📚 IGCSE AQA Music: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | IGCSE AQA 音乐：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering musical vocabulary is the key to unlocking the full marks in the IGCSE AQA Music examination. This guide groups essential terms by musical element, pairing each with its Chinese equivalent and clear definitions, so you can systematically build and retain the language you need for listening, performing, and composing with confidence.
掌握音乐词汇是在 IGCSE AQA 音乐考试中获得高分的关键。本指南按照音乐要素把核心术语分组，每个术语都配有中文对照和清晰的定义，帮助你系统地构建并记住听辨、演奏和创作所需的专业语言，自信应对考试。
1. Rhythm and Metre | 节奏与节拍
Rhythm governs the placement of sounds in time, while metre organises beats into regular groups. In the AQA syllabus, you must recognise simple, compound, and irregular time signatures, as well as common rhythmic devices.
节奏控制着声音在时间中的安排，而节拍则将拍子组织成规则的组别。在 AQA 考纲中，你需要识别单拍、复拍和不规则拍号，以及常见的节奏手法。
- Pulse – the steady beat underlying the music. 脉动 – 音乐中持续的拍点。
- Tempo – the speed of the pulse. 速度 – 脉动的快慢。
- Simple metre – beats divide into two equal parts (e.g. 2/4, 3/4, 4/4). 单拍子 – 每拍可分成两个相等的部分（如 2/4, 3/4, 4/4）。
- Compound metre – beats divide into three equal parts (e.g. 6/8, 9/8, 12/8). 复拍子 – 每拍可分成三个相等的部分（如 6/8, 9/8, 12/8）。
- Syncopation – emphasis on a normally weak beat or between beats. 切分音 – 重音落在通常的弱拍或拍子之间。
- Hemiola – a shift from a two-beat grouping to a three-beat grouping (often in Baroque dance music). 赫米奥拉节奏 – 从二拍子分组向三拍子分组的转变（常见于巴洛克舞曲）。
- Triplet – three notes played in the time of two. 三连音 – 在原本两拍的时值内演奏三个音。
- Dotted rhythm – a long note followed by a short note (dotted note + short note). 附点节奏 – 一个长音后接一个短音（附点音符 + 短音）。
- Cross-rhythm – a conflicting rhythmic pattern played simultaneously. 交错节奏 – 同时演奏的相互冲突的节奏型。
- Anacrusis (upbeat) – an incomplete bar at the start of a phrase. 弱起（上拍） – 乐句开头的不完整小节。
2. Pitch and Melody | 音高与旋律
Melody is a sequence of pitches arranged into a coherent musical idea. The AQA exam tests your ability to describe melodic shape, range, intervals, and ornamentation.
旋律是由一系列音高组织成连贯的音乐思想。AQA 考试会考查你描述旋律形态、音域、音程和装饰音的能力。
- Conjunct melody – moves by step. 级进旋律 – 以级进方式运动。
- Disjunct melody – moves by leaps. 跳进旋律 – 以跳跃方式运动。
- Triadic melody – outlines the notes of a triad. 三和弦旋律 – 旋律以大调或小调三和弦的音为骨架。
- Range – the distance between the highest and lowest notes. 音域 – 最高音与最低音之间的距离。
- Passing note – a non-chord note that connects two chord tones by step. 经过音 – 以级进连接两个和弦音的非和弦音。
- Trill – rapid alternation between a note and the note above. 颤音 – 一个音与其上方音快速交替。
- Mordent – a note quickly alternates with the note above (upper mordent) or below (lower mordent) and returns. 波音 – 一个音迅速与上方音（上波音）或下方音（下波音）交替后回到原音。
- Appoggiatura – a leaning note that takes stress and then resolves, often by step. 倚音 – 一个落在强拍、随后级进解决的不协和音。
- Acciaccatura – a very short crushed note before the main note. 短倚音 – 主音前极短的一个装饰音。
- Glissando – a continuous slide between two notes. 滑奏 – 两个音之间的连续滑动。
3. Dynamics and Articulation | 力度与发音法
Dynamics indicate volume, while articulation tells performers how to attack and release notes. Both shape expression and character in a piece.
