📚 IGCSE CIE Art & Design: Quick-Reference Glossary of Key Terms | IGCSE CIE 艺术：词汇术语速记指南
This bilingual glossary is designed specifically for IGCSE CIE Art & Design students. It organises the most commonly examined art vocabulary into logical categories, helping you recognise, recall, and apply key terms in both contextual analysis and practical coursework. Each entry is paired with a concise English definition and its Chinese equivalent, so you can build subject confidence and meet the assessment objectives with clarity.
本双语词汇表专为 IGCSE CIE 艺术与设计学生设计。它将最常见的考试艺术词汇按逻辑分类，帮助你在情境分析和实践作业中识别、记忆并运用关键术语。每一条目均配有简洁的英文定义和对应的中文解释，让你能够建立学科信心，清晰达成评估目标。
1. The Formal Elements | 形式元素
Line – A mark made by a moving point. Lines vary in width, direction, and length, and can be used to create outlines, textures, or movement. In Chinese: 线。
线 – 由移动的点留下的痕迹。线条在宽度、方向和长度上变化，可用于创造轮廓、质感或动感。
Shape – A two-dimensional area defined by boundaries. Shapes can be geometric (precise, mathematical) or organic (irregular, natural). In Chinese: 形状。
形状 – 由边界定义的二维区域。形状可以是几何的（精确、数学化的）或有机的（不规则、自然的）。
Form – A three-dimensional object that has height, width, and depth. Sculpture and architecture are concerned with form. In Chinese: 形体。
形体 – 具有高度、宽度和深度的三维物体。雕塑和建筑关注形体。
Tone / Value – The lightness or darkness of a colour or of grey. Tone is used to model form, create emphasis, and show light and shadow. In Chinese: 调子 / 明度。
调子 / 明度 – 颜色或灰色的明暗程度。调子用于塑造形体、制造强调以及表现光与影。
Texture – The surface quality of an object, both actual (tactile) and implied (visual). In Chinese: 质感。
质感 – 物体的表面品质，包括实际的（触觉）和暗示的（视觉）。
Colour / Hue – The name of a colour family (red, blue, yellow). Colour has three properties: hue, saturation (intensity), and value. In Chinese: 色彩 / 色相。
色彩 / 色相 – 色彩家族的名称（红、蓝、黄）。色彩有三个属性：色相、饱和度（强度）和明度。
Space – The area around, between, or within objects. Positive space is the subject; negative space is the background. Perspective creates the illusion of depth in space. In Chinese: 空间。
空间 – 物体周围、之间或内部的区域。正空间是主体；负空间是背景。透视法在空间中制造深度错觉。
2. Principles of Composition | 构图法则
Balance – The distribution of visual weight. Symmetrical balance mirrors elements on either side of an axis; asymmetrical balance uses dissimilar objects that have equal visual weight. In Chinese: 平衡。
平衡 – 视觉重量的分布。对称平衡沿轴线两侧镜像元素；不对称平衡使用不相似但视觉重量相等的物体。
Contrast – Significant difference between elements (e.g. light/dark, smooth/rough, large/small). Contrast catches attention and creates drama. In Chinese: 对比。
对比 – 元素之间的显著差异（例如明/暗、光滑/粗糙、大/小）。对比吸引注意力并制造戏剧性。
Emphasis / Focal Point – The part of the artwork that stands out most and draws the viewer's eye first. In Chinese: 强调 / 焦点。
强调 / 焦点 – 作品中最显眼、最先吸引观者目光的部分。
Rhythm – A visual beat created by repeated elements such as lines, shapes, or colours. Rhythm guides the viewer's eye across the composition. In Chinese: 节奏。
节奏 – 由重复元素（如线条、形状或色彩）创造的视觉节拍。节奏引导观者的视线穿过构图。
Proportion – The size relationships between parts of an artwork or between parts and the whole. In Chinese: 比例。
