 玻璃天花板 – 阻碍女性和少数族裔升至高层的无形障碍。
- Ethnic penalty – discrimination in employment, housing, education linked to ethnicity.
- 种族惩罚 – 与种族相关的就业、住房、教育歧视。
4. Research Methods | 研究方法
Methods are the tools sociologists use to gather data. Distinguish between quantitative (numbers) and qualitative (words, meanings) approaches.
方法是社会学家收集数据的工具。区分定量（数字）与定性（文字、意义）方法。
| Method 方法 | Type 类型 | Strength 优点 |
|---|---|---|
| Questionnaire 问卷 | Quantitative | Large sample, reliable, quick |
| Interview 访谈 | Qualitative / Structured (quant) | In‑depth insight, flexibility |
| Observation 观察 | Qualitative | Natural setting, high validity |
| Official statistics 官方统计 | Quantitative | Free, representative, easy comparison |
- Triangulation – using multiple methods to cross‑check findings, increasing validity.
- 三角互证法 – 使用多种方法交叉核对发现，提高效度。
- Operationalisation – defining concepts in measurable terms (e.g., 'class' via income).
- 操作化 – 将概念转化为可测量的形式（如用收入定义“阶级”）。
- Ethics: informed consent, confidentiality, avoidance of harm – BSA guidelines.
- 伦理：知情同意、保密、避免伤害——遵循英国社会学协会指南。
5. Education | 教育社会学
Key debates: does education promote meritocracy or reproduce inequality?
核心争论：教育是促进贤能主义还是再生产不平等？
- Hidden curriculum – the informal lessons (obedience, competition) taught alongside formal content.
- 隐性课程 – 与正式内容并行的非正式教导（服从、竞争）。
- Cultural deprivation – lack of appropriate values, language, attitudes (e.g., working‑class speech codes – Bernstein).
- 文化剥夺 – 缺乏适当的价值观、语言和态度（如工人阶级言语代码——伯恩斯坦）。
- Material deprivation – lack of resources (housing, money for books) affecting attainment.
- 物质剥夺 – 资源匮乏（住房、书籍费用）影响学业成绩。
- Labelling (Becker) – teachers attach labels to pupils (e.g., 'bright', 'troublemaker'), which become self‑fulfilling prophecies.
- 标签理论（贝克尔）– 教师给学生贴标签（如“聪明”、“捣蛋鬼”），成为自证预言。
- Counter‑school culture (Willis) – working‑class 'lads' reject school values, preparing them for manual labour.
- 反学校文化（威利斯）– 工人阶级“小子”排斥学校价值观，为体力劳动做准备。
6. Crime and Deviance | 犯罪与越轨
Deviance is behaviour that breaks norms; crime breaks laws. Sociologists ask: why do people deviate, and who gets labelled as criminal?
越轨是违反规范的行为；犯罪是触犯法律。社会学家思考：人们为何越轨，谁被贴上罪犯标签？
- Anomie (Durkheim) – normlessness during rapid social change, leading to deviance.
- 失范（涂尔干）– 社会急剧变迁时的规范缺失，导致越轨。
- Strain theory (Merton) – when culturally approved goals (e.g., wealth) cannot be met by legitimate means, people adapt through innovation, ritualism, retreatism, rebellion.
- 压力理论（默顿）– 当文化认可的目标（如财富）无法通过合法手段实现时，人们通过创新、仪式主义、逃避、反叛来适应。
- Labelling theory (Becker) – an act is deviant only when labelled so; focus on reaction, not act.
- 标签理论（贝克尔）– 只有被贴上越轨标签的行为才算越轨；关注反应而非行为本身。
- Primary deviance – initial rule‑breaking that does not affect self‑identity. Secondary deviance – when an individual internalises the deviant label.
- 初级越轨 – 不影响自我认同的初次违规。次级越轨 – 个体内化了越轨标签。
- White‑collar crime (Sutherland) – crime committed by middle/upper class in their occupation (e.g., fraud).
