📚 IGCSE AQA History: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | IGCSE AQA 历史：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the vocabulary of history is not just about memorising dates and names – it is about understanding the language that historians use to analyse, explain, and interpret the past. In IGCSE AQA History, you will encounter a wide range of specialist terms that appear across topics such as 'Germany, 1890–1945', 'Conflict and Tension, 1918–1939', 'Health and the People', and 'Elizabethan England'. This guide breaks down the most important terminology into meaningful categories, pairs every English definition with its Chinese equivalent, and offers memory techniques to help you recall them quickly and accurately under exam conditions. Whether you are tackling a source-based question or writing an extended essay, a strong command of this vocabulary will lift the quality of your answers and show the examiner that you can think like a real historian.
掌握历史词汇不仅仅是背诵日期和名字——更重要的是理解历史学家用来分析、阐述和解释过去的语言。在 IGCSE AQA 历史中，你会遇到大量专业术语，它们出现在诸如“德国，1890–1945”、“冲突与紧张，1918–1939”、“人民健康”和“伊丽莎白时代英格兰”等主题中。本指南将最重要的术语划分为有意义的类别，将每个英文定义与其对应的中文进行配对，并提供记忆技巧，帮助你在考试压力下快速准确地回忆这些词汇。无论你是在解答基于史料的题目还是撰写长篇论文，对这些术语的牢固掌握都会提升你回答的质量，并向考官展示你能够像真正的历史学家一样思考。
1. Key Concepts of Historical Enquiry | 历史探究的关键概念
Every historical investigation is built upon a set of second-order concepts that shape how we think about the past. The most crucial ones in the AQA specification are cause, consequence, change, continuity, significance, and evidence. Understanding these will allow you to frame any essay or source analysis correctly from the very first sentence.
每一项历史探究都建立在一套二阶概念之上，这些概念塑造了我们思考过去的方式。AQA 考纲中最关键的概念是原因、后果、变化、延续、重要性和证据。理解这些概念将使你能够从第一句话开始就正确地构思任何论文或史料分析。
Cause refers to the reasons why an event happened. Historians often distinguish between long-term causes (underlying factors) and short-term triggers (immediate sparks). For example, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand was a trigger, but the alliance system and militarism were long-term causes of World War I.
原因（Cause） 指的是事件发生的原因。历史学家通常区分长期原因（潜在因素）和短期导火索（直接触发点）。例如，弗朗茨·斐迪南大公遇刺是一个导火索，而联盟体系和军国主义则是第一次世界大战的长期原因。
Consequence means the results or effects of an event. These can be intended or unintended, positive or negative. The Treaty of Versailles had the intended consequence of punishing Germany, but an unintended consequence was the rise of extremist parties.
后果（Consequence） 指的是事件的结果或影响。这些后果可以是有意或无意的，积极的或消极的。《凡尔赛条约》有意惩罚了德国，但一个意想不到的后果是极端政党的崛起。
Change and continuity are always examined together. Change describes what became different over a period, while continuity refers to what stayed the same. In 'Health and the People', the development of the NHS in 1948 was a huge change, but the continuity of class-based health inequality remained.
变化与延续（Change and continuity） 总是放在一起考察。变化描述一段时期内有哪些不同，而延续指什么保持不变。在“人民健康”主题中，1948 年 NHS 的建立是巨大的变化，但基于阶级的健康不平等这一延续依然存在。
Significance asks why an event or person matters. It can be judged by the depth of impact, the number of people affected, or how long the effects lasted. The discovery of penicillin was significant because it transformed medicine permanently and saved millions of lives globally.
重要性（Significance） 询问某个事件或人物为何重要。可以通过影响的深度、受影响的人数或效果持续的时间来判断。青霉素的发现之所以重要，是因为它永久地改变了医学并在全球范围内拯救了数百万人的生命。
- Memory trick: Think of the 5 Cs – Cause, Consequence, Change, Continuity, and (Signifi)cance.
- 记忆技巧：想想 5 个 C——原因 (Cause)、后果 (Consequence)、变化 (Change)、延续 (Continuity) 和重要 (Significance)。
2. Primary and Secondary Sources | 原始资料与二手资料
In AQA History exams, you will often be given sources to evaluate. Knowing the difference between a primary and secondary source is the first step to a high-quality analysis. A primary source is a piece of evidence created during the period you are studying, while a secondary source is produced after the event, usually by historians.
