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Year 13 OCR German: Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 OCR 德语:公式定理速查手册

2026-07-23 22:31 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Year 13 OCR German: Formulas and Theorems Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 OCR 德语:公式定理速查手册

Welcome to your essential quick reference for Year 13 OCR German. Just as maths relies on formulas, German grammar relies on a set of core rules and structures that, once internalised, unlock confident speaking and writing. This handbook presents the most important grammatical 'formulas' and 'theorems' you need to master, from the case system and verb positions to subjunctive mood and adjective endings. Each rule is explained clearly and concisely, with English and Chinese explanations side by side, helping you revise efficiently for your exams.

欢迎使用 Year 13 OCR 德语必备速查手册。正如数学依赖公式,德语语法也依赖一系列核心规则与结构,一旦内化,就能自信地表达与写作。本手册呈现了您必须掌握的最重要的语法“公式”与“定理”,涵盖格系统、动词位置、虚拟式及形容词词尾等。每条规则均清晰简明地阐释,并提供中英文对照解释,帮助您高效备考。


1. The Gender Formula: Der, Die, Das | 名词性别公式:Der, Die, Das

Every German noun has a gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. This determines the article and the form of adjectives and pronouns. Although there are patterns, gender often has to be memorised. Key indicators include: masculine nouns ending in -er, -el, -en, -ig, -ling; feminine nouns ending in -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ion, -tät; neuter nouns ending in -chen, -lein, -ment, -um. Abstract nouns derived from verbs with -ung are always feminine. Compound nouns take the gender of the last element.

每个德语名词都有性别:阳性、阴性或中性。这决定了冠词以及形容词和代词的形式。虽然存在规律,但性别往往需要记忆。关键指示词尾包括:以 -er, -el, -en, -ig, -ling 结尾的阳性名词;以 -ung, -heit, -keit, -schaft, -ion, -tät 结尾的阴性名词;以 -chen, -lein, -ment, -um 结尾的中性名词。由动词加 -ung 派生的抽象名词总是阴性。复合名词的性别由最后一个成分决定。

Gender = Biological sex often, but pattern endings override logic.

性别常与生物性别相关,但规律词尾优先于逻辑。


2. The Case System Theorem: Nominative, Accusative, Dative, Genitive | 格系统定理:主格、宾格、与格、属格

for the subject; accusative for the direct object or after certain prepositions (durch, fü ative for the indirect object or after prepositions like mit, nach, bei, seit, von, zu, außer, aus, gegenüber; genitive shows possession or after prepositions like wä articles change: der/die/das → den/die/das (acc.), dem/der/dem (dat.), des/der/des (gen.).

德语有四个格,表明名词或代词在句中的功能。主格用于主语;宾格用于直接宾语或某些介词后(durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis);与格用于间接宾语或介词如 mit, nach, bei, seit, von, zu, außer, aus, gegenüber 后;属格表示所有关系或用于介词 während, trotz, wegen 后。定冠词变化:der/die/das → den/die/das (宾格), dem/der/dem (与格), des/der/des (属格)。

CaseMasculineFeminineNeuterPlural
Nominativederdiedasdie
Accusativedendiedasdie
Dativedemderdemden
Genitivedesderdesder

ve = subject; Accusative = direct object; Dative = indirect object; Genitive = possession.

主格 = 主语;宾格 = 直接宾语;与格 = 间接宾语;属格 = 所有。


3. Verb Position Formula: V2 and Verb-End Rules | 动词位置公式:V2 与尾语序规则

In main clauses, the conjugated verb is always the second element (V2 rule). This does not mean the second word, but the second syntactic unit. Any part of the sentence can occupy position 1 (subject, time, place, object). The rest of the verb phrase (infinitive, past participle, separable prefix) goes to the end. In subordinate clauses introduced by a conjunction (dass, weil, obwohl, wenn, etc.), the conjugated verb goes to the end of the clause.

在主句中,变位动词永远是第二个成分(V2 规则)。这不指第二个单词,而是第二个句法单位。句子的任何部分都可占据第一位(主语、时间、地点、宾语)。动词词组其余部分(不定式、过去分词、可分前缀)移至句末。在由连词(dass, weil, obwohl, wenn 等)引导的从句中,变位动词位于从句末尾。

Main clause: [Position 1] + conjugated verb + ... + [rest of verb]. Subordinate clause: conjunction + ... + verb.

主句:[第一位] + 变位动词 + ... + [动词其余部分]。从句:连词 + ... + 动词。


4. Adjective Ending Theorem: Strong, Weak, Mixed | 形容词词尾定理:强变化、弱变化、混合变化

Adjective endings depend on three factors: gender, case, and the type of article (definite, indefinite, or no article). When there is no preceding article or a bare adjective, the adjective takes the 'strong' ending, which mostly mirrors the definite article endings, except for genitive masculine and neuter (-en). After a definite article, the adjective takes the 'weak' ending, which is -e or -en. After an indefinite article (ein, kein, mein, etc.), the adjective takes a 'mixed' ending: strong in nominative and accusative (to show gender/case clearly), weak elsewhere.

