📚 IGCSE AQA Engineering: Rapid Recall Guide to Key Terms | IGCSE AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is the first step to success in your IGCSE AQA Engineering exam. This guide breaks down essential terms into clear, memorable explanations, helping you build confidence with technical language used in materials, processes, systems, and design. Each term is presented with a concise English definition followed by an equivalent Chinese explanation to reinforce your understanding. Use this resource to revise efficiently and apply the correct terminology in exam answers.
掌握工程词汇是 IGCSE AQA 工程考试成功的第一步。本指南将基本术语分解为清晰、易记的解释，帮助你在材料、工艺、系统与设计等方面建立对技术语言的信心。每个术语先给出简明的英文定义，再辅以对应的中文解释，以加深你的理解。使用本资源高效复习，在答题时准确运用术语。
1. Mechanical Properties Overview | 力学性能总览
The behaviour of materials under applied forces is described by a set of mechanical properties. These determine how a material can be shaped, used, and how it will fail. Knowing these terms is vital when selecting materials for an engineered product.
材料在受力作用下的行为由一组力学性能来描述。这些性能决定了材料如何成形、使用以及将如何失效。为工程产品选材时，了解这些术语至关重要。
- Strength: The ability of a material to withstand an applied force without breaking or permanently bending.
强度：材料承受外力而不破裂或永久变形的能力。 - Toughness: The ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing. A tough material can withstand impact.
韧性：材料吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。韧性材料能承受冲击。 - Hardness: Resistance to indentation, scratching, or surface wear. Hard materials resist shaping but maintain sharp edges.
硬度：抵抗压入、划伤或表面磨损的能力。硬材料难加工，但能保持锋利边缘。 - Elasticity: The ability to return to original shape after the load is removed. Think of a spring.
弹性：卸除载荷后恢复原始形状的能力，如弹簧。 - Plasticity (ductility/malleability): The ability to be permanently deformed without breaking. Ductile materials can be drawn into wires; malleable materials can be hammered into sheets.
塑性（延展性/可锻性）：发生永久变形而不破裂的能力。延展性材料可拉成丝；可锻性材料可锤成薄片。 - Stiffness: Resistance to bending or deflection when a force is applied. A stiff material does not easily change shape.
刚度：受力时抵抗弯曲或挠度的能力。刚性材料不易改变形状。
2. Physical and Thermal Properties | 物理与热学性能
Beyond mechanical behaviour, physical and thermal characteristics influence how a material is processed and performs in its environment. These properties include density, conductivity, and expansion, which are frequently tested in the context of component selection.
除力学行为外，物理与热学特性也影响材料的加工方式及其在使用环境中的表现。这些性能包括密度、导电率和膨胀性，在部件选材的题目中常被考查。
- Density: Mass per unit volume (kg/m³). Lightweight metals like aluminium have low density, ideal for aerospace.
密度：单位体积的质量（千克/立方米）。铝等轻质金属密度低，适合航空航天。 - Thermal conductivity: The rate at which heat passes through a material. Copper is an excellent thermal conductor.
导热性：热量通过材料的速率。铜是优良的热导体。 - Electrical conductivity: The ability to allow electric current to flow. Silver is the best conductor, but copper is widely used.
导电性：允许电流通过的能力。银的导电性最好，但铜被广泛使用。 - Thermal expansion: The tendency of a material to increase in size when heated. Bridge expansion joints allow for this movement.
热膨胀：材料受热时尺寸增大的趋势。桥梁伸缩缝即为适应这种运动而设。 - Corrosion resistance: The ability to withstand chemical attack from the environment. Stainless steel resists rust due to its chromium content.
耐腐蚀性：抵抗环境化学侵蚀的能力。不锈钢因含铬而防锈。
3. Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metals | 黑色金属与有色金属
Metals are divided into ferrous (containing iron) and non-ferrous categories. Ferrous metals often exhibit magnetic properties and are prone to rust unless alloyed. Non-ferrous metals are typically more corrosion-resistant and lighter.
