📚 Year 13 AQA Physics: Key Terms Quick-Reference Guide | Year 13 AQA 物理：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise terminology of AQA Year 13 Physics is essential for tackling both multiple-choice questions and long-form explanations. This guide provides concise, exam-focused definitions in English paired with their Chinese equivalents, arranged by topic to help you quickly revise, self-test, and strengthen your understanding of the key concepts across Further Mechanics, Fields, Thermal Physics, Nuclear Physics, and Astrophysics.
掌握 AQA Year 13 物理中精确的术语是应对选择题和长篇解释题的关键。本文按主题整理出面向考试的简明定义，并配以对应的中文释义，帮助你在进阶力学、场、热物理、核物理和天体物理等模块中快速复习、自测和巩固核心概念。
1. Circular Motion | 圆周运动
Angular displacement (θ): the angle through which an object moves in a circular path, measured in radians, where 2π rad corresponds to one complete revolution.
角位移 (θ)：物体在圆周路径上转过的角度，以弧度为单位，2π 弧度对应一整圈。
Angular velocity (ω) unit is rad s⁻¹. It is related to the period T by ω = 2π/T and to frequency f by ω = 2πf.
角速度 (ω)：角位移的变化率，ω = Δθ/Δt，单位是 rad s⁻¹。与周期 T 的关系为 ω = 2π/T，与频率 f 的关系为 ω = 2πf。
Centripetal acceleration (a) e centre of the circle for an object in uniform circular motion, magnitude a = v²/r = ω²r.
向心加速度 (a)：做匀速圆周运动的物体指向圆心的加速度，大小为 a = v²/r = ω²r。
Centripetal force (F) rds the centre of the circle, causing centripetal acceleration, given by F = mv²/r = mω²r.
向心力 (F)：指向圆心的合力，产生向心加速度，公式为 F = mv²/r = mω²r。
a = v² / r F = mω²r
2. Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) | 简谐运动
Simple harmonic motion l to the displacement from the equilibrium position and always directed towards it, i.e. a ∝ −x. The defining equation is a = −ω²x.
简谐运动：加速度与离开平衡位置的位移成正比且始终指向平衡位置的振荡运动，即 a ∝ −x。定义方程为 a = −ω²x。
Amplitude (A): the maximum magnitude of displacement from the equilibrium position.
振幅 (A)：偏离平衡位置的最大位移大小。
Period (T): the time taken for one complete oscillation, T = 1/f. For a mass-spring system, T = 2π√m/k; for a simple pendulum, T = 2π√l/g.
周期 (T)：一次完整振动所需的时间，T = 1/f。弹簧振子周期 T = 2π√m/k，单摆周期 T = 2π√l/g。
Angular frequency (ω): given by ω = 2πf = 2π/T; it appears in the solution x = A cos(ωt) for SHM.
角频率 (ω)：ω = 2πf = 2π/T，在简谐运动的解 x = A cos(ωt) 中出现。
Resonance: the phenomenon when the driving frequency matches the natural frequency of the system, producing oscillations of maximum amplitude.
共振：当驱动频率等于系统的固有频率时，产生最大振幅的振荡现象。
Damping: the process by which the amplitude of an oscillation decreases over time due to energy dissipation; light, critical, and heavy damping describe different rates of decay.
阻尼：由于能量耗散，振荡幅度随时间减小的过程；轻阻尼、临界阻尼和过阻尼描述不同的衰减速率。
3. Gravitational Fields | 引力场
Gravitational field strength (g) its unit is N kg⁻¹ or equivalently m s⁻². At a distance r from a point mass M, g = GM/r².
引力场强度 (g)：单位质量在引力场中受到的力，g = F/m；单位为 N kg⁻¹ 或等价于 m s⁻²。在点质量 M 距离 r 处，g = GM/r²。
Newton's law of gravitation of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of their separation, F = GMm/r².
牛顿万有引力定律：两个质点间的引力与它们的质量乘积成正比，与它们距离的平方成反比，F = GMm/r²。
Gravitational potential (V) als are negative because the force is attractive, and equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to field lines.
