📚 IGCSE CIE Engineering: Key Terms and Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | IGCSE CIE 工程：关键术语词汇速记指南
Mastering technical vocabulary is essential for success in IGCSE CIE Engineering. This bilingual guide organises key terms into thematic sections, providing concise definitions in both English and Chinese to help you memorise and apply them confidently in exams and practical work.
掌握技术词汇是 IGCSE CIE 工程取得成功的必要条件。本双语指南按主题分类整理关键术语，提供简明扼要的英文和中文定义，帮助您记忆并自信地应用于考试和实践操作中。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Ductility: The ability of a material to be drawn into a wire under tension without breaking.
延性：材料在拉伸应力下被拉成丝而不断裂的性能。
Malleability: The ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking.
展性：材料在压缩下被锤打或轧制成薄板而不开裂的性能。
Hardness: Resistance of a material to indentation, scratching, or surface wear.
硬度：材料抵抗压痕、划伤或表面磨损的能力。
Toughness: The ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing.
韧性：材料在断裂前吸收能量并产生塑性变形的能力。
Tensile strength : The maximum tensile stress a material can withstand before failure; tensile stress σ = F / A.
抗拉强度：材料在断裂前所能承受的最大拉应力；拉应力 σ = 力 / 横截面积。
σ = F / A
Compressive strength: The maximum compressive stress a material can withstand before crushing.
抗压强度：材料在被压碎前所能承受的最大压应力。
Elasticity: The property of a material to return to its original shape after the removal of an applied load.
弹性：材料去除载荷后恢复原始形状的性质。
Plasticity: The property of a material to undergo permanent deformation without rupture after the yield point.
塑性：材料在屈服点后产生永久变形而不断裂的性质。
2. Material Types | 材料种类
Ferrous metal: A metal containing iron as the main constituent; often magnetic and prone to rust (e.g. mild steel, cast iron).
黑色金属：以铁为主要成分的金属，通常具有磁性且易生锈（如低碳钢、铸铁）。
Non-ferrous metal: A metal that does not contain iron; generally more resistant to corrosion (e.g. aluminium, copper, zinc).
有色金属：不含铁的金属，通常更耐腐蚀（如铝、铜、锌）。
Alloy: A mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal, designed to improve properties such as strength or corrosion resistance (e.g. stainless steel, brass).
合金：由两种或多种元素组成的混合物，至少一种为金属，旨在改善强度或耐腐蚀性等性能（如不锈钢、黄铜）。
Thermoplastic: A polymer that softens when heated and hardens when cooled, allowing repeated recycling (e.g. acrylic, nylon, polythene).
热塑性塑料：加热软化、冷却硬化的聚合物，可反复回收利用（如亚克力、尼龙、聚乙烯）。
Thermosetting plastic: A polymer that undergoes a chemical change when heated, forming a rigid structure that cannot be remoulded (e.g. epoxy resin, urea formaldehyde).
热固性塑料：加热时发生化学变化，形成刚性结构且不可重塑的聚合物（如环氧树脂、脲醛）。
Composite: A material made from two or more distinct materials combined to achieve superior properties (e.g. glass-reinforced plastic, carbon fibre).
复合材料：由两种或多种不同材料组合而成，以获得更优越的性能（如玻璃纤维增强塑料、碳纤维）。
Ceramic: A non-metallic, inorganic solid that is hard, brittle, and resistant to high temperatures (e.g. brick, porcelain, silicon carbide).
陶瓷：非金属无机固体，坚硬、脆性且耐高温（如砖、瓷器、碳化硅）。
3. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: A process where molten metal is poured into a mould cavity and allowed to solidify into the desired shape.
铸造：将熔融金属倒入模腔中冷却凝固成所需形状的工艺。
Forging: Shaping metal by applying compressive forces, often at high temperature, to improve grain structure and strength.
锻造：通过施加压缩力使金属成形（常在高温下），以改善晶粒结构和强度的工艺。
Welding: Joining two metal parts by melting the base material and often adding a filler to form a strong bond.