金属分为黑色金属（含铁）和有色金属。黑色金属通常具有磁性，若非合金化则易生锈。有色金属一般更耐腐蚀且较轻。
| Term | English Definition | 中文解释 |
|---|---|---|
| Mild steel | Low carbon steel (0.15–0.30% carbon), strong and cheap, used for car bodies and construction. | 低碳钢（碳含量 0.15–0.30%），强度高、价格低，用于车体与建筑。 |
| Cast iron | Iron with 2–4% carbon, very hard but brittle, good for machine beds and manhole covers. | 碳含量 2–4% 的铁，很硬但脆，适用于机床床身和井盖。 |
| Stainless steel | Alloy of iron, chromium, and nickel; high corrosion resistance, used for kitchenware and surgical tools. | 铁、铬、镍的合金，高耐腐蚀性，用于餐具与手术器械。 |
| Aluminium | Lightweight non-ferrous metal with good conductivity and corrosion resistance; used in aircraft, cans. | 轻质有色金属，导电性好且耐腐蚀；用于飞机、易拉罐。 |
| Copper | Excellent electrical and thermal conductor, ductile; used for wiring and plumbing. | 优良的电、热导体，延展性好；用于布线与管道。 |
| Brass | Alloy of copper and zinc, good corrosion resistance, decorative, used for musical instruments. | 铜锌合金，耐腐蚀性好、装饰性强，用于乐器。 |
4. Polymers: Thermoplastics vs Thermosets | 聚合物：热塑性塑料与热固性塑料
Polymers are long-chain molecules categorised by their response to heat. Thermoplastics can be repeatedly softened and reshaped, while thermosets undergo a chemical change that makes them permanently hard. Understanding these categories helps in choosing manufacturing methods.
聚合物是长链分子，按其受热反应分类。热塑性塑料可反复软化和重新塑形，而热固性塑料发生化学变化后永久硬化。了解这些类别有助于选择制造方法。
- Thermoplastic: A plastic that becomes pliable or mouldable above a specific temperature and solidifies upon cooling. The process is reversible. Examples: acrylic, polythene, PVC.
热塑性塑料：在特定温度以上变软可塑、冷却后固化的塑料，过程可逆。例如亚克力、聚乙烯、聚氯乙烯。 - Thermoset: A plastic that is irreversibly hardened by curing, often using heat. Once set, it cannot be re-melted. Examples: epoxy resin, melamine, urea formaldehyde.
热固性塑料：通过热或固化剂不可逆地硬化，一旦定型便不能重新熔化。例如环氧树脂、三聚氰胺、脲醛树脂。 - Elastomer: A polymer with elastic properties, capable of large extension and recovery. Natural rubber and silicone are elastomers.
弹性体：具有弹性的聚合物，可大幅拉伸并恢复。天然橡胶和硅胶均属弹性体。
5. Composites and Smart Materials | 复合材料与智能材料
Modern engineering increasingly relies on composites that combine two or more distinct materials to achieve superior properties, and on smart materials that react to environmental changes. Recognising these terms demonstrates awareness of advanced manufacturing.
现代工程日益依赖复合材料（将两种以上不同材料结合以获得更优性能）和智能材料（对环境变化作出反应）。熟悉这些术语可以展示你对先进制造的了解。
- Composite: A material made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical properties. Example: glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) combines glass fibres with a polymer matrix.
复合材料：由两种或两种以上物理或化学性质显著不同的材料组合而成。例如玻璃钢（GRP）将玻璃纤维与聚合物基体结合。 - Carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP): A very strong, lightweight composite used in sports equipment and F1 cars.
碳纤维增强聚合物（CFRP）：一种高强度轻质复合材料，用于运动器材和 F1 赛车。 - Shape memory alloy (SMA): A metal that returns to its pre-deformed shape when heated. Nitinol is used in medical stents and actuators.
形状记忆合金（SMA）：加热后能恢复到变形前形状的金属。镍钛诺用于医疗支架和执行器。 - Photochromic material: Changes colour when exposed to UV light; used in reactive spectacle lenses.
光致变色材料：受紫外线照射时改变颜色；用于变色镜片。 - Thermochromic material: Changes colour with temperature change; used in thermometers and mood rings.
热致变色材料：随温度变化而变色；用于温度计和情绪戒指。
6. Manufacturing Processes: Casting and Forming | 制造工艺：铸造与成形
Turning raw materials into products involves several key processes. Casting pours molten material into a mould, while forming reshapes material without melting. Precise terminology is essential when evaluating the sustainability and cost of each method.
将原材料变为成品涉及多项关键工艺。铸造将熔融材料倒入模具，而成形在不熔化的情况下改变材料形状。评估各工艺的可持续性与成本时，精确的术语至关重要。
- Sand casting: Molten metal is poured into a sand mould. Low cost for large parts, but surface finish is rough.
砂型铸造：将熔融金属倒入砂模中。大件成本低，但表面粗糙。 - Die casting: Molten metal is forced under high pressure into a metal mould. High accuracy and smooth finish, used for zinc or aluminium alloys.
压力铸造：熔融金属在高压下注入金属模具。精度高、表面光洁，用于锌或铝合金。 - Forging: Shaping metal using compressive force, often while hot. Improves strength by aligning grain structure.
锻造：利用压缩力（通常加热）使金属成形。通过理顺晶粒结构来提升强度。 - Extrusion: Forcing material through a die to create long shapes with a uniform cross-section, like window frames.