形容词词尾取决于三个因素:性别、格以及冠词类型(定冠词、不定冠词或无冠词)。当前面没有冠词或形容词单独使用时,形容词采用“强变化”词尾,大多与定冠词词尾一致,除属格阳性和中性用 -en。在定冠词后,形容词用“弱变化”词尾,即 -e 或 -en。在不定冠词(ein, kein, mein 等)后,形容词用“混合变化”词尾:在主格和宾格用强变化(以清晰显示性别/格),其余用弱变化。

CaseMasc. (strong)Fem. (strong)Neut. (strong)Plural (strong)
Nom.-er-e-es-e
Acc.-en-e-es-e
Dat.-em-er-em-en
Gen.-en-er-en-er

Weak endings: after definite article, nominative all -e, accusative feminine/neuter -e, others -en. Mixed: after ein, nominative masc. -er, neut. -es (strong); accusative neut. -es, others weak.

弱变化词尾:在定冠词后,主格全部用 -e,宾格阴性/中性用 -e,其余用 -en。混合变化:在 ein 后,主格阳性 -er,中性 -es(强变化);宾格中性 -es,其余弱变化。


5. Present and Past Tense Formulae: Regular and Irregular Verbs | 现在时与过去时公式:规则与不规则动词

se follow a stem + personal ending pattern: -e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en. The simple past (Prä d and 3rd person singular present (e.g., du gibst, er gibt) and use a different stem in the Prä en (gegeben). Mixed verbs (e.g., bringen → brachte) combine vowel change with -te endings.

规则(弱变化)动词现在时由词干 + 人称词尾构成:-e, -st, -t, -en, -t, -en。规则动词的简单过去时(Präteritum)由词干 + -te + 词尾构成(ich machte, du machtest 等)。不规则(强变化)动词在现在时单数第二、三人称变元音(如 du gibst, er gibt),且在 Präteritum 中使用不同的词干(如 geben → gab)。它们的过去分词常以 -en 结尾(gegeben)。混合动词(如 bringen → brachte)结合了元音变化与 -te 词尾。

Weak verbs: stem + t + personal ending. Strong verbs: vowel change, past participle -en.

弱变化动词:词干 + t + 人称词尾。强变化动词:元音变化,过去分词 -en。


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6. Perfect Tense Construction Formula: haben/sein + Past Participle | 现在完成时构建公式:haben/sein + 过去分词

The perfect tense is the most common past tense in spoken German. It uses the present tense of haben or sein as auxiliary, plus the past participle of the main verb. Most verbs use haben. Verbs that use sein are intransitive verbs indicating motion or change of state (gehen, fahren, kommen, werden, sterben, einschlafen, aufwachen, reisen, bleiben). The past participle formation: for regular verbs, ge + stem + t; for irregular verbs, ge + stem (vowel change) + en; separable prefix verbs: prefix + ge + stem + t/en; inseparable prefix verbs (be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-) and verbs ending in -ieren have no ge- prefix.

现在完成时是德语口语中最常用的过去时。它使用 haben 或 sein 的现在时作助动词,加上主要动词的过去分词。大多数动词用 haben。用 sein 的动词是表示移动或状态变化的不及物动词(gehen, fahren, kommen, werden, sterben, einschlafen, aufwachen, reisen, bleiben)。过去分词构成:规则动词用 ge + 词干 + t;不规则动词用 ge + 词干(元音变化)+ en;可分前缀动词:前缀 + ge + 词干 + t/en;不可分前缀动词(be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, miss-, ver-, zer-)以及以 -ieren 结尾的动词不加 ge-。


7. Modal Verb and Future Formula: Verb Stacking | 情态动词与将来时公式:动词堆积

Modal verbs (können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen) combine with an infinitive to express ability, obligation, desire, etc. In a main clause, the modal verb is conjugated and takes second position, while the main verb infinitive goes to the end. The future tense (Futur I) is formed with werden + infinitive, with werden conjugated and infinitive at the end. Modal verbs themselves can be used in the perfect tense with double infinitive: haben + infinitive + modal infinitive (e.g., Ich habe das machen müssen).

情态动词(können, müssen, wollen, sollen, dürfen, mögen)与不定式连用,表达能力、义务、意愿等。在主句中,情态动词变位并放在第二位,而主要动词的不定式移至句末。将来时(Futur I)由 werden + 不定式构成,werden 变位,不定式在句末。情态动词本身可用于现在完成时,形成双不定式结构:haben + 不定式 + 情态动词不定式(例如,Ich habe das machen müssen)。

Modal/future: conjugated verb (V2) + ... + infinitive(s) at end.

情态/将来:变位动词(V2)+ ... + 不定式(在句末)。


8. Subjunctive II (Konjunktiv II): Conditional and Hypothetical Formula | 虚拟式 II:条件与假设公式

umlaut (if possible) + personal endings (-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en). For weak verbs, KII is identical to the simple past, so the alternative 'würde + infinitive' is used commonly. Strong verbs with umlaut-able vowels change: e.g., kommen → käme, gehen → ginge, haben → hätte, sein → wäre, werden → wü Conditional clauses use wenn + KII in the subordinate clause, and KII in the main clause.

