📚 OCR Year 13 Biology: Quick Memorisation Guide for Key Terms | OCR 十三年级生物学：关键术语速记指南
Mastering terminology is half the battle in A-Level Biology. This guide pairs OCR Year 13 keywords with clear definitions and memorable tricks, helping you recall complex processes fast. Each term is broken down with an English explanation followed by its Chinese counterpart, making dual-language revision seamless.
掌握术语是 A-Level 生物学成功的一半。本指南将 OCR 十三年级关键词汇配上清晰定义与巧妙记忆法，助你快速回想起复杂过程。每个术语均以英文解释加中文对应呈现，实现中英双语无缝复习。
1. Photosynthesis and Energy Transfer | 光合作用与能量传递
Photophosphorylation: The creation of ATP using light energy. 'Photo' means light, 'phosphorylation' means adding a phosphate group to ADP. This occurs in the thylakoid membranes.
光合磷酸化：利用光能合成 ATP 的过程。'Photo' 表示光，'phosphorylation' 表示将磷酸基团加到 ADP 上。发生在类囊体膜上。
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation tosystems and electrons from water. Think: non-cyclic = full package (all three products).
非循环光合磷酸化产生 ATP、还原型 NADP 和氧气。它利用两个光系统和水分子提供的电子。记忆：非循环——全套产出。
Cyclic photophosphorylation only makes ATP, using electrons recycled via photosystem I. Picture a cycle returning electrons, so only ATP is generated.
循环光合磷酸化仅产生 ATP，电子经由光系统 I 循环使用。想象电子循环走，产物只有 ATP。
Calvin cycle: CO₂ is fixed by RuBisCO, forming an unstable 6C compound that splits into two molecules of GP (glycerate 3-phosphate). ATP and reduced NADP then convert GP into TP (triose phosphate). Remember 'RuBisCO Grabs CO₂, Gives GP'. Some TP regenerates RuBP, some makes glucose.
卡尔文循环：CO₂ 由 RuBisCO 固定，形成不稳定的六碳化合物，随即裂解为两分子 GP。ATP 和还原型 NADP 再将 GP 转化为 TP。记住“RuBisCO 抓 CO₂，产出 GP”。部分 TP 再生 RuBP，部分合成葡萄糖。
Limiting factors: light intensity, CO₂ concentration and temperature. If any factor is too low, the rate of photosynthesis is limited. Visualise a three-legged stool: shorten one leg and the seat drops.
限制因子：光强、CO₂ 浓度和温度。任一因子过低就会限制光合速率。想象三条腿的凳子，锯短一条，凳面就垮。
2. Respiration and ATP Synthesis | 呼吸作用与 ATP 合成
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm: glucose (6C) is split into two pyruvate (3C). Net gain: 2 ATP and 2 reduced NAD. 'Lysis' means splitting – here, glucose is lysed.
糖酵解发生在细胞质：葡萄糖（6C）裂解为两个丙酮酸（3C）。净得利：2 ATP 和 2 个还原型 NAD。“Lysis”意为裂解——此处劈开葡萄糖。
Link reaction nzyme A to form acetyl CoA. Reduced NAD is produced. Link it: pyruvate + CoA = acetyl CoA.
连接反应：丙酮酸进入线粒体基质，脱去 CO₂ 并被氧化，与辅酶 A 结合成乙酰辅酶 A。产生还原型 NAD。连接：丙酮酸 + CoA → 乙酰 CoA。
Krebs cycle: acetyl CoA (2C) combines with a 4C compound to form citrate (6C). A series of reactions regenerates the 4C compound, releasing CO₂ and yielding reduced NAD, reduced FAD, and ATP (by substrate-level phosphorylation). Link 'Krebs' to 'crabs' walking sideways in a circle, releasing bubbles (CO₂).
克雷布斯循环：乙酰 CoA（2C）与四碳化合物结合成柠檬酸（6C）。一系列反应再生四碳化合物，释放 CO₂，产生还原型 NAD、还原型 FAD 和 ATP（底物水平磷酸化）。联想“Krebs”近似螃蟹（crabs）横着转圈，吐泡泡（CO₂）。
Oxidative phosphorylation takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane. Reduced coenzymes donate electrons to the electron transport chain, pumping protons into the intermembrane space. Chemiosmosis: protons flow back through ATP synthase, driving ATP synthesis. 'Oxidative' because oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
氧化磷酸化在线粒体内膜进行。还原型辅酶提供电子给电子传递链，将质子泵入膜间隙。化学渗透：质子经 ATP 合酶回流，驱动 ATP 合成。称“氧化”是因为氧气作为最终电子受体，生成水。
Anaerobic respiration in animals g : pyruvate is reduced to lactate by NADH, reforming NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue. No oxygen, no Krebs or oxidative phosphorylation. Think 'lactate = lazy ATP' – only 2 ATP per glucose.
动物无氧呼吸：丙酮酸被 NADH 还原为乳酸，再生 NAD⁺ 以维持糖酵解。无氧就没有克雷布斯循环与氧化磷酸化。联想“乳酸 = 懒 ATP”——每分子葡萄糖只产 2 ATP。
3. Homeostasis and the Kidneys | 稳态与肾脏
Negative feedback ounteracts the change. Think of a thermostat: too hot → cooling on; too cold → heating on.
负反馈是维持内环境稳定的主要机制。偏离调定点会触发抵消变化的反应。好比恒温器：太热开冷气，太冷开暖气。
Ultrafiltration occurs in the Bowman's capsule. High hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus forces water, ions, glucose, and urea out of the blood into the capsule, forming glomerular filtrate. Large molecules like proteins and blood cells stay behind.
超滤作用发生在肾小囊。肾小球内的高静水压迫使水、离子、葡萄糖和尿素从血液进入囊腔，形成肾小球滤液。蛋白质和血细胞等大分子被截留。
Selective reabsorption happens in the proximal convoluted tubule. All glucose, most ions, and much water are reabsorbed into the blood by active transport and facilitated diffusion. 'Selective' because useful substances are reclaimed; urea is largely left behind.
选择性重吸收在近曲小管进行。全部葡萄糖、大部分离子和大量水分通过主动运输和易化扩散回收入血。“选择性”指有用的物质被回收，而尿素大体留下。
Loop of Henle: countercurrent multiplier. Descending limb is permeable to water, water leaves; ascending limb actively transports Na⁺ and Cl⁻ out, creating a high solute concentration in the medulla. This gradient allows water reabsorption in the collecting duct. Remember: 'Thick ascending transports salt, thin descending loses water.'
亨利氏袢：逆流倍增器。降支对水通透，水外流；升支主动转运 Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻，使髓质产生高渗梯度。该梯度使集合管能重吸收水。记住：“粗升支运盐，细降支放水”。
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) by inserting aquaporins, so more water is reabsorbed, producing concentrated urine. ADH = 'Add (water) Ducts Here'.
抗利尿激素 (ADH)：当血液水势低时从垂体后叶释放，通过在集合管壁插入水通道蛋白来增加其通透性，使更多水被重吸收，产生浓缩尿。ADH 联想“Add（加）Ducts（管）Here（这里）”。
4. Nervous Communication | 神经通信
Resting potential: about –70 mV. Maintained by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump (pumps 3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in) and more K⁺ leak channels than Na⁺ leak channels. The inside is negative relative to the outside. 'Pump 3-2, rest negative you.'
静息电位：约 –70 mV。由 Na⁺/K⁺ 泵（泵出3 Na⁺、泵入2 K⁺）以及 K⁺ 漏通道多于 Na⁺ 漏通道维持。胞内相对胞外为负电。“泵 3-2，静息你就负”。
Action potential: depolarisation – ated Na⁺ channels open, Na⁺ rushes in, membrane potential becomes positive. Repolarisation – e, voltage-gated K⁺ channels open, K⁺ leaves, restoring negative charge. Hyperpolarisation – K⁺ channels slow to close, potential dips below resting. 'Na in = up; K out = down.'
动作电位：去极化——电压门控 Na⁺ 通道打开，Na⁺ 涌入，膜电位变正。复极化——Na⁺ 通道失活，电压门控 K⁺ 通道打开，K⁺ 外流，恢复负电。超极化——K⁺ 通道关闭慢，电位低于静息值。“钠进则升，钾出则降”。
Refractory period to trigger (relative). This ensures unidirectional propagation and limits frequency. Think 'refractory = resting axe' – waits before swinging again.
不应期：不能产生新动作电位（绝对）或较难触发（相对）的时段。保证单向传播并限制频率。想象“斧头两次挥砍之间要停顿”。
Cholinergic synapse: action potential arrives at presynaptic knob, Ca²⁺ channels open, Ca²⁺ enters, vesicles fuse and release acetylcholine (ACh). ACh diffuses across cleft, binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane, opening Na⁺ channels. If threshold reached, a new action potential fires. Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh in the cleft to stop the signal. 'Ca²⁺ comes in, vesicles kiss and spit ACh.'
胆碱能突触：动作电位到达突触前扣，Ca²⁺ 通道打开，Ca²⁺ 内流，囊泡融合释放乙酰胆碱。ACh 扩散穿越突触间隙，与后膜受体结合，打开 Na⁺ 通道。若达阈值，产生新动作电位。乙酰胆碱酯酶在间隙降解 ACh 终止信号。“钙进来，囊泡亲一下吐出 ACh”。
5. Hormonal Communication | 激素通信
Blood glucose regulation e of glucose into cells and conversion to glycogen. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis (glycogen → glucose) and gluconeogenesis. Think 'INsulin = glucose IN; glucagon = glucose GONE (from liver)'.
血糖调节：血糖高时胰岛 β 细胞分泌胰岛素；血糖低时 α 细胞分泌胰高血糖素。胰岛素促进细胞摄入葡萄糖并转为糖原。胰高血糖素促进糖原分解和糖异生。记忆“胰岛素——糖进来；胰高血糖素——糖走了”。
Adrenaline is released from adrenal glands in fight-or-flight response. It binds to receptors on liver cells, activating a G-protein and the second messenger cAMP, which triggers glycogenolysis. This cascade amplifies the signal – one hormone molecule can release many glucose molecules.
肾上腺素在“战或逃”反应中由肾上腺释放。它与肝细胞受体结合，激活 G 蛋白和第二信使 cAMP，引发糖原分解。这一级联放大信号——一个激素分子可释放众多葡萄糖分子。
Type I diabetes: autoimmune destruction of beta cells, little or no insulin produced. Treated with insulin injections. Type II diabetes: target cells become resistant to insulin, often linked to obesity. Managed by diet and exercise. 'Type I – no key; Type II – lock rusty.'
I 型糖尿病：自身免疫破坏 β 细胞，几乎不产生胰岛素，需注射胰岛素治疗。II 型糖尿病：靶细胞对胰岛素产生抵抗，常与肥胖有关，可通过饮食和运动控制。“I 型——没钥匙；II 型——锁生锈”。
6. Plant and Animal Responses | 动植物反应
Phototropism: shoots grow towards light. IAA (auxin) is produced in the shoot tip. When light shines from one side, IAA moves to the shaded side, promoting cell elongation there so the shoot bends towards light. 'IAA runs away from light, cells on dark side stretch, shoot bends bright.'
向光性：茎向着光生长。IAA（生长素）在茎尖产生，单侧光照时 IAA 移到背光侧，促进该侧细胞伸长，茎向光弯曲。“IAA 躲光跑，暗侧细胞拉长，茎向光弯”。
Gravitropism: roots grow downwards (positive), shoots upwards (negative). In roots, IAA accumulates on the lower side and inhibits cell elongation, causing the root to bend down. In shoots, IAA on the lower side promotes elongation, bending up. Remember: 'Roots: IAA low means slow, so tip down; Shoots: IAA low means grow, so tip up.'
向地性：根向下（正向地性），茎向上（负向地性）。根中 IAA 积累在下侧并抑制细胞伸长，导致根向下弯。茎中 IAA 在下侧促进伸长，向上弯。记忆：“根：IAA 多抑制，下侧慢，尖向下；茎：IAA 多促进，下侧快，尖向上”。
Kinesis and taxis irectional movement towards or away from a stimulus (e.g., woodlice moving away from light – e to stimulus intensity (e.g., woodlice moving faster in dry conditions to find humidity). 'Taxis = taxi goes direct; Kinesis = kinetic random.'