在 AQA 历史考试中，你经常需要评估史料。了解原始资料和二手资料的区别是进行高质量分析的第一步。原始资料是在你所研究的时期创作的证据，而二手资料是在事件之后产生的，通常由历史学家撰写。
Primary sources include letters, diaries, photographs, government records, newspaper articles from the time, speeches, artefacts, and oral testimony. For example, a soldier’s letter from the trenches is a primary source for World War I.
原始资料（Primary source） 包括信件、日记、照片、政府档案、当时的报纸文章、演讲、文物和口述证词。例如，一名士兵从战壕中写回的信件就是第一次世界大战的原始资料。
Secondary sources are textbooks, biographies, documentaries, and historical articles written after the time. A modern historian’s book about the causes of the Cold War is a secondary source. Both types are useful, but primary sources give you a direct window into the period, while secondary sources provide retrospective interpretation.
二手资料（Secondary source） 是事后编写的教科书、传记、纪录片和历史文章。现代历史学家关于冷战原因的著作就是二手资料。两种资料都有用，但原始资料为你提供了一扇直通那个时期的窗户，而二手资料则提供了回顾性的解释。
In the exam, always identify whether a source is primary or secondary as part of your evaluation. This helps you assess its reliability and usefulness.
在考试中，在评估史料时始终要指出它是原始资料还是二手资料。这有助于你评估其可靠性和有用性。
3. Bias, Reliability and Usefulness | 偏见、可靠性和有用性
When analysing sources, you must move beyond description and judge their value. Three key terms govern this skill: bias, reliability, and usefulness. Bias means a one-sided or prejudiced view. Reliability refers to whether you can trust the information. Usefulness asks how much the source helps you answer a specific historical question.
在分析史料时，你必须超越描述并判断其价值。三个关键术语支配着这项技能：偏见、可靠性和有用性。偏见（Bias）意味着一种片面或带有成见的观点。可靠性（Reliability）指你是否可以信任该信息。有用性（Usefulness）则询问该史料在多大程度上有助于你回答一个特定的历史问题。
A source can be biased yet still highly useful for revealing the attitudes of a certain group. For instance, a Nazi propaganda poster is biased, but it is extremely useful for understanding how the regime spread its ideology. Similarly, a source might be unreliable in its facts but useful for understanding the author’s perspective.
一份史料可以有偏见，但仍然非常有用于揭示某个群体的态度。例如，一张纳粹宣传海报是有偏见的，但它对于了解政权如何传播其意识形态极为有用。同样，一份史料在事实上可能不可靠，但对于了解作者的观点却很有用。
Always evaluate reliability by checking the author’s identity, purpose, audience, and the context of production. Usefulness must always be argued with specific reference to your enquiry – never just say a source is useful without explaining why.
评估可靠性时，始终要检查作者的身份、目的、受众以及创作背景。有用性必须结合你的探究具体论证——永远不要只说一份史料有用而不解释为什么。
- Memory trick: BUR – Bias, Usefulness, Reliability. Link them as a chain of evaluation.
- 记忆技巧：BUR 链——偏见 (Bias)、有用性 (Usefulness)、可靠性 (Reliability)。把它们当作评估链条联系起来。
4. Fact, Opinion and Interpretation | 事实、观点与解释
Distinguishing between fact, opinion, and interpretation is central to AQA’s assessment objectives. A fact is something that can be proven true, such as 'The Weimar Republic was established in 1919'. An opinion is a personal belief, like 'The Treaty of Versailles was too harsh'. An interpretation is a historian’s constructed argument based on evidence – it is more sophisticated and substantiated than a mere opinion.
区分事实、观点和解释是 AQA 评估目标的核心。事实（Fact）是可以被证明为真的东西，比如“魏玛共和国于 1919 年成立”。观点（Opinion）是一种个人信念，如“《凡尔赛条约》过于严苛”。解释（Interpretation）是历史学家基于证据建构的论证——它比单纯的观点更复杂、更充实。
In exam questions asking you 'How far do you agree with this interpretation?', you must first identify what the interpretation is arguing and then test it against factual knowledge. Remember that interpretations can vary over time; for example, views on the effectiveness of Neville Chamberlain’s appeasement policy have shifted among historians.