焊接：通过熔化母材并常添加填充料来连接金属零件，形成牢固接头。
Brazing: Joining metals using a filler metal with a lower melting point than the workpieces, without melting the base metals.
钎焊：使用熔点低于工件的填充金属来连接金属，而不熔化母材。
Soldering: A low-temperature joining process using a filler (solder) that melts below 450 °C, commonly for electronics.
锡焊：使用熔点低于450 °C的焊料进行的低温连接工艺，常用于电子元件。
Drilling: Producing a round hole in a workpiece using a rotating drill bit.
钻孔：使用旋转钻头在工件上加工出圆孔的操作。
Turning: A machining operation where a single-point cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece on a lathe.
车削：在车床上用单刃刀具从旋转的工件上去除材料的加工操作。
Milling: A machining process using a rotating multi-tooth cutter to remove material from a stationary workpiece.
铣削：利用旋转多齿刀具从固定工件上去除材料的加工过程。
4. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Tension: A pulling force that tries to stretch or elongate a member.
拉力：试图拉伸或使构件伸长的力。
Compression: A pushing force that tends to shorten or crush a member.
压力：试图缩短或压碎构件的推力。
Shear: A force that causes adjacent parts of a material to slide past one another in opposite directions.
剪切力：使材料的相邻部分沿相反方向相对滑动的力。
Torsion: A twisting force that produces rotation about the longitudinal axis.
扭转力：产生绕纵轴旋转的扭曲力。
Bending: A combination of tension and compression caused by a transverse force; typically makes a member curved.
弯曲：由横向力引起的拉伸和压缩的组合，通常使构件变弯。
Resultant force: The single force that has the same effect as all the forces acting on a body combined.
合力：与作用在物体上所有力效果相同的单个力。
Equilibrium: A state where the resultant force and the resultant moment acting on a body are both zero.
平衡：作用在物体上的合力和合力矩均为零的状态。
Newton’s First Law: An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external resultant force.
牛顿第一定律：物体将保持静止或匀速直线运动状态，除非受到外力合力的作用。
5. Moments and Levers | 力矩与杠杆
Moment d as moment M = F × d, where d is the perpendicular distance from pivot to line of action.
力矩：力绕支点的转动效应；计算为 力矩 M = 力 × 垂直距离，其中d为支点到力作用线的垂直距离。
M = F × d
Principle of moments: For a body in rotational equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments equals the sum of anticlockwise moments about any pivot.
力矩原理：对于转动平衡的物体，绕任何支点的顺时针力矩之和等于逆时针力矩之和。
Lever: A simple machine consisting of a rigid bar that pivots around a fulcrum to multiply force or distance.
杠杆：由刚性杆绕支点转动以放大力量或距离的简单机械。
Fulcrum: The fixed pivot point of a lever.
支点：杠杆的固定旋转点。
Effort: The input force applied to a lever or machine.
施力：作用在杠杆或机器上的输入力。
Load: The resistance or output force that a lever or machine overcomes.
载荷：杠杆或机器所要克服的阻力或输出力。
Mechanical advantage (MA): The ratio of load to effort for a machine; MA = Load / Effort.
机械利益 (MA)：机器输出载荷与输入施力的比值； MA = 载荷 / 施力。
MA = Load / Effort
6. Electronic Components | 电子元件
Resistor: A component that limits electric current and produces a voltage drop according to Ohm’s Law; value measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻器：限制电流并根据欧姆定律产生电压降的元件；单位欧姆 (Ω)。
Variable resistor (potentiometer): A resistor with an adjustable sliding contact, allowing continuous change in resistance.
可变电阻器（电位器）：带有可调滑动触点的电阻器，可连续改变电阻值。
Capacitor: A component that stores electric charge temporarily; capacitance measured in farads (F).
电容器：暂时储存电荷的元件；电容量单位为法拉 (F)。
Diode: A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only; used for rectification.
二极管：只允许电流单向导通的半导体器件，用于整流。
Light-emitting diode (LED): A diode that emits light when forward-biased; efficient indicator or light source.
