📚 Year 13 OCR Physics: Formula & Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 13 OCR 物理：公式定理速查手册
This handbook provides a concise collection of essential formulas and theorems for Year 13 OCR A Level Physics. It covers core topics from mechanics and electricity to quantum phenomena and nuclear physics, serving as a rapid reference for revision and problem-solving.
本手册汇集了Year 13 OCR A Level物理的核心公式与定理，涵盖力学、电学、量子现象及核物理等关键模块，可作为复习与解题的速查工具。
1. Kinematics & Dynamics | 运动学与动力学
v = u + at
Final velocity equals initial velocity plus acceleration multiplied by time, applicable when acceleration is constant.
末速度等于初速度加上加速度与时间的乘积，适用于匀加速运动。
s = ut + ½at²
Displacement under constant acceleration is the sum of the product of initial velocity and time plus half the acceleration times the square of time.
匀加速运动中的位移等于初速度乘以时间加上二分之一的加速度乘以时间的平方。
v² = u² + 2as
The square of final velocity equals the square of initial velocity plus twice the acceleration multiplied by displacement.
末速度的平方等于初速度的平方加上两倍的加速度与位移的乘积。
s = ½(u + v)t
Displacement equals the average velocity multiplied by time.
位移等于平均速度乘以时间。
F = ma
Newton's second law: the resultant force on an object is equal to its mass times its acceleration.
牛顿第二定律：物体所受合外力等于质量乘以加速度。
p = mv
Linear momentum is the product of mass and velocity.
线动量等于质量与速度的乘积。
FΔt = Δp
Impulse (force multiplied by time) equals the change in momentum.
冲量（力与时间乘积）等于动量的变化量。
v = ωr
For circular motion, linear speed is the product of angular speed and radius.
在圆周运动中，线速度等于角速度乘以半径。
ω = 2πf = 2π/T
Angular speed can be expressed in terms of frequency or period.
角速度可以用频率或周期来表示。
a = v²/r = rω²
Centripetal acceleration is directed towards the centre of the circle.
向心加速度指向圆心，其大小可用线速度或角速度表达。
F = mv²/r = mrω²
Centripetal force is the net force causing circular motion, given by these equivalent expressions.
向心力是产生圆周运动的净力，可由上述两种等效表达式给出。
2. Work, Energy & Power | 功、能量与功率
W = Fs cosθ
Work done by a constant force is the product of the force, displacement, and the cosine of the angle between them.
恒力所做的功等于力、位移以及两者夹角余弦的乘积。
Eₖ = ½mv²
Kinetic energy of an object of mass m moving with speed v.
质量为m、速度为v的物体的动能。
ΔEₚ = mgΔh
Change in gravitational potential energy near the Earth's surface.
地球表面附近重力势能的变化量。
E = ½kx²
Elastic potential energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring with spring constant k.
劲度系数为k的弹簧在拉伸或压缩时储存的弹性势能。
P = W/t = Fv
Power is the rate of doing work; for a constant force and velocity, it equals force times velocity.
功率是做功的速率；当力与速度同向且恒定时，功率等于力乘速度。
3. Materials | 材料
σ = F/A
Stress is the force applied per unit cross-sectional area.
应力是单位横截面积上所施加的力。
ε = ΔL/L
Strain is the extension per unit original length.
应变是单位原长上的伸长量。
E = σ/ε = FL/(AΔL)
Young modulus is the ratio of stress to strain within the limit of proportionality. The second form is practical for experiments.
杨氏模量是在比例极限内应力与应变的比值；第二个变形公式常用于实验计算。
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