在要求你回答“你在多大程度上同意这种解释？”的考题中，你必须首先识别出该解释在主张什么，然后用事实知识对其加以检验。记住，解释会随时代而变；例如，历史学家对内维尔·张伯伦绥靖政策有效性的看法已经发生了转变。
Use phrases like 'This interpretation emphasises…' and 'Evidence from the period supports/challenges this view because…' to structure your answer. Never treat an interpretation as automatically correct; always question it.
使用诸如“这种解释强调了……”以及“来自该时期的证据支持/挑战了这一观点，因为……”的短语来构建你的回答。切勿将解释视为自动正确；始终对其提出质疑。
5. Chronology and Periodisation | 年代与时期划分
History is all about time, and getting the sequence right is essential. Chronology simply means the arrangement of events in the order they occurred. Periodisation is the way historians divide the past into distinct blocks (centuries, eras, dynasties) to make the study of history manageable.
历史完全与时间有关，理清事件顺序至关重要。年代（Chronology）仅仅意味着按发生顺序排列事件。时期划分（Periodisation）是历史学家将过去划分为不同的区块（世纪、时代、王朝）的方法，以使历史研究易于处理。
Key chronological terms include: AD/CE (Anno Domini/Common Era), BC/BCE (Before Christ/Before Common Era), decade (10 years), century (100 years), millennium (1000 years). When referencing centuries, remember that the 20th century refers to the years 1901–2000, not the 1900s.
关键的年代术语包括：AD/CE（公元/公历纪元）、BC/BCE（公元前/公历纪元前）、十年（decade）、世纪（century）、千年（millennium）。在提及世纪时，请记住 20 世纪指的是 1901–2000 年，而不是 1900 年代。
When studying a topic like 'Elizabethan England', place it within a timeline: the Elizabethan era was roughly 1558–1603, which is the late 16th century. Always practise drawing quick mental timelines before you write an essay. It prevents anachronism – the error of placing something in the wrong time period, which is a serious historical mistake.
在学习“伊丽莎白时代英格兰”这样的主题时，请将其置于时间线中：伊丽莎白时代大致是 1558–1603 年，即 16 世纪后期。在写论文前，一定要练习在脑海中快速画出时间线。这可以避免时代错置（anachronism）——把某事物放在错误的时间段中的错误，这是一个严重的历史失误。
6. Cold War Terminology Quick Memorisation | 冷战术语速记
The Cold War topic is rich in specific vocabulary that can easily confuse students if not practised. Here is a compact bilingual glossary of the most common terms, which you can memorise in chunks.
冷战主题充满了特定词汇，如果不加以练习很容易使学生感到困惑。这里提供了一份最常用术语的紧凑双语词汇表，你可以分块记忆。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Quick Explanation | 简要说明 |
|---|---|---|
| Iron Curtain | 铁幕 | The division between communist Eastern Europe and the capitalist West, popularised by Churchill in 1946. | 共产主义东欧与资本主义西方之间的分界线，由丘吉尔于 1946 年普及。 |
| Containment | 遏制 | US policy to stop the spread of communism, first outlined in the Truman Doctrine. | 美国阻止共产主义扩散的政策，最初在杜鲁门主义中提出。 |
| Détente | 缓和 | A period of relaxed tensions and improved relations between the USA and USSR, especially in the 1970s. | 美苏之间紧张局势缓和、关系改善的一个时期，尤指 1970 年代。 |
| Warsaw Pact | 华沙条约组织 | Military alliance of communist nations formed in 1955 as a counter to NATO. | 1955 年组成的共产主义国家军事联盟，以抗衡北约。 |
| Arms Race | 军备竞赛 | Competition between the superpowers to build up nuclear and conventional weapons. | 超级大国之间在核武器和常规武器方面的竞争。 |
| Proxy War | 代理人战争 | A conflict where superpowers support opposing sides without fighting each other directly (e.g., Vietnam, Korea). | 超级大国在不直接交战的情况下支持对立双方的冲突（如越南、朝鲜）。 |
| Domino Theory | 多米诺骨牌理论 | Belief that if one country fell to communism, neighbouring countries would follow. | 认为如果一国落入共产主义手中，邻国也会相继倒下的信念。 |
Use mnemonic sentences for these. For example, 'I Can Do Well At Physics' – Iron Curtain, Containment, Détente, Warsaw Pact, Arms Race, Proxy war. Create your own and practise weekly.