挤压：将材料压过模具以形成等截面长条形状，如窗框。
7. Joining and Assembly Techniques | 连接与装配技术
Components are rarely made as single pieces; they must be assembled. Joining methods include mechanical fasteners, adhesives, and welding. Selecting the right technique depends on materials, load requirements, and whether the joint needs to be permanent or temporary.
部件很少做成单件，必须进行组装。连接方法包括机械紧固件、胶粘剂和焊接。选择何种技术取决于材料、载荷要求以及接头需要永久性还是临时性。
- Welding: Fusing two metal parts by melting material at the joint, sometimes with filler. Produces a strong, permanent bond.
焊接：通过熔化接头处金属（有时加焊料）来熔合两个金属件，形成牢固永久接头。 - Brazing: Joining metals using a filler metal that melts above 450°C, but below the melting point of the base parts. Capillary action draws filler into the gap.
钎焊：使用熔点高于 450°C 但低于母材熔点的填充金属进行连接。靠毛细作用吸入接缝。 - Soldering: Similar to brazing but at temperatures below 450°C. Used in electronics to create conductive joints.
软钎焊：与钎焊类似，但温度低于 450°C，用于电子产品形成导电路径。 - Bolting/Screwing: A temporary joint allowing disassembly. Threaded fasteners provide clamping force. Consider metric (M6, M8) designations.
螺栓连接/螺钉连接：可拆卸的临时接头，螺纹紧固件提供夹持力。注意公制（M6, M8）表示法。 - Adhesive bonding: Uses epoxy or cyanoacrylate glue to join materials. Can be used on dissimilar materials and spreads load evenly.
胶接：用环氧树脂或氰基丙烯酸酯胶粘接材料。可用于异种材料，应力分布均匀。
8. Systems and Control Terminology | 系统与控制术语
Engineering systems integrate mechanical, electrical, and software elements. Understanding input, process, output, and feedback loops is fundamental. These terms appear in exam questions on automation and mechatronics.
工程系统融合机械、电气与软件要素。理解输入、处理、输出和反馈回路是基础知识。这些术语会出现在自动化和机电一体化的考题中。
- Input: A signal or physical quantity entering a system, e.g. a sensor detecting temperature.
输入：进入系统的信号或物理量，如传感器检测温度。 - Process: The action taken by a controller or circuit, e.g. comparing sensor value to a set point.
处理：控制器或电路执行的动作，例如将传感器数值与设定点比较。 - Output: The result of the process, e.g. a motor turning on to adjust a valve.
输出：处理产生的结果，如电机开启以调节阀门。 - Feedback: Using output information to modify the input. Negative feedback reduces error, used in thermostats.
反馈：利用输出信息修正输入。负反馈能减小误差，用于恒温器。 - Open-loop system: No feedback; output does not influence input, e.g. a simple timer-operated electric heater.
开环系统：无反馈，输出不影响输入，如简单的定时电暖器。 - Closed-loop system: Self-regulating with feedback; e.g. a servo motor with an encoder maintains position accuracy.
闭环系统：借助反馈实现自调节，如带有编码器的伺服电机维持位置精度。
9. Forces, Loads and Motion | 力、载荷与运动
Engineering components experience various types of forces and loads. Describing them precisely shows analytical skill. Terms like tension, compression, and torsion are used to predict failure and decide on structural shapes.
工程部件承受各种力与载荷。精确描述这些力表明分析能力。拉伸、压缩、扭转等术语用于预测失效和决定结构形状。
- Tension: A pulling force that tries to stretch a member. Cables in a bridge are in tension.
拉伸：试图拉长构件的拉力。桥中缆索受拉。 - Compression: A pushing force that tries to shorten a member. Pillars are under compression.
压缩：试图缩短构件的推力。柱子受压。 - Torsion: Twisting force that causes shear stress. A driveshaft experiences torsion.
扭转：引起剪切应力的扭转力。传动轴承受扭转。 - Shear: Force that causes layers to slide past each other. Rivets are designed to resist shear.
剪切：导致层面相互滑移的力。铆钉设计用于抗剪。 - Bending: A combination of tension and compression caused by a lateral load, e.g. a diving board.
弯曲：侧向载荷引起的拉伸与压缩组合，如跳水板。 - Load: The overall force applied to a structure. Static load is steady; dynamic load varies with time.
载荷：施加于结构的总体力。静载稳定，动载随时间变化。
10. Design Process and Drawings | 设计流程与图纸
The engineering design process moves from a brief to a solution. Formal drawings communicate technical information using standards such as BS 8888. You may be asked to interpret orthographic drawings, dimensions, and welding symbols.