发光二极管 (LED)：正向偏置时发光的二极管，用作高效指示灯或光源。
Transistor: A three-terminal semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals; commonly NPN or PNP.
晶体管：三端半导体器件，用于放大或开关电子信号；常见 NPN 或 PNP 型。
LDR (Light Dependent Resistor): A sensor whose resistance decreases as light intensity increases.
光敏电阻：其电阻随光照强度增加而减小的传感器。
Thermistor: A temperature-sensitive resistor; NTC type resistance decreases as temperature rises.
热敏电阻：对温度敏感的电阻器；NTC 型电阻随温度升高而减小。
7. Electronic Systems | 电子系统
Input transducer: A device that converts a non-electrical signal (e.g. temperature, light) into an electrical signal.
输入传感器：将非电信号（如温度、光照）转换为电信号的器件。
Process: The block in a system that receives the input signal and performs a decision or amplification (e.g. microcontroller, op-amp).
处理单元：系统中接收输入信号并作出决策或放大的模块（如微控制器、运算放大器）。
Output transducer: A device that converts an electrical signal back into a useful non-electrical form (e.g. light, sound, movement).
输出传感器：将电信号转换回有用的非电形式的器件（如光、声音、运动）。
Microcontroller: A compact integrated circuit that can be programmed to process inputs and control outputs.
微控制器：可编程处理输入并控制输出的单片集成电路。
Relay: An electrically operated switch that uses a small current to control a larger current circuit.
继电器：用电操作的小电流控制大电流电路的开关。
PCB (Printed Circuit Board): A board that mechanically supports and electrically connects components using conductive tracks etched from copper sheets.
印刷电路板 (PCB)：利用蚀刻铜箔导线机械支撑并电连接元件的基板。
Sensor: A general term for a device that detects or measures a physical property and produces a corresponding electrical output.
传感器：检测或测量物理量并产生相应电输出的器件统称。
8. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
Gear: A toothed wheel that meshes with another gear to transmit torque and change speed or direction.
齿轮：与另一齿轮啮合以传递扭矩并改变转速或方向的带齿零件。
Pulley: A wheel with a grooved rim, used with a belt to transmit power between shafts.
带轮：轮缘开槽的轮子，与传动带配合在轴间传递动力。
Belt drive: A system using a flexible belt looped over pulleys to transmit motion; allows slip and misalignment tolerance.
带传动：利用挠性带环绕带轮传递运动的系统，允许打滑并对安装误差不敏感。
Chain drive: A system using a metal chain and sprockets to transmit positive motion without slip.
链传动：利用金属链条与链轮传递运动，无滑动，传动准确。
Cam: A rotating or sliding part whose profile controls the motion of a follower, converting rotary to reciprocating motion.
凸轮：轮廓形状控制从动件运动的旋转或滑动零件，可将旋转转化为往复运动。
Crank: A rotating arm that converts reciprocating motion into rotary motion or vice versa.
曲柄：将往复运动转化为旋转运动或相反的旋转臂。
Linkage: An assembly of rigid rods connected by joints to transmit force and motion.
连杆机构 ：由铰链连接的刚性杆组成，用于传递力和运动。
9. Structures | 结构
Beam: A horizontal structural member designed to resist bending and support loads.
梁：承受弯矩并支承载荷的水平结构构件。
Column: A vertical structural member that primarily resists compressive forces.
柱：主要承受压力的竖向结构构件。
Truss: A framework of members, often in triangular arrangements, designed to support loads efficiently.
桁架：由杆件组成的框架（常为三角形配置），能高效地承受荷载。
Strut: A structural member under compression, often used to resist longitudinal squeezing.
压杆：承受压力的结构构件，用于抵抗纵向压缩。
Tie: A structural member under tension, used to hold parts together and resist pulling forces.
拉杆：承受拉力的结构构件，用于拉紧部件并抵抗拉力。
Dead load: The permanent static weight of the structure itself and all fixed components.
恒载：结构本身及所有固定部件产生的永久静载荷。
Live load: Temporary or movable loads acting on a structure, such as people, furniture, wind
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图