引力势 (V)：将单位质量从无穷远处移到场内一点所做的功，V = −GM/r。因引力为吸引力，势能为负，等势面与场线垂直。
Orbital speed and period: for a satellite in circular orbit, v = √GM/r and T² ∝ r³ (Kepler's third law).
轨道速度和周期：圆形轨道上的卫星满足 v = √GM/r 且 T² ∝ r³（开普勒第三定律）。
4. Electric Fields | 电场
Electric field strength (E) at a point, E = F/q; unit is N C⁻¹ or V m⁻¹. For a point charge Q, E = kQ/r² = Q/(4πε₀r²).
电场强度 (E)：单位正电荷在某点所受的力，E = F/q；单位为 N C⁻¹ 或 V m⁻¹。对于点电荷 Q，E = kQ/r² = Q/(4πε₀r²)。
Coulomb's law their charges and inversely proportional to the square of their separation, F = kQ₁Q₂/r².
库仑定律：两点电荷之间的力与它们的电荷乘积成正比，与距离平方成反比，F = kQ₁Q₂/r²。
Electric potential (V) oint, V = kQ/r. In a uniform field, the potential difference between two plates is V = Ed.
电势 (V)：将单位正电荷从无穷远移到该点所做的功，V = kQ/r。在匀强电场中，两板间的电势差为 V = Ed。
Equipotentials: surfaces of constant potential; no work is done moving a charge along an equipotential, and they are always perpendicular to electric field lines.
等势面：电势恒定的曲面；电荷沿等势面移动时不做功，等势面始终与电场线垂直。
5. Capacitance | 电容
Capacitance (C) tial difference, C = Q/V; unit is the farad (F). For a parallel-plate capacitor, C = εA/d.
电容 (C)：每单位电势差下储存的电荷量，C = Q/V；单位为法拉 (F)。平行板电容器的电容 C = εA/d。
Energy stored: the work done to charge a capacitor, given by E = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C.
储存的能量：充电过程中所做的功，E = ½QV = ½CV² = ½Q²/C。
Time constant (τ) circuit, τ = RC; it represents the time for the charge or voltage to fall to 1/e (about 37%) of its initial value during discharge, or rise to 63% during charging.
时间常数 (τ)：RC 电路中 τ = RC；它表示放电时电荷或电压降至初始值的 1/e（约 37%）所需的时间，或充电时升至最终值的 63% 的时间。
Exponential decay: the charge on a discharging capacitor follows Q = Q₀ e⁻ᵗ/ᴿᶜ, and the same form applies to voltage and current.
指数衰减：放电电容器的电荷遵循 Q = Q₀ e⁻ᵗ/ᴿᶜ，电压和电流也遵循同样的形式。
6. Magnetic Fields | 磁场
Magnetic flux density (B) ic field, defined by F = BIL sinθ for a current-carrying conductor; unit is the tesla (T).
磁通量密度 (B)：描述磁场强弱的物理量，对于载流导体有 F = BIL sinθ；单位为特斯拉 (T)。
Force on a charged particle es a force F = Bqv sinθ, providing the centripetal force for circular motion: r = mv/(Bq).
带电粒子受力：电荷 q 以速度 v 垂直于匀强磁场 B 运动时，受洛伦兹力 F = Bqv sinθ，该力充当向心力使其做圆周运动，半径 r = mv/(Bq)。
Hall effect: when a current-carrying conductor is placed in a perpendicular magnetic field, a Hall voltage VH is established across the conductor, VH = BI/(nqt), where n is the charge carrier density and t is the thickness.
霍尔效应：载流导体置于垂直磁场中时，在导体两侧产生霍尔电压 VH，VH = BI/(nqt)，其中 n 为载流子密度，t 为厚度。
Cyclotron field to accelerate them; the period of revolution is independent of speed: T = 2πm/(Bq).
回旋加速器：利用磁场使带电粒子作圆周运动，并利用交变电场对其加速；回旋周期与速度无关：T = 2πm/(Bq)。
7. Electromagnetic Induction | 电磁感应
Magnetic flux (Φ) y and the perpendicular area through which it passes, Φ = BA cosθ; unit is the weber (Wb).
磁通量 (Φ)：磁通量密度与垂直于磁场方向的面积的乘积，Φ = BA cosθ；单位为韦伯 (Wb)。
Flux linkage (NΦ): for a coil of N turns, the total flux linkage is NΦ = NBA cosθ.