虚拟式 II 表达假设情境、愿望、礼貌和条件句。它由过去时词干 + 变音(如可能)+ 人称词尾(-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en)构成。对于弱变化动词,KII 与过去时形式相同,因此常用 würde + 不定式替代。可加变音的强变化动词发生变化,如:kommen → käme, gehen → ginge, haben → hätte, sein → wäre, werden → würde。条件从句使用 wenn + KII 在从句中,主句也用 KII。

KII = simple past stem + umlaut + ending, or würde + infinitive.

KII = 过去时词干 + 变音 + 词尾,或者 würde + 不定式。


9. Subjunctive I (Konjunktiv I): Reported Speech Formula | 虚拟式 I:间接引语公式

med from the infinitive stem + endings: -e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en. Irregularities: sein → sei, seiest, sei, seien, seiet, seien. The verb 'haben' uses habe, haben, etc. In practice, KI is often replaced by KII or 'würde' unless the KI form is distinct from the indicative. KI is common in news reports: 'Der Minister sagte, er habe keine Kenntnis davon.'

虚拟式 I 主要用于正式书面德语中,转述他人话语,不表示同意或不同意。它由不定式词干 + 词尾构成:-e, -est, -e, -en, -et, -en。不规则变化:sein → sei, seiest, sei, seien, seiet, seien。动词 haben 用 habe, haben 等。实际上,除非 KI 形式与直陈式区别明显,否则常被 KII 或 würde 替代。KI 常见于新闻报道:“部长说,他对此一无所知。”


10. The Passive Voice Theorem: werden + Past Participle | 被动语态定理:werden + 过去分词

The passive voice shifts focus from the agent to the action or its recipient. The process passive (Vorgangspassiv) is formed with the auxiliary 'werden' (conjugated) + past participle of the main verb. The agent, if mentioned, is introduced by 'von' (+ dative). In the perfect tense, the construction becomes 'sein + past participle + worden' (note 'worden' not 'geworden'). The dative object of an active sentence becomes the subject of a passive sentence when there is no accusative object. In subordinate clauses, 'werden' follows the verb-end rule.

被动语态将焦点从施动者转移到动作或其承受者。过程被动式(Vorgangspassiv)由助动词 werden(变位)+ 主要动词的过去分词构成。若提及施动者,用 von(+与格)引导。在现在完成时中,结构变为 sein + 过去分词 + worden(注意是 worden 而非 geworden)。当主动句没有宾格宾语时,与格宾语成为被动句的主语。在从句中,werden 遵循动词尾语序规则。

Vorgangspassiv: werden + Partizip II. Zustandspassiv: sein + Partizip II (state).

过程被动:werden + 第二分词。状态被动:sein + 第二分词(状态)。


11. Relative Clause Formula: Der, Die, Das as Relatives | 关系从句公式:关系代词 der, die, das

Relative clauses provide additional information about a noun and are introduced by a relative pronoun that agrees in gender and number with the antecedent, but its case depends on its function in the relative clause. The relative pronouns match the definite articles except for dative plural (denen) and genitive (dessen, deren, dessen, deren). The conjugated verb in the relative clause goes to the end. Commas are used to separate the relative clause from the main clause.

关系从句提供关于名词的附加信息,由关系代词引导,关系代词性与数与先行词一致,但其格取决于在从句中的功能。关系代词与定冠词形式基本一致,除与格复数(denen)和属格(dessen, deren, dessen, deren)。关系从句中的变位动词移至末尾。从句与主句之间用逗号分隔。

Relative pronoun = gender/number agreement; case = role in clause; verb at end.

关系代词 = 性数一致;格 = 从句中角色;动词在末尾。


12. Prepositional Case Triggers: Accusative, Dative, Two-Way | 介词格触发:宾格、与格、双格介词

Prepositions in German force specific cases. Accusative-only prepositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis. Dative-only prepositions: aus, außer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber. Two-way prepositions (Wechselpräpositionen) take accusative when answering 'wohin?' (direction/movement) and dative when answering 'wo?' (location). These include: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, ü Some prepositions contract with the article: an dem → am, in das → ins, zu der → zur, etc.

德语介词强制要求特定的格。只接宾格的介词:durch, für, gegen, ohne, um, bis。只接与格的介词:aus, außer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu, gegenüber。双格介词(Wechselpräpositionen)在回答 wohin?(方向/移动)时接宾格,回答 wo?(地点/位置)时接与格。这些包括:an, auf, hinter, in, neben, über, unter, vor, zwischen。根据语境,意义可略有不同。一些介词与冠词缩合:an dem → am,in das → ins,zu der → zur 等。

Two-way: movement → accusative; static position → dative.

双格介词:移动 → 宾格;静态位置 → 与格。


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