为这些术语编造助记句。例如，“I Can Do Well At Physics”——铁幕 (Iron Curtain)、遏制 (Containment)、缓和 (Détente)、华约 (Warsaw Pact)、军备竞赛 (Arms Race)、代理人战争 (Proxy war)。创造你自己的助记句并每周练习。
7. Nazi Germany and Weimar Republic Terms | 纳粹德国与魏玛共和国术语
This section covers high-frequency terms from the Germany 1890–1945 topic. Misunderstanding these can lead to lost marks, so focus on precise meanings.
本节涵盖“德国 1890–1945”主题中的高频术语。误解这些术语会导致失分，所以请专注于精确的含义。
- Weimar Republic (魏玛共和国): The democratic government of Germany from 1919 to 1933, named after the town where its constitution was written. | 1919 年至 1933 年间德国的民主政府，以其宪法制定地命名。
- Reichstag (国会): The German parliament building and, by extension, the legislative body. | 德国议会大厦，转指立法机构。
- Article 48 (第 48 条): The emergency powers clause of the Weimar Constitution that allowed the president to rule by decree – later exploited by Hitler. | 魏玛宪法中的紧急权力条款，允许总统通过法令治理——后被希特勒利用。
- Führer (元首): Title adopted by Hitler meaning 'leader', symbolising his total control over the German state. | 希特勒采用的称号，意为“领袖”，象征其对德国国家的全面控制。
- Kristallnacht (水晶之夜): The Night of Broken Glass, a pogrom against Jews on 9–10 November 1938. | 1938 年 11 月 9-10 日对犹太人的袭击暴行，又称碎玻璃之夜。
- Gestapo (盖世太保): The secret state police of the Nazi regime, infamous for using terror to suppress opposition. | 纳粹政权的秘密国家警察，因使用恐怖手段镇压反对派而臭名昭著。
- Lebensraum (生存空间): 'Living space' – the Nazi policy of territorial expansion into Eastern Europe to gain land for Germans. | “生存空间”——纳粹向东欧进行领土扩张以获取德国人土地的政策。
- Gleichschaltung (一体化): The process of Nazifying all aspects of German society, forcing institutions to align with Nazi ideology. | 将德国社会各个方面纳粹化的过程，迫使所有机构与纳粹意识形态保持一致。
When revising, draw a timeline and place each term at the relevant year. This contextual learning will boost your memory dramatically.
复习时，画一条时间线，并将每个术语放在相应的年份上。这种情境化学习将极大地促进你的记忆。
8. World War I Vocabulary | 第一次世界大战词汇
Conflict and Tension 1918–1939 requires a solid understanding of the Great War’s legacy. Key terms from the 1914–1918 conflict often reappear when discussing the peace settlements and their consequences.
“冲突与紧张 1918–1939”要求你对一战的遗产有扎实的理解。在讨论和平协议及其后果时，1914–1918年冲突中的关键术语经常重新出现。
Trench warfare (堑壕战) – A type of combat where opposing armies fight from deep ditches. This defined the Western Front and caused huge casualties for minimal territorial gain.
堑壕战 是一种对立军队从深沟中作战的战斗方式。这定义了西线战场，并造成了巨大的伤亡，而领土得失甚微。
Armistice (停战协议) – An agreement to stop fighting, signed on 11 November 1918, ending WWI. It was not the same as a peace treaty; it simply halted the shooting while terms were negotiated.
停战协议 是停止战斗的协议，于 1918 年 11 月 11 日签署，结束了一战。它不等同于和平条约；它仅仅在谈判条款期间停止了开火。
War of attrition (消耗战) – A strategy of wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses in personnel and material. The Somme and Verdun are prime examples.
消耗战 是一种通过持续的人员和物资损失来耗竭敌人直至其崩溃的战略。索姆河战役和凡尔登战役就是典型的例子。
Big Three (三巨头) – The leaders at the Paris Peace Conference: Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (Britain), and Georges Clemenceau (France). Their disagreements shaped the Treaty of Versailles.
三巨头 指巴黎和会上的领导人：伍德罗·威尔逊（美国）、大卫·劳合·乔治（英国）和乔治·克列孟梭（法国）。他们之间的分歧塑造了《凡尔赛条约》。
Reparations (赔款) – Compensation payments that Germany was forced to make to the Allies under the Treaty of Versailles, set at 132 billion gold marks. The economic burden was enormous.