磁链 (NΦ)：对于 N 匝线圈，总磁链为 NΦ = NBA cosθ。
Faraday's law of induction : the magnitude of the induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkage, ε = −N dΦ/dt.
法拉第电磁感应定律：感应电动势的大小等于磁链的变化率，ε = −N dΦ/dt。
Lenz's law: the direction of the induced current is such that it opposes the change in flux that produced it; this explains the negative sign in Faraday's law and is a statement of energy conservation.
楞次定律：感应电流的方向总是使其反抗引起感应的磁通量变化；这解释了法拉第定律中的负号，也是能量守恒的体现。
Transformer: device using two coils on a common core; for an ideal transformer, Vs/Vp = Ns/Np and the power input equals power output.
变压器：利用共铁芯双线圈的器件；对理想变压器有 Vs/Vp = Ns/Np 且输入功率等于输出功率。
8. Thermal Properties and Heat | 热性质与热量
Internal energy energy is given by ΔU = Q + W, where Q is heat supplied and W is work done on the system.
内能：系统内粒子随机分布的动能与势能之和。内能变化由 ΔU = Q + W 给出，其中 Q 为供热，W 为对系统做的功。
Specific heat capacity (c): the energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K; Q = mcΔθ.
比热容 (c)：使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 K 所需的能量；Q = mcΔθ。
Specific latent heat (L) gy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without temperature change; Q = mL.
比潜热 (L)：不改变温度的情况下，使 1 kg 物质改变状态所需的能量；Q = mL。
Absolute zero (0 K): the temperature at which the pressure of an ideal gas would become zero and particles have minimum kinetic energy; it is approximately −273.15 °C.
绝对零度 (0 K)：理想气体的压强趋向于零且粒子动能达到最低值的温度，约为 −273.15 °C。
9. Ideal Gases & Kinetic Theory | 理想气体与分子动理论
Mole and Avogadro constant (NA): one mole contains NA = 6.02 × 10²³ particles. The number of moles n = mass / molar mass = N / NA.
摩尔与阿伏伽德罗常数 (NA)：1 摩尔含有 NA = 6.02 × 10²³ 个粒子。摩尔数 n = 质量/摩尔质量 = N/NA。
Ideal gas equation: pV = nRT = NkT, where R is the universal gas constant and k is Boltzmann's constant.
理想气体状态方程：pV = nRT = NkT，其中 R 为普适气体常数，k 为玻尔兹曼常数。
Kinetic theory assumptions: gas consists of identical, randomly moving particles; collisions are perfectly elastic; the volume of particles is negligible compared to the container; no intermolecular forces except during collisions.
分子动理论假设：气体由大量相同的、无规则运动的粒子组成；碰撞为完全弹性碰撞；粒子本身体积与容器体积相比可忽略；除碰撞外无分子间力。
Pressure equation: p = ⅓ρ⟨c²⟩, where ⟨c²⟩ ticles. Combined with pV = nRT, this leads to the average translational kinetic energy: ½m⟨c²⟩ = ³⁄₂kT.
压强公式：p = ⅓ρ⟨c²⟩，其中 ⟨c²⟩ 为粒子的均方速率。结合 pV = nRT 可得平均平动动能：½m⟨c²⟩ = ³⁄₂kT。
Root mean square speed (crms): crms = √⟨c²⟩ = √3RT/M = √3kT/m', where M is molar mass and m' is the mass of a single particle.
方均根速率 (crms)：crms = √⟨c²⟩ = √3RT/M = √3kT/m'，其中 M 为摩尔质量，m' 为单个粒子质量。
10. Radioactivity & Nuclear Decay | 放射性与核衰变
Nucleon number (A) and proton number (Z): A is the total number of protons and neutrons; Z is the number of protons. Isotopes have the same Z but different A.
核子数 (A) 与质子数 (Z)：A 是质子和中子的总数，Z 是质子数。同位素具有相同的 Z 但不同的 A。
Activity (A) a radioactive source, measured in becquerels (Bq); A = λN, where λ is the decay constant.