力度标记音量大小，发音法则告诉演奏者如何触键/发声及收束。两者一起塑造了乐曲的表现力和性格。
- pp (pianissimo) – very soft. 很弱。
- p (piano) – soft. 弱。
- mp (mezzo-piano) – moderately soft. 中弱。
- mf (mezzo-forte) – moderately loud. 中强。
- f (forte) – loud. 强。
- ff (fortissimo) – very loud. 很强。
- Crescendo (cresc.) – gradually getting louder. 渐强。
- Diminuendo (dim.) – gradually getting softer. 渐弱。
- Sforzando (sfz) – a sudden strong accent on a note. 突强。
- Staccato – short and detached. 断奏。
- Legato – smoothly connected. 连奏。
- Tenuto – held for full value, sometimes slightly stressed. 保持音。
- Accent – a note played with extra attack. 重音。
- Marcato – marked and emphasised, stronger than an accent. 加强的、着重的。
4. Tempo and Expression | 速度与表情
Tempo terms are mostly Italian. They give the overarching speed, while expression marks add nuance to how a passage should feel.
速度术语大多源自意大利语。它们规定基本速度，而表情记号则赋予乐段更多微妙的情绪指示。
| Term | Meaning / 中文 |
|---|---|
| Largo | Very slow and broad / 广板 |
| Adagio | Slow and stately / 柔板 |
| Andante | At a walking pace / 行板 |
| Moderato | Moderate speed / 中板 |
| Allegro | Fast and lively / 快板 |
| Presto | Very fast / 急板 |
| Rallentando (rall.) | Gradually slowing down / 渐慢 |
| Accelerando (accel.) | Gradually speeding up / 渐快 |
| Rubato | Expressive flexibility of tempo / 弹性速度 |
| Cantabile | In a singing style / 如歌的 |
| Dolce | Sweetly / 甜美的 |
| Espressivo | Expressively / 富有表情的 |
| Maestoso | Majestic / 庄严的 |
5. Texture and Voicing | 织体与声部
Texture describes how many layers of sound are heard at once and how they relate. Voicing refers to how notes are distributed among parts or within a chord.
织体描述同时听到多少个声音层次以及它们之间的关系。声部安排指的是音符如何在各声部或和弦内部进行分配。
- Monophonic – a single unaccompanied melody. 单声织体 – 一条无伴奏的旋律。
- Homophonic – melody with chordal accompaniment; all parts move together rhythmically. 主调织体 – 旋律加和弦伴奏；所有声部节奏基本一致。
- Polyphonic / Contrapuntal – two or more independent melodic lines woven together. 复调织体 / 对位织体 – 两条或以上独立的旋律线相互交织。
- Melody and accompaniment – a clear melodic line supported by a separate accompaniment. 旋律加伴奏 – 一条清晰的旋律线由独立的伴奏声部支撑。
- Unison – all voices/instruments sing or play the same notes at the same pitch (or octave). 齐奏 / 齐唱 – 所有声部/乐器在同一音高（或八度）上演奏相同音符。
- Imitation – one part copies another shortly after. 模仿 – 一个声部在短时间后重复另一声部的内容。
- Canon – a strict form of imitation where entries overlap for the entire movement. 卡农 – 严格的模仿形式，声部进入后全程重叠。
- Antiphonal – dialogue between groups of performers, often placed in different locations. 对唱 / 交替式 – 表演者群体之间的对话，常分布在不同位置。
- Pedal (or pedal point) – a sustained or repeated note, usually in the bass, while harmonies change above. 持续音 – 通常位于低音声部的一个持续或重复的音，上方和声变化。
- Arpeggiated accompaniment (broken chords) – the notes of a chord are played one after another. 琶音伴奏（分解和弦） – 和弦音依次奏出。
6. Harmony and Tonality | 和声与调性
Harmony studies how chords are constructed and how they follow one another. Tonality concerns the key centre and its sense of home.
