📚 IGCSE CIE French: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Manual | IGCSE CIE 法语：公式定理速查手册
Mastering IGCSE CIE French is not just about memorising vocabulary—it's about internalising a set of reliable language 'formulas'. These structural patterns govern verb conjugations, pronoun placement, negation, and question formation. By treating grammar rules as mathematical theorems, you can construct accurate sentences with confidence. This manual gathers all essential formulas you need for the exam, presented side by side in English and Chinese for easy reference.
掌握 IGCSE CIE 法语不仅在于背诵词汇，更在于内化一系列可靠的语言“公式”。这些结构模式支配着动词变位、代词位置、否定和疑问句的构成。将语法规则视作数学定理，你就能自信地造出准确的句子。本手册汇集考试必备的所有核心公式，以中英并列呈现，方便查阅。
1. Present Tense Regular Verb Formulas | 现在时规则动词变位公式
For regular -ER verbs like parler (to speak), remove the infinitive ending and add the endings: -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent. For -IR verbs such as finir (to finish), the endings are -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent. For -RE verbs like vendre (to sell), use -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent (no ending for il/elle). These are the basic conjugation theorems.
对于以 -er 结尾的规则动词，如 parler（说），去掉不定式词尾，加上词尾：-e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent。对于以 -ir 结尾的动词，如 finir（完成），词尾为 -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent。对于以 -re 结尾的动词，如 vendre（卖），使用 -s, -s, -, -ons, -ez, -ent（il/elle 无词尾）。这些就是基本的变位定理。
| Subject | Parler (-ER) | Finir (-IR) | Vendre (-RE) |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | parle | finis | vends |
| tu | parles | finis | vends |
| il/elle/on | parle | finit | vend |
| nous | parlons | finissons | vendons |
| vous | parlez | finissez | vendez |
| ils/elles | parlent | finissent | vendent |
2. Direct Object Pronoun Order Formula | 直接宾语代词顺序公式
Direct object pronouns (me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les) replace the noun that directly receives the action. The formula for their placement is: pronoun + verb (in simple tenses) or pronoun + auxiliary + past participle (in compound tenses). In compound tenses like the passe compose, the pronoun comes before the auxiliary, and the past participle agrees in number and gender with the direct object when it precedes the verb. Example: Je l'ai vue (I saw her).
直接宾语代词（me, te, le, la, nous, vous, les）替代直接承受动作的名词。其位置公式为：在简单时态中 代词 + 动词；在复合时态中则 代词 + 助动词 + 过去分词。在复合过去时等复合时态中，代词位于助动词之前，且当直接宾语置于动词之前时，过去分词需与该宾语在性数上配合。例如：Je l'ai vue（我见过她）。
When two pronouns are used, the order formula follows a strict sequence: me/te/se/nous/vous > le/la/les > lui/leur > y > en (except in affirmative imperative, where the order changes). This hierarchy is crucial for accurate sentence construction.
当使用两个代词时，顺序公式严格遵循：me/te/se/nous/vous > le/la/les > lui/leur > y > en（肯定命令式除外，顺序会改变）。这一层级关系对准确构建句子至关重要。
3. Passe Compose (Perfect Tense) Construction Formula | 复合过去时构成公式
The passe compose is a compound past tense formed with the present tense of avoir or etre + past participle. The formula: Subject + auxiliary (avoir/etre present) + past participle. For most verbs, use avoir. A specific set of 'Dr & Mrs Vandertramp' verbs use etre, and the past participle agrees with the subject in gender and number. Example: Elle est allee (She went).
复合过去时是一种复合时态，由 avoir 或 etre 的现在时 + 过去分词构成。公式：主语 + 助动词（avoir/etre 现在时） + 过去分词。大多数动词使用 avoir。一组称为“Dr & Mrs Vandertramp”的动词使用 etre，此时过去分词需与主语在性和数上配合。例如：Elle est allee（她去了）。
-u (vendu). Many irregular past participles must be memorised (e.g., fait, dit, vu, pris).
过去分词的构成亦有公式：-ER 动词 → -e（parle）；-IR 动词 → -i（fini）；-RE 动词 → -u（vendu）。但许多不规则过去分词需要额外记忆（如 fait, dit, vu, pris）。
4. Imparfait (Imperfect Tense) Formula | 未完成过去时公式
The imparfait describes ongoing or habitual past actions. Its formula is deceptively simple: take the nous form of the present tense, drop -ons, add -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. For example, from nous parlons → stem parl- → je parlais, tu parlais, etc. The only irregular verb in the imparfait is etre, whose stem is et-, giving j'etais.
未完成过去时描述过去持续或习惯性的动作。其公式看似简单：取现在时 nous 的变位形式，去掉 -ons，加上 -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。例如，通过 nous parlons → 词干 parl- → je parlais, tu parlais 等。唯一在未完成过去时不规则的动词是 etre，其词干为 et-，构成 j'etais。
This tense often works in tandem with the passe compose to set the scene versus specific events. Recognising the imparfait stem as a universal building block for other tenses (like the conditionnel) is a powerful insight.
该时态常与复合过去时配合使用，以描绘背景与具体事件。意识到未完成过去时词干还可作为其他时态（如条件式）的通用构件，是一种强大的学习认知。
| Subject | Parler (stem: parl-) |
|---|---|
| je | parlais |
| tu | parlais |
| il/elle | parlait |
| nous | parlions |
| vous | parliez |
| ils/elles | parlaient |
5. Futur Simple (Simple Future) Formula | 简单将来时公式
The futur simple expresses what will happen. Its formula: infinitive of the verb + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. For -RE verbs, drop the final -e first. Example: je parlerai, tu finiras, il vendra. A set of irregular stems exist (e.g., aur- for avoir, ser- for etre, ir- for aller, fer- for faire), but the endings remain identical. This consistency reduces memorisation to stems only.
简单将来时表达将要发生的动作。其公式：动词不定式 + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。对于 -RE 动词，需先去掉词尾的 -e。示例：je parlerai, tu finiras, il vendra。存在一组不规则词干（如 avoir 的 aur-, etre 的 ser-, aller 的 ir-, faire 的 fer-），但词尾完全一致。这种一致性使得只需记忆词干即可。
Futur simple = Infinitive (minus final -e if applicable) + -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont
6. Conditionnel Present (Conditional Present) Formula | 条件式现在时公式
The conditionnel present is used for hypothetical actions, polite requests, and si-clauses. Its formula cleverly reuses the futur simple stems and adds imparfait endings: futur stem + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient. For instance, je parlerais (I would speak), tu finirais, ils vendraient. Because stems are identical to the futur, mastering this tense becomes a two-step application: identify future stem, attach imparfait endings.
条件式现在时用于假设行为、礼貌请求以及 si-从句中。其公式巧妙地借用了简单将来时的词干，并加上未完成过去时的词尾：将来时间干 + -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。例如，je parlerais, tu finirais, ils vendraient。由于词干与将来时相同，掌握此只需两步：确定将来时间干，附上未完成去时词尾。
Conditionnel present = Futur stem + Imparfait endings
7. Negation Structure Formula | 否定句结构公式
Negation in French typically wraps around the conjugated verb using the formula: ne + conjugated verb + pas (or jamais, plus, rien, personne, etc.). For compound tenses, the sandwich envelops the auxiliary: ne + auxiliary + pas + past participle. Example: Je ne mange pas (I don't eat); Je n'ai pas mange (I didn't eat). With two verbs, the negation surrounds the conjugated one: Je ne vais pas manger. In the infinitive, ne pas can precede the whole infinitive: Ne pas fumer.
法语否定结构通常围绕变位动词，使用公式：ne + 变位动词 + pas（或其他否定词如 jamais, plus, rien, personne 等）。在复合时态中，这个“三明治”结构包裹助动词：ne + 助动词 + pas + 过去分词。示例：Je ne mange pas（我不吃）；Je n'ai pas mange（我没吃）。当有两个动词时，否定词围绕第一个变位动词：Je ne vais pas manger。在不定式中，ne pas 可置于整个不定式前：Ne pas fumer。
Remember that ne becomes n' before a vowel or mute h. The second element varies (plus = no more, rien = nothing, jamais = never), but the structural pattern remains constant.
记住 ne 在元音或哑音 h 前变成 n'。第二个否定要素可以变化（plus 不再，rien 没有东西，jamais 从不），但结构模式恒定不变。
8. Interrogative (Question) Formulas | 疑问句三种公式
IGCSE French requires mastery of three main question formulas. (1) Intonation: simply raise the voice at the end of a statement: Tu aimes le chocolat? (2) Est-ce que + statement: inserts Est-ce que at the beginning, which signals a question without changing word order: Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat? (3) Inversion: inverts the subject pronoun and verb, linked by a hyphen: Aimes-tu le chocolat? Note the added -t- between vowels: A-t-il un stylo? In compound tenses, invert the auxiliary and subject: As-tu fini?
IGCSE 法语要求掌握三种主要疑问公式。（1）语调法：在陈述句末尾提高声调：Tu aimes le chocolat?（2）Est-ce que + 陈述句：在句首插入 Est-ce que，无需改变语序，直接表示疑问：Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat?（3）倒装法：主语代词与动词颠倒，用连字符连接：Aimes-tu le chocolat? 注意在元音之间需插入 -t-：A-t-il un stylo? 复合时态中，倒装助动词与主语：As-tu fini?