- 白领犯罪（萨瑟兰）– 中上阶层在职业中实施的犯罪（如欺诈）。
- Moral panic (Cohen) – exaggerated media reaction to a group/event, creating folk devils.
- 道德恐慌（科恩）– 媒体对某个群体/事件的夸大反应，制造“民间恶魔”。
7. Family and Households | 家庭与住户
Family structures have changed; understand key concepts from the nuclear family to postmodern diversity.
家庭结构已改变；理解从核心家庭到后现代多样性的关键概念。
- Nuclear family – two adults and their children living together (traditional ideal).
- 核心家庭 – 一对夫妇及其子女共同生活（传统理想）。
- Extended family – relatives beyond the nuclear unit, vertical (grandparents) or horizontal (uncles).
- 扩展家庭 – 核心单元之外的亲属，垂直（祖父母）或水平（叔伯）。
- Symmetrical family (Young and Willmott) – spouses share domestic roles more equally; increasingly common.
- 对称家庭（扬与威尔莫特）– 配偶更平等地分担家务角色；日渐普遍。
- Beanpole family – multiple generations alive but with few members per generation (due to low fertility and higher life expectancy).
- 豆杆家庭 – 多代同堂但每代人数少（低生育率和高预期寿命所致）。
- Co‑habitation – living together as a couple without marriage.
- 同居 – 未结婚而以伴侣身份共同生活。
- Divorce and separation – consider changes in law, attitudes, and rising expectations.
- 离婚与分居 – 考虑法律、态度变化及期望提高的影响。
8. Religion, Belief and Society | 宗教、信仰与社会
Religion can be a force for social cohesion or conflict. Focus on secularisation, fundamentalism, and the role of religion in a globalised world.
宗教可以是社会凝聚或冲突的力量。聚焦世俗化、原教旨主义以及宗教在全球化世界中的角色。
- Secularisation – decline in religious belief and participation; measured by attendance, affiliation, influence.
- 世俗化 – 宗教信仰与参与的衰落；以参与人数、归属和影响力衡量。
- Fundamentalism – a return to literal interpretation of sacred texts, often in response to rapid change.
- 原教旨主义 – 回归对圣典的字面解释，常因急剧变革而生。
- Civil religion (Bellah) – a set of beliefs that unite a nation (e.g., American Dream).
- 公民宗教（贝拉）– 团结一个民族的信念体系（如美国梦）。
- Religious pluralism – coexistence of multiple faiths in one society.
- 宗教多元主义 – 一个社会中多种信仰并存。
- New Age movements – individualistic, spiritual but not necessarily organised religion; reflect postmodern pick‑and‑mix identity.
- 新时代运动 – 个人化、灵性但不一定有组织的宗教；体现后现代拼盘式身份。
9. Media Sociology | 媒体社会学
Media shapes public opinion and identity. Key theories cover ownership, representation, and effects.
媒体塑造公众舆论与身份认同。核心理论涉及所有权、再现及影响。
- Agenda‑setting – media doesn’t tell us what to think, but what to think about.
- 议程设置 – 媒体不告诉人们如何思考，但告诉人们思考什么。
- Moral panic (Cohen) – again, media amplification of deviance creates fear and control.
- 道德恐慌（科恩）– 再次提及，媒体对越轨的放大制造恐惧与控制。
- Hyper‑reality (Baudrillard) – media images become more real than reality itself (simulacra).
- 超真实（鲍德里亚）– 媒体影像变得比真实更真实（拟像）。
- Cultural imperialism – Western media exports dominate global culture, potentially eroding local cultures.
- 文化帝国主义 – 西方媒体出口主导全球文化，可能侵蚀本土文化。
- Digital divide – inequality in access to internet and digital skills, linked to class, age, region.
- 数字鸿沟 – 互联网接入和数字技能的不平等，与阶级、年龄、地区相关。
10. Globalisation and Development | 全球化与发展
Globalisation refers to the increasing interconnectedness of societies. Development explores why some countries are rich while others remain poor.