赔款 是《凡尔赛条约》强迫德国向协约国支付的赔偿金，定为 1320 亿金马克。经济负担极其沉重。
Link these terms to consequences: e.g., 'The harsh reparations contributed to economic instability, which in turn helped the Nazis gain support.'
将这些术语与后果联系起来：例如，“苛刻的赔款导致了经济不稳定，这反过来帮助了纳粹获得支持。”
9. Health and the People: Medical Terminology | 人民健康：医学术语
The thematic study 'Health and the People, c1000–present' contains its own specialist vocabulary that bridges social history and the history of medicine. Precision here is essential, especially when explaining causes of change.
专题研究“人民健康，约 1000 年至今”包含其自身的专业词汇，连接着社会史和医学史。在这里精确至关重要，尤其是在解释变革原因时。
- Miasma (瘴气) – The medieval theory that disease was caused by bad air or foul smells. This belief persisted until the 19th century. | 中世纪理论，认为疾病由肮脏的空气或恶臭引起。这种信念一直延续到 19 世纪。
- Germ theory (细菌理论) – The revolutionary idea by Louis Pasteur that microorganisms cause diseases. It overturned miasma and led to modern prevention methods. | 路易·巴斯德提出的革命性观点，即微生物导致疾病。它推翻了瘴气论，并推动了现代预防方法的发展。
- Antiseptic (消毒剂) – A substance that destroys germs, pioneered by Joseph Lister using carbolic acid. | 一种杀灭细菌的物质，约瑟夫·李斯特率先使用石炭酸进行消毒。
- Antibiotic (抗生素) – A medicine that kills bacteria inside the body. Alexander Fleming’s discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked the beginning of the antibiotic era. | 一种杀死体内细菌的药物。亚历山大·弗莱明在 1928 年发现青霉素标志着抗生素时代的开始。
- Vaccination (疫苗接种) – Giving a mild form of a disease to build immunity. Edward Jenner’s smallpox vaccine in 1796 was a landmark. | 给予一种轻微形式的疾病以建立免疫力。爱德华·詹纳在 1796 年的天花疫苗是一个里程碑。
- Laissez-faire (自由放任) – A government policy of non-interference. In public health, it delayed slum clearance and sanitation reforms in the 19th century. | 政府的不干涉政策。在公共卫生方面，它推迟了 19 世纪的贫民窟清理和卫生改革。
Create cause-and-effect chains: ' y → no need for cleanliness → cholera outbreaks → pressure for reform → Public Health Act.' This narrative flow aids vocabulary acquisition.
创建因果链条：“瘴气理论 → 无需清洁 → 霍乱爆发 → 改革压力 → 公共卫生法。”这种叙事流畅性有助于词汇习得。
10. Elizabethan England: Society and Government Terms | 伊丽莎白时代英格兰：社会与政府术语
When studying the Elizabethan option, you will meet terms related to the monarchy, parliament, and social structure. Many of these have Latin roots, but breaking them down makes them manageable.
在学习伊丽莎白选项时，你会遇到与君主制、议会和社会结构相关的术语。许多术语有拉丁词根，但分解开来就容易处理了。
Privy Council (枢密院): The monarch’s closest advisers, responsible for the day-to-day running of the country. Elizabeth’s Privy Council was deliberately small to ensure loyalty and efficiency. | 枢密院 是君主最亲密的顾问，负责国家的日常管理。伊丽莎白的枢密院故意保持小规模，以确保忠诚和效率。
Patronage (庇护): The system by which the monarch gave titles, land, or positions to nobles in return for loyalty and service. It was a key method of maintaining control. | 庇护 是君主将头衔、土地或职位授予贵族以换取忠诚和服务的体制。它是维持控制的关键方法。
Enclosure (圈地): The process of converting common land into private land, often for sheep farming. This caused rural unemployment and poverty, leading to the Elizabethan Poor Laws. | 圈地 是将公共土地转变为私有土地的过程，通常用于养羊。这导致了农村失业和贫困，进而催生了伊丽莎白济贫法。
Puritan (清教徒): A strict Protestant who wanted to 'purify' the Church of England of any remaining Catholic practices. Puritans often clashed with Elizabeth’s religious settlement. | 清教徒 是严格的新教徒，希望“净化”英国国教中任何残留的天主教做法。清教徒经常与伊丽莎白的宗教和解发生冲突。
Privateer (私掠船): A privately owned ship authorised by the government to attack enemy vessels. Francis Drake was a famous privateer who raided Spanish treasure ships. | 私掠船 是经政府授权攻击敌方船只的私人船只。弗朗西斯·德雷克是一位著名的私掠船长，曾劫掠西班牙宝藏船。
Use visualisation: imagine the Privy Council meeting in a dark-panelled room, or a map showing enclosed fields. Vivid mental images cement the vocabulary.