和声研究和弦如何构建以及它们如何连接。调性则涉及调性中心及其带来的归属感。
- Diatonic – using only the notes belonging to the prevailing key. 自然音 – 只使用属于当前调性的音。
- Chromatic – using notes outside the key, adding colour and tension. 半音 – 使用调性以外的音，增加色彩与紧张度。
- Major tonality – a key based on a major scale, often sounding bright. 大调 – 以大调音阶为基础的调性，通常听感明亮。
- Minor tonality – a key based on a minor scale, often sounding sad or serious. 小调 – 以小调音阶为基础的调性，通常听感忧伤或深沉。
- Modulation – a change of key within a piece. 转调 – 乐曲内部调性的改变。
- Dominant – the fifth degree of the scale; the chord V, creating a strong pull back to the tonic. 属音 / 属和弦 – 音阶的第五级音；和弦 V，形成强烈回到主和弦的倾向。
- Tonic – the first degree of the scale; the home chord I. 主音 / 主和弦 – 音阶的第一级音；主和弦 I，具有归属感。
- Cadence – a pair of chords that end a phrase. Types: perfect (V-I), plagal (IV-I), imperfect (I/ii/IV-V), interrupted (V-vi). 终止式 – 结束乐句的一对和弦。类型：正格终止（V-I），变格终止（IV-I），不完全终止（I/ii/IV-V），阻碍终止（V-vi）。
- Tierce de Picardie – a final chord of a minor piece turned into major by raising the third. 皮卡迪三度 – 小调作品最后的和弦将三音升高变成大和弦。
- Consonance – a stable, pleasing combination of notes. 协和 – 稳定、悦耳的音结合。
- Dissonance – an unstable, tense combination that seeks resolution. 不协和 – 不稳定、紧张的音结合，需要解决。
7. Form and Structure | 曲式与结构
Form gives a piece its shape by defining the order and recurrence of sections. Identifying musical structures helps you follow the narrative of a work.
曲式通过规定段落的顺序与再现，赋予作品外形。识别音乐结构有助于你跟随作品的叙事逻辑。
- Binary form (AB) – two contrasting sections, each usually repeated. 二段体 (AB) – 两个对比的段落，每段通常重复。
- Ternary form (ABA) – an opening section, a contrasting middle section, and a return of the opening. 三段体 (ABA) – 开头段落、对比的中段、然后回到开头。
- Rondo form (ABACA) – a recurring main theme (A) alternating with contrasting episodes. 回旋曲式 (ABACA) – 不断回归的主题 (A) 与对比插部交替。
- Theme and variations – a theme is presented and then altered in successive statements. 主题与变奏 – 主题呈现后，在随后的变奏中不断变化。
- Strophic – the same music is repeated for each verse (common in songs). 分节歌式 – 每段歌词重复相同的音乐（常见于歌曲）。
- Through-composed – music is continuously new, without large repeated sections. 通谱作曲 – 音乐不断更新，没有大段重复。
- Sonata form – exposition (two contrasting themes), development, recapitulation. 奏鸣曲式 – 呈示部（两个对比主题）、展开部、再现部。
- Introduction – an opening passage that sets the mood, often slower. 引子 – 乐曲开头的段落，设定情绪，常较慢。
- Coda – a concluding passage that rounds off a piece. 尾声 – 结束乐曲的段落。
- Bridge – a linking passage connecting two sections, often modulating. 连接段 – 连接两个段落的过渡部分，经常转调。
8. Instruments and Timbre | 乐器与音色
Timbre (tone colour) is the quality that distinguishes one instrument or voice from another. AQA requires you to identify instruments by family, playing techniques, and ensemble combinations.
音色是区分不同乐器或人声的特质。AQA 要求你根据乐器家族、演奏技法和合奏组合来辨识乐器。
- Strings (bowed): violin, viola, cello, double bass. Techniques: arco (bowed), pizzicato (plucked), tremolo (rapid bowing), con sordino (muted). 弓弦乐器：小提琴、中提琴、大提琴、低音提琴。技法：arco（拉奏）、pizzicato（拨奏）、tremolo（震弓）、con sordino（用弱音器）。
- Woodwind: flute, oboe, clarinet, bassoon. 木管乐器：长笛、双簧管、单簧管、大管。
- Brass: trumpet, French horn, trombone, tuba. 铜管乐器：小号、圆号、长号、大号。
- Percussion: definite pitch (timpani, xylophone, glockenspiel) and indefinite pitch (snare drum, cymbals, triangle, tambourine). 打击乐器：有固定音高（定音鼓、木琴、钟琴）和无固定音高（小军鼓、镲、三角铁、铃鼓）。
- Keyboard: piano, harpsichord, organ. Harpsichord plucks; organ sustains wind through pipes. 键盘乐器：钢琴、羽管键琴、管风琴。羽管键琴拨弦发声；管风琴通过音管送气延续声音。
- Vocal ranges: soprano, mezzo-soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass. 人声类型：女高音、次女高音、女中音、男高音、男中音、男低音。
- Orchestral families: grouped as strings, woodwind, brass, percussion. 管弦乐家族分组：弦乐组、木管组、铜管组、打击乐组。
- Chamber music – small ensemble with one player per part (e.g. string quartet: two violins, viola, cello). 室内乐 – 一个声部只有一位演奏者的小型合奏（如弦乐四重奏：两把小提琴、一把中提琴、一把大提琴）。
- Tutti vs solo – the full ensemble vs a single performer. 全奏与独奏 – 整个乐团齐奏与单个演奏者独奏。
9. Notation Symbols | 记谱符号
Understanding score symbols is essential for score-reading questions. These symbols control pitch, rhythm, repetition, and performance directions.
理解乐谱符号对于读谱类题型至关重要。这些符号控制音高、节奏、重复和演奏指示。
- Treble clef (𝄞) and Bass clef (𝄢) – indicate pitch ranges. 高音谱号 (𝄞) 与低音谱号 (𝄢) – 指示不同的音高范围。
- Time signature: top number = beats per bar; bottom number = beat unit. E.g. 3/4 = three crotchet beats. 拍号：上方数字 = 每小节的拍数；下方数字 = 以何种音符为一拍。如 3/4 = 以四分音符为一拍，每小节三拍。
- Repeat signs: |: … :| means play the enclosed section twice. 反复记号：|: … :| 表示演奏之间的部分两次。
- 1st/2nd time bars: a bracket with "1." and "2." over alternative endings. 第一房子/第二房子：用 "1." 和 "2." 标记的不同的结尾。
- Da capo (D.C.) – from the beginning. 从头反复。
- Dal segno (D.S.) – from the sign (segno). 从记号处反复。
- Fermata (pause) – hold the note longer than its written value. 延长记号 – 将音符延长，超出其书写时值。
- Slur – a curved line indicating legato phrasing. 连线 – 一条弧线，指示连奏乐句划分。
- Tie – a curved line connecting two notes of the same pitch, combining their durations. 延音线 – 连接两个相同音高音符的弧线，合并时值。
- Accidental: sharp (♯), flat (♭), natural (♮). 临时记号：升号 (♯)、降号 (♭)、还原号 (♮)。
10. Quick-Memorisation Strategies | 速记策略
To retain these terms for the exam, integrate them into daily listening and use associative memory techniques. Linking sounds to vivid mental images will make recall automatic.
为考试记忆这些术语，要将它们融入日常聆听，并使用联想记忆技巧。把声音和生动的心理图像联系起来，回想就会变得自动自发。
- Flashcard pairing: Write the Italian/English term on one side and the Chinese definition on the other. Test yourself regularly. 闪卡配对：将意大利/英文术语写在一面，中文定义写在另一面，定期测验自己。
- Listening diaries: For each piece studied, list five terms that apply and describe why. 聆听日记：每学习一首作品，列出适用的五个术语并描述原因。
- Mnemonics for tempo order: For slow to fast: Largo, Adagio, Andante, Moderato, Allegro, Presto → "Lazy Ants Always Move At a Pace". 速度词顺序口诀：从慢到快创造自己的记忆法。
- Texture drawing: Sketch a simple graphic score showing layers (e.g. thick blocks for homophony, interwoven lines for polyphony). 织体画图法：画出简单的图示乐谱来表示层次（如柱状块代表主调织体，交织的线条代表复调织体）。
- Cadence ear-training: Sing and recognise the four cadence patterns: Perfect (V-I) sounds final; Plagal (IV-I) sounds like "Amen"; Imperfect ends on V, sounding unfinished; Interrupted (V-vi) is a surprise. 终止式听辨：构唱并分辨四种终止式：正格终止（V-I）听感结束；变格终止（IV-I）像 "阿门"；不完全终止停在 V，听感未完成；阻碍终止（V-vi）是意外。
- Family tree for instruments: Visualise the orchestra seating chart and mentally place each instrument in its family. 乐器族谱法：想象管弦乐队座位图，在脑海中将每个乐器归入其家族。
- Clap and count: Physically clap syncopation, triplets, and dotted rhythms while saying the time signature aloud. 拍手数拍法：大声说出拍号，同时拍出切分、三连音和附点节奏。
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE AQA Music Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图