工程设计流程从设计任务书迈向解决方案。正式图纸依据 BS 8888 等标准传递技术信息。考试可能要求你识读正交视图、尺寸和焊接符号。
- Design brief: A statement of the problem and requirements. It drives all subsequent design work.
设计任务书：对问题与要求的陈述，主导后续所有设计工作。 - Specification: A detailed list of criteria the final solution must meet, often using ACCESS FM (Aesthetics, Cost, Customer, Environment, Safety, Size, Function, Materials).
设计规格：对最终方案必须满足标准的详细列表，常使用 ACCESS FM（美学、成本、客户、环境、安全、尺寸、功能、材料）。 - Orthographic projection: A method of representing a 3D object in 2D views (front, side, plan) aligned correctly. Third angle projection is common in the UK.
正交投影：用正确对齐的二维视图（主视图、侧视图、俯视图）表示三维物体。英国常用第三角投影。 - Isometric drawing: A 3D pictorial view where axes are at 120°; measurements can be taken directly from the drawing.
等角（等轴测）图：轴线互成 120° 的三维示意图，可直接按图量取尺寸。 - Dimension lines and tolerances t : Show exact sizes and allowable variation, e.g. 25 ±0.1 mm. Tolerance ensures interchangeable parts.
尺寸线与公差：标明精确尺寸及允许变动量，如 25 ±0.1 mm。公差保证零件互换性。 - CAD (Computer Aided Design): Software used to create precise 2D or 3D models, e.g. Fusion 360. Enables rapid prototyping and simulation.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：用于创建精确二维或三维模型的软件，如 Fusion 360，可实现快速原型与仿真。
11. Sustainability and Lifecycle Analysis | 可持续性与生命周期分析
Modern engineering practice must consider environmental impact. Key terms relate to recycling, energy consumption, and the six stages of a product’s life: extracting raw materials, manufacturing, packaging, transport, use, and disposal. AQA questions often ask you to apply these concepts.
现代工程实践必须考虑环境影响。相关关键术语涉及回收、能耗和产品生命周期的六个阶段：原料开采、制造、包装、运输、使用和废弃。AQA 考题常要求你应用这些概念。
- Lifecycle assessment (LCA): A method for evaluating the environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave.
生命周期评估（LCA）：评估产品从“摇篮到坟墓”环境影响的方法。 - Embodied energy: The total energy required to produce a material or product, including extracting, processing, and transport.
隐含能：生产某种材料或产品所需的总能量，包括开采、加工和运输。 - Recycling: Reprocessing waste material into new products. Aluminium recycling saves 95% of energy compared to primary production.
回收：将废料再加工为新产品。铝回收比原生生产节约 95% 的能源。 - Carbon footprint: The total greenhouse gas emissions caused by a product or activity, expressed as CO₂ equivalent.
碳足迹：某产品或活动导致的温室气体排放总量，以二氧化碳当量表示。 - Design for disassembly (DfD): Products designed to be easily separated into component materials at end of life, aiding recycling.
面向拆卸设计（DfD）：将产品设计为在寿命终结时易于拆分成不同材料，促进回收。
12. Electronics and Circuit Vocabulary | 电子与电路词汇
Basic electronics forms part of the engineering syllabus. Understanding component names, circuit arrangements, and symbols is expected for interpreting simple circuits and analysing potential divider networks.
基础电子学是工程课程大纲的一部分。你需要熟悉元件名称、电路排列和符号，以便解读简单电路和分析分压器网络。
- Resistance (R): Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Fixed resistors have colour bands indicating value.
电阻（R）：对电流的阻碍，单位为欧姆（Ω）。固定电阻器用色环标识阻值。 - Potential difference (voltage, V): The energy transferred per unit charge between two points, measured in volts.
电势差（电压，V）：两点间单位电荷转移的能量，单位为伏特。 - Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
电流（I）：电荷的流动速率，单位为安培（A）。 - Ohm's Law The relationship V = I × R. If voltage is constant, increasing resistance reduces current.
欧姆定律：关系式 V = I × R。若电压恒定，增加电阻会减小电流。 - Series circuit: Components connected end-to-end; current is the same throughout, voltage divides.
串联电路：元件首尾连接，各处电流相等，电压分配。 - Parallel circuit: Components connected side-by-side; voltage is the same across each branch, current divides.
并联电路：元件并排连接，各支路电压相等，电流分配。 - Potential divider: Two resistors in series that split the supply voltage in proportion to their resistances. Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂)). Used in sensor circuits.
分压器：两个串联电阻按比例分配电源电压。Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂))，用于传感器电路。
Vout = Vin × (R₂ / (R₁ + R₂))
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