📚 Year 13 Edexcel Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your fast-track guide for mastering the essential terminology in Year 13 Edexcel Engineering. Understanding key vocabulary across mechanics, electronics, materials, thermodynamics and design is vital for exam success. Use this resource to link English definitions with Chinese explanations and to anchor terms in memory through targeted repetition, real-world examples and clever mnemonics.
欢迎使用这份 Year 13 Edexcel 工程核心术语速记指南。掌握力学、电子、材料、热力学与设计等方向的关键词汇对考试至关重要。本文通过英中定义配对、真实案例联想和巧妙的助记符，帮助你把术语牢牢印在脑海里。
1. Material Properties Terminology | 材料性能术语
Tensile Strength – The maximum stress that a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking occurs.
抗拉强度（Tensile Strength） – 材料在被拉伸或牵引时，出现颈缩前所能承受的最大应力。
Hardness – A measure of a material's resistance to localised plastic deformation, often tested by indentation.
硬度（Hardness） – 衡量材料抵抗局部塑性变形的能力，常用压痕法测试。
Toughness – The ability of a material to absorb energy up to fracture; it combines both strength and ductility.
韧性（Toughness） – 材料在断裂前吸收能量的能力，是强度与延展性的结合。
Ductility – The capacity of a material to be drawn into a wire or deformed plastically without fracturing.
延展性（Ductility） – 材料被拉成丝状或发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。
Young's Modulus (E) – The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain within the linear elastic region; a measure of stiffness.
杨氏模量（Young's Modulus, E） – 线弹性范围内拉应力与拉应变之比，是衡量刚度的指标。
2. Mechanical Forces & Stress/Strain | 力学与应力应变术语
Stress (σ) – Force applied per unit area, typically measured in pascals (Pa) or N/m². The basic equation is:
应力（Stress, σ） – 单位面积上的作用力，常用帕斯卡 (Pa) 或 N/m² 表示。基本公式为：
σ = F / A
Strain (ε) – The extension per unit length; a dimensionless ratio that describes deformation relative to original dimensions.
应变（Strain, ε） – 单位长度的伸长量；描述相对于原始尺寸变形的无量纲比值。
Hooke's Law – stress is proportional to strain up to the limit of proportionality, expressed as σ = E ε.
胡克定律（Hooke's Law） – 在比例极限内，应力与应变成正比，表达为 σ = E ε。
Shear Stress (τ) – The stress component parallel to a surface, equal to shear force divided by area.
剪应力（Shear Stress, τ） – 平行于表面的应力分量，等于剪力除以面积。
Factor of Safety – The ratio of the failure stress to the allowable working stress, ensuring a design margin against unexpected loads.
安全系数（Factor of Safety） – 失效应力与许用工作应力之比，为抵消意外载荷提供设计裕度。
3. Structures & