📚 IGCSE OCR Music: Glossary of Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | IGCSE OCR 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical terminology is essential for success in IGCSE OCR Music. Whether you are describing a piece in a listening exam or writing a composition commentary, precise vocabulary helps you express musical ideas clearly and earns marks for accurate knowledge. This quick revision guide organises key terms by category, pairs English definitions with Chinese translations, and provides memory hooks to help you recall them under pressure.
掌握音乐术语是 IGCSE OCR 音乐考试取得好成绩的关键。无论是在听力考试中描述作品，还是在创作评论中表达观点，精确的词汇都能帮助你清晰地传达音乐思想，并赢得准确的分数。这份速记指南按类别归纳了核心术语，配对英文定义与中文翻译，并提供记忆锚点，助你在考前压力下轻松回忆。
1. Dynamics | 力度术语
Dynamics denote the relative volume of sound, from the softest whisper to the most thunderous climax. Italian terms are standard across most Western music.
力度标记表示声音的相对大小，从最轻柔的耳语到雷鸣般的高潮。大多数西方音乐使用意大利语术语。
pianissimo (pp) means very soft, literally 'very quiet'.
pianissimo（极弱，pp） 意为非常轻柔，字面意“非常安静”。
piano (p) means soft.
piano（弱，p） 表示轻声。
mezzo piano (mp) means moderately soft.
mezzo piano（中弱，mp） 意为中等轻柔。
mezzo forte (mf) means moderately loud.
mezzo forte（中强，mf） 意为中等响亮。
forte (f) means loud.
forte（强，f） 表示响亮。
fortissimo (ff) means very loud.
fortissimo（极强，ff） 表示非常响亮。
crescendo (cresc.) means gradually getting louder.
crescendo（渐强，cresc.） 意为逐渐变强。
diminuendo (dim.) or decrescendo (decresc.) means gradually getting softer.
diminuendo（渐弱，dim.） 或 decrescendo（渐弱） 表示逐渐变轻。
sforzando (sfz) means a sudden strong accent on a single note or chord.
sforzando（突强，sfz） 意为在单个音符或和弦上突然加重。
subito means suddenly; often used with a dynamic like subito piano (suddenly soft).
subito 表示突然地；常与力度词连用，如 subito piano（突弱）。
2. Tempo | 速度术语
Tempo describes the speed of the beat. The following terms are frequently tested, along with their approximate metronome ranges and modifications.
速度描述节拍的快慢。以下术语常被考查，还常伴有速度变化修饰词。
largo means very slow and broad (c. 40-60 bpm).
largo（广板） 非常缓慢而宽广，约每分钟40-60拍。
adagio means slow and stately (c. 66-76 bpm).
adagio（柔板） 意为缓慢而庄严，约每分钟66-76拍。
andante means at a walking pace (c. 76-108 bpm).
andante（行板） 意为行走的速度，约每分钟76-108拍。
moderato means at a moderate speed (c. 108-120 bpm).
moderato（中板） 意为中等的速度，约每分钟108-120拍。
allegro means fast and lively (c. 120-168 bpm).
allegro（快板） 意为快速而活泼，约每分钟120-168拍。
vivace means very lively and fast (c. 168-176 bpm).
vivace（活板） 意为非常活泼快速，约每分钟168-176拍。
presto means very very fast (c. 168-200 bpm).
presto（急板） 意为极快，约每分钟168-200拍。
accelerando (accel.) means gradually getting faster.
accelerando（渐快，accel.） 意为逐渐加速。
rallentando (rall.) and ritardando (rit.) both mean gradually getting slower; ritenuto (riten.) implies a more immediate slower pace.
rallentando（渐慢，rall.） 和 ritardando（渐慢，rit.） 都表示逐渐减速；ritenuto（突慢，riten.） 则指更突然的放慢。
rubato means robbed time: a flexible tempo for expressive effect, with slight speeding up and slowing down.
rubato（自由速度） 意为“被偷走的时间”：为表现力而灵活处理速度，有微小的加速与减速。
a tempo means return to the original speed after a deviation.
a tempo（回原速） 表示偏离后回到原本的速度。
3. Expression & Articulation | 表情与演奏法
These terms tell performers how to shape notes and phrases, and convey emotion. Articulation markings are essential for stylistic accuracy.