活度 (A)：放射源的衰变速率，单位为贝克勒尔 (Bq)；A = λN，其中 λ 为衰变常数。
Decay constant (λ) unit time that a given nucleus will decay. It is related to half-life by λ = ln 2 / T₁/₂.
衰变常数 (λ)：给定原子核在单位时间内发生衰变的概率，与半衰期的关系为 λ = ln 2 / T₁/₂。
Half-life (T₁/₂): the time taken for the number of undecayed nuclei (or activity) to reduce to half its initial value.
半衰期 (T₁/₂)：未衰变核的数目（或活度）减少到初始值一半所需的时间。
Exponential decay law: N = N₀ e⁻λᵗ, A = A₀ e⁻λᵗ.
指数衰变规律：N = N₀ e⁻λᵗ，A = A₀ e⁻λᵗ。
Alpha decay (α): emission of a helium nucleus (⁴₂He); reduces A by 4 and Z by 2; strongly ionising, low penetration.
α 衰变：放出氦核 (⁴₂He)；A 减少 4，Z 减少 2；电离能力强，穿透力弱。
Beta-minus decay (β⁻): a neutron converts to a proton with emission of an electron and an antineutrino; Z increases by 1, A unchanged. Beta-plus (β⁺) emits a positron, Z decreases by 1.
β⁻ 衰变：中子转变为质子，放出电子和反中微子；Z 增加 1，A 不变。β⁺ 衰变放出正电子，Z 减少 1。
Gamma radiation (γ): high-energy electromagnetic radiation emitted from an excited nucleus; no change in A or Z; weakly ionising, highly penetrating.
γ 辐射：激发态原子核发出的高能电磁辐射；A 和 Z 不变；电离能力弱，穿透力强。
11. Nuclear Energy & Binding Energy | 核能与结合能
Mass defect mpletely separated collection of nucleons and the mass of the assembled nucleus; Δm = (Z mp + N mn) − M_nucleus.
质量亏损：所有核子完全分开时的总质量与组成原子核后的质量之差；Δm = (Z mp + N mn) − M_核。
Binding energy esents the minimum energy required to disassemble a nucleus into its constituent nucleons.
结合能：质量亏损所对应的能量，E = Δm c²；表示将原子核分解成单个核子所需的最小能量。
Binding energy per nucleon: binding energy divided by the nucleon number A; it indicates nuclear stability – the higher the value, the more stable the nucleus. Iron-56 has one of the highest values.
每个核子的结合能：结合能除以核子数 A；它反映核的稳定性——数值越高，核越稳定。铁-56 具有最高的结合能之一。
Nuclear fission: the splitting of a large nucleus (e.g. uranium-235) into two smaller fragments, releasing energy and neutrons; the process is exploited in nuclear power reactors.
核裂变：大核（如铀-235）分裂成两个较小的碎片，释放能量和中子；此过程用于核反应堆。
Nuclear fusion: the joining of light nuclei (e.g. hydrogen isotopes) to form a heavier nucleus, releasing enormous energy; this powers the Sun and holds promise for future energy generation.
核聚变：轻核（如氢的同位素）结合形成较重核，释放巨大能量；这是太阳的能量来源，也是未来能源的希望。
12. Astrophysics Essentials (Optional Topic) | 天体物理要点（选修）
Luminosity (L): the total power radiated by a star, measured in watts; it depends on the star's radius R and surface temperature T via the Stefan-Boltzmann law: L = 4πR²σT⁴.
光度 (L)：恒星辐射的总功率，单位为瓦特；根据斯特藩-玻尔兹曼定律 L = 4πR²σT⁴，光度取决于半径 R 和表面温度 T。
Apparent magnitude (m): a logarithmic measure of how bright a star appears from Earth; lower m means brighter. The scale is defined so that a difference of 5 magnitudes corresponds to a brightness ratio of 100.
视星等 (m)：衡量地球上所见恒星亮度的对数标度；m 越小越亮，每相差 5 个星等亮度比为 100。
Absolute magnitude (M) ard distance of 10 parsecs; it relates to m via the distance modulus: m − M = 5 log(d/10).
绝对星等 (M)：假设将恒星放在 10 秒差距标准距离处的视星等；与 m 的关系为距离模数 m − M = 5
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