比例 – 艺术品各部分之间或部分与整体之间的大小关系。
Unity / Harmony – The feeling that all parts of a piece work together as a coherent whole. In Chinese: 统一 / 和谐。
统一 / 和谐 – 作品的各个部分共同构成一个连贯整体的感觉。
Variety – The use of differing elements to create visual interest and avoid monotony. In Chinese: 变化。
变化 – 使用不同元素来创造视觉趣味，避免单调。
3. Colour Theory Essentials | 色彩理论要点
Primary Colours – In painting: red, yellow, blue. These cannot be mixed from other colours. In Chinese: 原色。
原色 – 绘画中：红、黄、蓝。它们不能由其他颜色混合而成。
Secondary Colours – Colours made by mixing two primaries: orange (red + yellow), green (yellow + blue), purple (blue + red). In Chinese: 间色。
间色 – 由两种原色混合而成：橙色（红+黄）、绿色（黄+蓝）、紫色（蓝+红）。
Complementary Colours – Pairs of colours opposite on the colour wheel (e.g. red/green, blue/orange). When placed together they intensify each other; mixed, they neutralise to grey. In Chinese: 互补色。
互补色 – 色轮上相对的色彩对（例如红/绿，蓝/橙）。并置时互相增强；混合时中和为灰色。
Warm Colours – Red, orange, yellow. They advance and suggest heat, energy, and light. In Chinese: 暖色。
暖色 – 红、橙、黄。它们产生前进感，暗示热量、能量与光。
Cool Colours – Blue, green, violet. They recede and evoke calm, shade, and depth. In Chinese: 冷色。
冷色 – 蓝、绿、紫。它们产生后退感，唤起冷静、阴影与深度。
Tint, Shade & Tone – A tint is a colour mixed with white; a shade is mixed with black; a tone is mixed with grey. In Chinese: 淡色、深色、色调。
淡色、深色、色调 – 淡色是颜色加白；深色加黑；色调加灰。
4. Drawing & Mark-Making Techniques | 素描与痕迹技法
Hatching – parallel, closely spaced lines used to create tone. In Chinese: 排线。
排线 – 用于创造调子的平行紧密线条。
Cross-hatching – overlapping sets of parallel lines at an angle to build deeper tone and texture. In Chinese: 交叉排线。
交叉排线 – 成角度的多组平行线重叠，以建立更深的调子与质感。
Stippling – using numerous small dots to build tone and texture. In Chinese: 点画。
点画 – 用大量小点来构建调子与质感。
Contour Drawing – an outline drawing that follows the edges of a form, often without lifting the drawing tool. Blind contour drawing is done without looking at the paper. In Chinese: 轮廓素描。
轮廓素描 – 跟随形体边缘的轮廓线绘图，常不抬起绘画工具。盲画轮廓是不看纸面完成的。
Gesture Drawing – quick, loose sketches that capture movement and the essence of a pose. In Chinese: 动态素描。
动态素描 – 快速、松散的草图，捕捉动作和姿势的本质。
5. Media & Materials | 媒介与材料
Dry Media – graphite pencil, charcoal, pastel, conté, chalk. They are applied directly without a binder or solvent. In Chinese: 干性媒介。
干性媒介 – 石墨铅笔、炭笔、色粉笔、康特粉笔、粉笔。它们直接使用，无需粘合剂或溶剂。
Wet Media – ink, watercolour, acrylic, oil paint. They involve a liquid vehicle and usually dry by evaporation or chemical reaction. In Chinese: 湿性媒介。
湿性媒介 – 墨水、水彩、丙烯、油画。它们包含液体载体，通常通过蒸发或化学反应干燥。
Mixed Media – the combination of two or more different art materials in one work (e.g. ink and collage). In Chinese: 混合媒介。
混合媒介 – 在一件作品中使用两种或以上不同艺术材料（例如墨水与拼贴）。
Paper Qualities – weight (gsm), tooth (texture), and sizing (absorbency). Cartridge paper is versatile for dry media; watercolour paper handles heavy washes. In Chinese: 纸张品质。
纸张品质 – 克重（gsm）、纹理（粗糙度）与施胶度（吸水性）。素描纸适合干性媒介；水彩纸可承受大量水彩渲染。