这些术语告诉演奏者如何塑造音符和乐句，并传达情感。演奏法标记对于风格准确性至关重要。
legato means smoothly connected; notes are played with no perceptible break between them.
legato（连奏） 意为平滑地连接，音符之间无明显间断。
staccato means short and detached; the note is played for about half its written value.
staccato（断奏） 意为短促而分离，音符演奏时值约为记谱的一半。
tenuto means held for its full value, or slightly emphasised.
tenuto（保持音） 表示奏足时值，或稍稍加以强调。
accent (> or sfz) means a sudden emphasis on a note, often with a sharp attack.
accent（重音，记号>或sfz） 意为对音符的突然加强，常伴有尖锐的起奏。
marcato means marked and strongly accented, with each note given a distinct punch.
marcato（强调重音） 意为突出、强有力地加重，每个音符都有鲜明的冲劲。
pizzicato (pizz.) means pluck the string with the finger (on string instruments).
pizzicato（拨弦，pizz.） 意为用手指拨奏琴弦（弦乐器）。
arco means with the bow (used after a pizzicato passage).
arco（用弓） 表示用弓拉奏（在拨弦段落之后使用）。
con sordino means with mute; a device that softens and changes the timbre of the instrument.
con sordino（加弱音器） 意为使用弱音器，一种软化并改变乐器音色的装置。
senza sordino means without mute; remove the mute.
senza sordino（取下弱音器） 意为不用弱音器，取下弱音器。
dolce means sweetly; a direction to play tenderly and softly.
dolce（甜美的） 意为甜美地演奏，温柔而轻柔。
espressivo (espr.) means expressively, with feeling and nuance.
espressivo（富有表情的，espr.） 意为富有表情地演奏，带有情感和细微变化。
cantabile means in a singing style, imitating the human voice.
cantabile（如歌的） 意为模仿人声的演唱风格，歌唱般地演奏。
fermata (pause sign) means hold the note or rest longer than its written value, at the discretion of the performer or conductor.
fermata（延长记号） 表示将音符或休止符延长，时长由演奏者或指挥决定。
4. Form & Structure | 曲式与结构
Understanding structure helps you map out a piece in a listening test and discuss how musical ideas are organised. Recognisable forms are often tied to specific historical periods.
理解结构能帮助你在听力测试中勾勒乐曲轮廓，并讨论音乐材料如何组织。可识别的曲式常与特定历史时期相联系。
binary form (AB) consists of two contrasting sections, each usually repeated. Common in Baroque dance suites.
二部曲式（AB） 由两个对比段落组成，各自通常反复。常见于巴洛克舞曲组曲中。
ternary form (ABA) has an opening A section, a contrasting B section, and a return of the A section. Often found in Classical minuets and Romantic character pieces.
三部曲式（ABA） 包含开头的A段、对比的B段和A段再现。常见于古典时期小步舞曲及浪漫派特性小曲。
rondo form (ABACA or ABACABA) alternates a recurring main theme (A) with contrasting episodes (B, C, etc.). Typical of final movements in Classical concertos and symphonies.
回旋曲式（ABACA 或 ABACABA） 以反复出现的主部主题（A）与对比插部交替。典型用于古典协奏曲与交响曲的末乐章。
theme and variations presents a theme followed by a series of varied versions, changing melody, rhythm, harmony, or texture while retaining the theme's structure.
主题与变奏 先呈示主题，随后接若干变奏，改变旋律、节奏、和声或织体，但保留主题的结构骨架。
strophic form uses the same music for each stanza of a song (typical in hymns and folk music).
分节歌形式 歌曲的每一段歌词都配以相同的音乐（常见于赞美诗和民谣）。
through-composed means the music is continuously new, with little or no repetition of whole sections; common in art songs that follow the text's narrative.