使用可视化：想象枢密院在深色镶板房间里开会，或是一张显示圈占土地的地图。生动的心理图像会巩固词汇。
11. Historical Argument and Essay Terms | 历史论证与论文术语
Examiners reward students who show the ability to construct a historical argument using appropriate academic language. Integrate these terms into your writing to elevate your style.
考官奖励那些能够使用恰当的学术语言构建历史论证的学生。将这些术语融入你的写作中，提升你的风格。
Thesis (论点): The main argument of your essay, usually stated in the introduction. A strong thesis is specific and contestable. Example: 'The Treaty of Versailles was more a result of compromise than outright vengeance.'
论点 是你论文的主要主张，通常在引言中陈述。一个强论点应该是具体且可争议的。例如：“《凡尔赛条约》更多是妥协的产物，而非纯粹的报复。”
Factor (因素): An element contributing to a historical outcome. In a 'Explain the importance of…' question, you must weigh different factors. Common factors include economic, social, political, religious, and military.
因素 是导致某个历史结果的一个成分。在“解释……的重要性”的问题中，你必须权衡不同的因素。常见因素包括经济、社会、政治、宗教和军事因素。
Evaluate (评估): To make a judgment about the significance or success of something, supported by evidence. High-level answers move beyond description to say which factor was most important and why.
评估 是指基于证据对某事物的重要性或成功程度做出判断。高水平的回答超越描述，指出哪个因素最重要以及为什么。
Criteria (标准): The yardsticks by which you measure significance. You might set criteria such as the scale of change, duration of impact, or number of lives affected. Explicit use of criteria makes your evaluation convincing.
标准 是你衡量重要性的标尺。你可以设定诸如变化规模、影响持续时间或受影响的生命数量等标准。明确使用标准会使你的评估更具说服力。
Corroborate (印证): To confirm or support a piece of evidence with another source. In source questions, say 'Source A is corroborated by Source B because both mention…' This demonstrates high-level handling of evidence.
印证 是指用另一份史料确认或支持某一证据。在史料问题中，说“史料 A 得到了史料 B 的印证，因为两者都提到了……”这表明对证据的高水平处理。
12. Memorisation Techniques and Mnemonics | 速记技巧与助记符
Acquiring a large historical vocabulary needs a systematic approach. Rote learning alone is inefficient; instead, use multi-sensory methods to anchor the words in your long-term memory.
掌握大量的历史词汇需要系统的方法。仅仅死记硬背效率低下；相反，应使用多感官方法将单词锚定在你的长期记忆中。
Flashcards with bilingual definitions: Write the English term on one side, the Chinese equivalent and a brief historical example on the other. Use a spaced repetition system (SRS) like the Leitner box method to review them at increasing intervals.
带双语定义的抽认卡：一面写英文术语，另一面写中文对应词和一个简短的历史例子。使用间隔重复系统（SRS），如莱特纳盒法，以逐渐增加的时间间隔进行复习。
Acronyms and acrostics: For a sequence of linked terms, create a memorable sentence where each word starts with the same letter as the term. For the Cold War terms earlier, you might say 'Iron curtains contain dangers, walls alert people.' The sillier, the better – absurdity aids recall.
首字母缩略词和离合诗：对于一连串相关的术语，创造一个难忘的句子，其中每个单词的首字母与术语的首字母相同。对于之前的冷战术语，你可以说“Iron curtains contain dangers, walls alert people.”越荒诞越好——荒诞有助于记忆。
Mind maps with dual labels: Place a central theme like 'Causes of WWI' in the middle and branch out with factors such as 'Militarism (军国主义)', 'Alliances (联盟)', 'Imperialism (帝国主义)', 'Nationalism (民族主义)'. Add
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE History Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图