For negative questions, surround the inversion with the negation sandwich: Ne manges-tu pas? Memorise these three formulas to adapt flexibly.
对于否定疑问句，将倒装结构放入否定“三明治”中：Ne manges-tu pas? 记忆这三种公式，灵活运用。
9. Comparative and Superlative Formulas | 比较级与最高级公式
Comparatives follow a clear structure. With adjectives: plus/moins/aussi + adjective + que. Example: Il est plus grand que moi (He is taller than me). With nouns: plus de/moins de/autant de + noun + que. For adverbs: plus/moins/aussi + adverb + que. Superlatives use le/la/les plus/moins + adjective or le plus/moins + adverb, with the article agreeing with the subject. E.g.: C'est la plus intelligente (She is the most intelligent). The formula for irregulars like bon/bien must be memorised: meilleur que (better than), mieux que (better, for adverbs).
比较级遵循清晰结构。形容词比较：plus/moins/aussi + 形容词 + que。示例：Il est plus grand que moi。名词比较：plus de/moins de/autant de + 名词 + que。副词比较：plus/moins/aussi + 副词 + que。最高级使用 le/la/les plus/moins + 形容词 或 le plus/moins + 副词，冠词与主语性数配合。例如：C'est la plus intelligente。不规则形式需记忆：bon → meilleur que，bien → mieux que。
10. Relative Pronouns qui, que, dont Formula | 关系代词 qui, que, dont 使用规则
Relative pronouns connect clauses and replace a noun. Qui is the subject of the relative clause: La fille qui parle (The girl who is speaking). Que is the direct object: La pomme que je mange (The apple that I eat). Dont replaces de + noun: Le livre dont j'ai besoin (The book that I need, literally 'of which I have need'). A useful decision theorem: ask whether the missing element is subject (use qui), direct object (use que), or a phrase with de (use dont). This eliminates guesswork.
关系代词连接从句并替代名词。Qui 作从句的主语：La fille qui parle。Que 作直接宾语：La pomme que je mange。Dont 替代 de + 名词：Le livre dont j'ai besoin（我需要的那本书）。一个实用的决策定理：判断缺失的成分是主语（用 qui）、直接宾语（用 que），还是带有 de 的短语（用 dont）。这避免了猜词。
11. Adverbial Pronouns y and en Placement Formula | 副代词 y 和 en 的位置公式
The pronouns y (replaces a location or a + thing) and en (replaces de + noun or quantity) follow a strict position formula. In simple tenses: y/en + verb. In compound tenses: y/en + auxiliary + past participle. When combined with other object pronouns, they occupy the last two slots according to the order formula: me/te/se/nous/vous — le/la/les — lui/leur — y — en. Example: Je lui en ai donne (I gave some to him/her).
代词 y（替代地点或 a + 事物）和 en（替代 de + 名词或数量）遵循严格的位置公式。在简单时态中：y/en + 动词。在复合时态中：y/en + 助动词 + 过去分词。与其他宾语代词连用时，它们按照顺序公式占据末两位：me/te/se/nous/vous — le/la/les — lui/leur — y — en。示例：Je lui en ai donne（我给了他/她一些）。
Note that en is used with expressions of quantity: J'en ai deux (I have two of them). And y with verbs like penser a: J'y pense (I'm thinking about it).
注意 en 用于数量表达：J'en ai deux。而 y 用于如 penser a 等动词：J'y pense。
12. Essential Irregular Verb Quick-Reference Formulas | 必备不规则动词速查公式
Some verbs defy standard conjugation theorems and must be memorised as crystalline patterns. Here are the present-tense 'formulas' for four powerhouse irregulars: etre, avoir, aller, faire. Treat these tables as immediate lookup equations.
有些动词不遵守标准变位定理，必须以清晰模式记忆。以下是四个核心不规则动词的现在时“公式”：etre, avoir, aller, faire。将下表作为即时查阅方程。
| Subject | etre (to be) | avoir (to have) | aller (to go) | faire (to do/make) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | suis | ai | vais | fais |
| tu | es | as | vas | fais |
| il/elle | est | a | va | fait |
| nous | sommes | avons | allons | faisons |
| vous | etes | avez | allez | faites |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | vont | font |
Knowing these four fully unlocks countless compound and semi-auxiliary constructions. Their past participles (ete, eu, alle, fait) also feed the passe compose. Commit them to memory like multiplication tables.
完全掌握这四个动词将解锁无数复合和半助动词结构。它们的过去分词（ete, eu, alle, fait）也贯穿复合过去时。像背乘法表一样彻底记住它们。
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