通谱体 意指音乐不断向前发展，整段很少重复；常见于追随文本叙事的艺术歌曲中。
sonata form is a large-scale structure with three main parts: exposition (introduces two contrasting themes in different keys), development (transforms and modulates the themes), and recapitulation (restates both themes in the home key). Often includes a coda at the end.
奏鸣曲式 是一种大型结构，包含三大部分：呈示部（在不同调性上引入两个对比主题）、展开部（对主题进行变形与转调）和再现部（在主调上重新陈述两个主题）。末尾常附有尾声（coda）。
5. Texture | 织体
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate to each other. Being able to name the texture accurately is a top-tier listening skill.
织体描述同时听到的声部层次数量以及它们之间的关系。能准确说出织体名称是一项高阶听力技能。
monophonic (monophony) means a single melodic line with no accompaniment; all performers play or sing the same notes in unison or octaves.
单声织体（monophony） 意为只有一条旋律线，无伴奏；所有演奏者唱奏相同的音，或相差八度。
homophonic (homophony) means a melody with accompanying chords or harmony. This is the most common texture in Western popular and Classical music from the Classical period onward.
主调织体（homophony） 意为一条旋律伴有和弦或和声。这是古典时期以来西方流行音乐和古典音乐最常见的织体。
polyphonic (polyphony) means two or more independent melodic lines interweaving simultaneously. Imitative polyphony (e.g. a fugue) is a strict form of this texture.
复调织体（polyphony） 意为两条或以上独立的旋律线同时交织。模仿式复调（如赋格）是这种织体的严格形式。
heterophonic (heterophony) means simultaneous variations of a single melody by different performers, common in folk music and some world traditions.
支声织体（heterophony） 意为不同声部同时奏唱同一条旋律的变体，常见于民间音乐和部分世界音乐传统。
homorhythmic is a type of homophony where all parts move in the same rhythm (e.g. a hymn tune).
同节奏织体 是主调织体的一种，所有声部节奏一致（如赞美诗曲调）。
melody and accompaniment is another way to describe homophony, emphasising the separation between the foreground tune and the background chords.
旋律加伴奏 是描述主调织体的另一种方式，强调前景旋律与背景和弦的分离。
unison means all parts sounding the same pitches (or in octaves); often used for dramatic effect or to reinforce a theme.
齐奏/齐唱（unison） 表示所有声部演奏相同的音高（或八度）；常用于制造戏剧效果或强化主题。
6. Melody & Pitch | 旋律与音高
Melody is the horizontal dimension of music. Analysing its shape, range, and motion reveals a composer's intent. Learn these terms to describe melodic features precisely.
旋律是音乐的水平维度。分析其轮廓、音域和运动方式能揭示作曲家的意图。掌握这些术语以精确描述旋律特征。
conjunct motion means stepwise movement between adjacent notes (tones or semitones).
级进（conjunct） 指音符沿着相邻的音级（全音或半音）移动。
disjunct motion means movement by leaps (intervals larger than a tone). Large leaps create an angular, dramatic effect.
跳进（disjunct） 指音符以跳进（大于全音的音程）移动。大跳进产生棱角分明、戏剧性的效果。
sequence is the repetition of a melodic phrase at a higher or lower pitch.
模进（sequence） 意为旋律乐句在更高或更低的音高上重复。
ostinato is a persistently repeated rhythmic or melodic pattern, often used in film scores and minimalism.
固定音型（ostinato） 是一个不断重复的节奏或旋律形态，常用于电影配乐和简约派音乐中。
phrase is a musical sentence, usually ending with a cadence; it is often 2, 4, or 8 bars long.
乐句（phrase） 像一个音乐句子，通常以终止式结束；常为2、4或8小节长。
motif is a short, distinctive musical idea that can be developed throughout a piece.
动机（motif） 是一个短小而富有特征的乐思，可以在全曲中发展。
imitation occurs when one part copies the melody of another part, sometimes at a different pitch (canon is strict imitation).
模仿（imitation） 当一个声部在另一个声部之后重复其旋律时出现，有时音高不同（卡农是严格的模仿）。
inversion means turning a melodic idea upside down: if the original goes up a third, the inversion goes down a third.
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