趋性和动态：趋性是朝向或背离刺激的定向运动（如潮虫避光——负趋光性）。动态是随刺激强度改变活动速率的非定向反应（如潮虫在干燥时加快移动寻找潮湿）。“趋性如的士直奔；动态如动能乱窜”。
7. Genetics and Inheritance Patterns | 遗传与遗传模式
Codominance: both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype. Example: human AB blood type, where Iᴬ and Iᴮ alleles both produce their own antigens. 'Co- means together, so both colours show.'
共显性：两个等位基因在表型中均等表达。例如人类 AB 血型，Iᴬ 和 Iᴮ 等位基因各自产生抗原。“Co- 意为一起，双色同现”。
Multiple alleles: more than two alleles exist in a population for a gene, though an individual only carries two. ABO blood groups: Iᴬ, Iᴮ, i. Iᴬ and Iᴮ are codominant, both dominant to i. 'Multiple possibilities, but you just pick two.'
复等位基因：一个基因在群体中有多个等位基因，但个体只携带两个。ABO 血型系统：Iᴬ、Iᴮ、i，Iᴬ 与 Iᴮ 共显性，且均对 i 显性。“多种可能，但你只选俩”。
Sex linkage: a gene carried on a sex chromosome, usually the X. Males (XY) express recessive X‑linked traits more often because they have only one X. Examples: haemophilia, red-green colour blindness. 'X marks the spot – men have only one chance.'
伴性遗传：基因位于性染色体上，通常为 X 染色体。男性（XY）更易表现 X 连锁隐性性状，因为他们只有一条 X。如血友病、红绿色盲。“X 标记——男性只有一次机会”。
Autosomal linkage: genes located on the same autosome tend to be inherited together unless crossing over separates them. This reduces the variety of gametes. 'Linked genes stick together like friends on a bus.'
常染色体连锁：位于同一常染色体上的基因倾向于共同遗传，除非交换将其分离。这减少了配子种类。“连锁基因如同共乘巴士的伙伴，黏在一起”。
Epistasis: one gene masks the expression of another. Recessive epistasis (9:3:4 ratio) occurs when homozygous recessive at one locus masks the second locus. Dominant epistasis (12:3:1) occurs when a dominant allele at one locus masks. 'Epi- means upon – one gene stands on top of another.'
上位效应：一个基因掩盖另一基因的表达。隐性上位（9:3:4 比）指一个位点隐性纯合遮盖另一位点。显性上位（12:3:1）指一个位点的显性等位基因起掩盖作用。“Epi- 意为之上——一个基因压住另一个”。
8. Evolution and Population Genetics | 进化与群体遗传学
Hardy-Weinberg principle: predicts allele and genotype frequencies in a non‑evolving population. For a gene with two alleles, p (dominant) and q (recessive):
哈代-温伯格原理：预测非进化群体中等位基因和基因型频率。对于双等位基因，p（显性）和 q（隐性）：
p + q = 1 | p² + 2pq + q² = 1
The five assumptions: large population, random mating, no mutations, no migration, no natural selection. Use the 'five‑finger rule' – one finger for each assumption.
五个假设：大群体、随机交配、无突变、无迁移、无自然选择。用“五指法则”——每根手指代表一个假设。
Genetic drift: random changes in allele frequencies in small populations, more pronounced than in large ones. Founder effect: a small group colonises a new area, carrying only a fraction of original genetic diversity. 'Drift on a small boat – unpredictable; founder plants a flag with limited genes.'
遗传漂变：小群体中等位基因频率的随机变化，较大群体显著。奠基者效应：一小群个体移居新地，只携带原群体基因库的一小部分。“小船上漂移——难测；奠基者插旗，基因有限”。
Allopatric speciation: geographical barrier separates population, preventing gene flow; different selection pressures and genetic drift lead
Published by TutorHao | Year 13 Biology Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图