6. Painting & Colour Application | 绘画与着色技法
Glazing – applying a thin, transparent layer of paint over a dried layer to modify colour and depth. In Chinese: 罩染。
罩染 – 在已干色层上涂一层薄而透明的颜料，以改变色彩与深度。
Impasto – thickly applied paint that retains brush or palette knife marks, creating physical texture. In Chinese: 厚涂。
厚涂 – 厚涂颜料，保留笔触或刮刀痕迹，产生物理质感。
Wash – a dilute, transparent layer of ink or watercolour applied evenly. Graded wash changes gradually in tone. In Chinese: 渲染（或平涂/渐变渲染）。
渲染 – 稀释后涂布的透明墨水或水彩层。渐变渲染在调子上逐步变化。
Scumbling – a dry-brush technique where a thin, opaque layer is dragged over underlayers, letting some of the colour below show through. In Chinese: 薄擦法。
薄擦法 – 干笔技法，用不透明薄层在底涂层上拖扫，让下层颜色部分透出。
Dry Brush – using a brush with very little paint to create a scratchy, textured effect. In Chinese: 干笔。
干笔 – 用少量颜料的画笔制造粗糙、带纹理的效果。
7. Printmaking Terms | 版画术语
Relief Printing – cutting away non-image areas from a surface so the raised parts carry ink. Example: linocut, woodcut. In Chinese: 凸版。
凸版 – 从版面上刻除非图像部分，凸起部分着墨。例如：麻胶版画、木刻。
Intaglio – techniques where ink is held in incised lines or grooves below the plate surface (etching, engraving, drypoint). In Chinese: 凹版。
凹版 – 油墨存留在版材表面以下的刻痕或凹槽内（蚀刻、雕版、干刻）。
Monoprint / Monotype – a one-off print made by drawing or painting on a smooth plate and transferring the image to paper. In Chinese: 独幅版画。
独幅版画 – 在平滑版面上绘画或涂色后转印到纸上的唯一性版画。
Registration – accurately aligning different colour layers or plates so the image prints in exactly the right place. In Chinese: 对版。
对版 – 准确套准不同的色层或版材，使图像印在精确位置。
8. Sculpture & 3D Language | 雕塑与立体语汇
Carving – a subtractive process where material is cut away (stone, wood). In Chinese: 雕刻（减法）。
雕刻（减法） – 从石料、木材等材料中切除部分的减法过程。
Modelling – an additive process where soft material is shaped and built up (clay, wax). In Chinese: 塑造（加法）。
塑造（加法） – 使用软性材料（粘土、蜡）堆积造型的加法过程。
Assemblage – a three-dimensional composition made by combining found objects or ready-made materials. In Chinese: 拼装艺术。
拼装艺术 – 将现成物或现成材料组合而成的三维作品。
Relief – sculpture that remains attached to a background plane. Bas-relief (low relief), haut-relief (high relief). In Chinese: 浮雕。
浮雕 – 附着于背景平面上的雕塑。浅浮雕与高浮雕。
Armature – a supportive framework, usually of wire, used inside modelled forms to maintain structure. In Chinese: 骨架。
骨架 – 通常由金属丝制成的支撑框架，用于塑造形体内部以保持结构。
9. Photography & Digital Imaging | 摄影与数字影像
Composition – the arrangement of visual elements within the frame. Rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing are key compositional devices. In Chinese: 构图。
构图 – 取景框内视觉元素的安排。三分法、引导线和框景是关键的构图手法。
Depth of Field – the zone of sharp focus in an image. Shallow depth of field blurs the background; deep depth of field keeps everything sharp. In Chinese: 景深。
景深 – 影像中清晰对焦的区域。浅景深虚化背景；大景深使所有景物都清晰。
Exposure – the amount of light reaching the sensor or film, controlled by aperture, shutter speed, and ISO. In Chinese: 曝光。
曝光 – 到达传感器或胶片的光量，由光圈、快门速度和 ISO 控制。