全球化指社会之间日益增强的相互联系。发展议题探讨为何一些国家富裕而另一些仍贫困。
- Globalisation – economic, political, cultural flows across borders, accelerated by technology.
- 全球化 – 经济、政治、文化跨境流动，科技加速此过程。
- Dependency theory (Frank) – rich 'core' nations exploit poor 'periphery' nations, keeping them underdeveloped.
- 依赖理论（弗兰克）– 富裕“核心”国家剥削贫穷“边陲”国家，使其欠发达。
- Neo‑liberalism – free markets, privatisation, reduced state intervention; criticised for widening inequality.
- 新自由主义 – 自由市场、私有化、减少国家干预；被批加剧不平等。
- Sustainable development – meeting present needs without compromising future generations.
- 可持续发展 – 满足当代需求而不损害后代。
- Cultural hybridity – mixing of global and local cultures, creating new forms (e.g., Bollywood hip‑hop).
- 文化杂合 – 全球与本土文化混合，产生新形式（如宝莱坞嘻哈）。
11. Power, Politics and the State | 权力、政治与国家
Understand how power is distributed and legitimated. Key terms: authority, democracy, and the role of the state.
理解权力如何分配与合法化。关键术语：权威、民主与国家的角色。
- Power (Weber) – the ability to achieve one’s will despite resistance.
- 权力（韦伯）– 尽管有抵抗也能实现自己意志的能力。
- Authority – legitimate power; Weber’s types: traditional, charismatic, legal‑rational.
- 权威 – 合法化的权力；韦伯的类型：传统型、魅力型、法理型。
- Nation‑state – a political unit with defined borders, sovereignty, and a permanent population.
- 民族国家 – 拥有既定边界、主权和常住人口的政治单位。
- Welfare state – a system where the state protects citizens from the risks of unemployment, sickness, old age.
- 福利国家 – 国家保护公民免受失业、疾病、老年风险的系统。
- Citizenship (Marshall) – civil, political, and social rights; social rights include welfare.
- 公民身份（马歇尔）– 民事、政治与社会权利；社会权利包含福利。
12. Memory Hacks for Sociology Terms | 社会学术语速记技巧
Pair acronyms with visual images to recall complex theories quickly. Here are three proven mnemonics for the exam hall.
将首字母缩写与视觉图像配对，快速回想复杂理论。以下是经考场检验的三个记忆法。
- FM RIP for perspectives: Functionalism, Marxism, feMinism, Realism/Interactionism, Postmodernism. Imagine a funeral (RIP) of old theories.
- FM RIP 记忆理论视角：Functionalism、Marxism、feMinism、Realism/Interactionism、Postmodernism。想象一场旧理论的葬礼（RIP）。
- CLASS GEM for stratification factors: Class, laLlys? (No: Life chances), Age, Sex/gender, Sexuality – then Gender, Ethnicity, Media/age. Re‑work it to fit your recall.
- CLASS GEM 分层因素：Class（阶级）、Life chances（生活机会）、Age（年龄）、Sex（性别）、Sexuality（性取向）—加上 Gender、Ethnicity、Media。调整至适合自己。
- PENIS for Education inequality: Parental attitudes, Economic / material, Norms (cultural deprivation), In‑school factors (labelling), Streaming. (Use with caution, but unforgettable.)
- PENIS 记忆教育不平等：Parental attitudes（家长态度）、Economic（经济/物质）、Norms（文化剥夺中的规范）、In‑school factors（校内因素）、Streaming（分轨）。(慎用，但过目不忘。)
Revise actively: write each term on a flashcard with the English on one side and Chinese on the other. Test yourself by recalling the theory, the researcher, and a supporting example.
主动复习：将每个术语写在抽认卡上，一面英文一面中文。测试自己能否回想起理论、研究者以及一个支持性例子。
Published by TutorHao | Sociology Revision Series | aleveler.com
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