Contrast – the difference between the lightest and darkest areas of a photograph. High contrast gives crisp, dramatic images. In Chinese: 反差。
反差 – 照片最亮与最暗区域之间的差异。高反差产生清晰、戏剧化的影像。
Digital Manipulation – editing an image using software (cropping, adjusting levels, layering, cloning). In Chinese: 数字处理。
数字处理 – 使用软件编辑图像（裁剪、调整色阶、图层叠加、仿制）。
10. Analytical & Evaluative Vocabulary | 分析与评价词汇
Context – the circumstances in which an artwork was made (historical, social, cultural, personal). In Chinese: 情境。
情境 – 艺术品创作的背景环境（历史的、社会的、文化的、个人的）。
Aesthetic – relating to beauty or the appreciation of beauty; the visual language an artist uses. In Chinese: 美学。
美学 – 与美或审美相关的；也指艺术家使用的视觉语言。
Composition – the deliberate organisation of elements within an artwork to achieve a unified effect. In Chinese: 构图（或布局）。
构图（或布局） – 在艺术品中有意识地组织元素以达成统一效果。
Brushwork – the characteristic way an artist applies paint, which can be expressive, controlled, loose, or refined. In Chinese: 笔触运用。
笔触运用 – 艺术家涂抹颜料的特征方式，可以是表现性的、受控的、松散的或精致的。
Mark-making – any intentional marks left by an artist's tool, which contribute to expression and texture. In Chinese: 痕迹表达。
痕迹表达 – 艺术家工具留下的任何有意识的痕迹，对表现力和质感有贡献。
Annotate – to add explanatory notes to your own work or to an image, demonstrating critical thinking and evaluation. In Chinese: 注释。
注释 – 在自己的作品或图像上添加解释性说明，以展示批判性思维与评价。
11. Exam Command Words | 考试指令词
| Command Word | Meaning | 中文指令词 |
|---|---|---|
| Analyse | Examine in detail, breaking down elements and relationships. | 分析 |
| Evaluate | Make a judgement based on criteria; discuss strengths and weaknesses. | 评价 |
| Justify | Give reasons or evidence to support a decision or opinion. | 论证 |
| Describe | Give a detailed account of visual features and effects. | 描述 |
| Compare | Identify similarities and differences between artworks or methods. | 比较 |
| Explain | Make clear how or why something is done; give reasons for the effect. | 解释 |
Knowing these command words helps you structure written annotations and responses to meet top-band marking criteria for Analysis and Evaluation (AO1 and AO2).
了解这些指令词有助于你将书面注释和答题结构化，达到分析与评价（AO1 和 AO2）最高评定等级的标准。
12. Quick Memory Tips & Active Recall | 快速记忆与主动回顾
Flashcard Method: Write the English term on one side, Chinese and a simple sketch on the other. Test yourself by looking at the sketch and recalling both the term and definition. In Chinese: 写英文术语在一面，中文与简图在另一面。看简图回忆术语与定义。
闪卡法： 一面写英文术语，另一面写中文与简图。看着简图自测，回忆术语与定义。
Group by Theme: Cluster words under 'Colour', 'Drawing', 'Sculpture' to make mental maps. For the exam, visualise the mind map to retrieve vocabulary. In Chinese: 按主题分组，给大脑建心智图。考试时想象该图提取词汇。
按主题分组： 将词语归入“色彩”“素描”“雕塑”等类别下制作思维导图。考试时想象该图以便提取词汇。
Label Your Sketchbook: Annotate your own work using these terms consistently. Active use in context cements long-term memory. In Chinese: 在速写本中坚持使用这些词汇注释作品。在情境中主动运用巩固长期记忆。
在速写本中标注： 坚持在速写本中使用这些术语对自己的作品进行注释。在真实语境中的主动运用能巩固长期记忆。
Published by TutorHao | Art & Design Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图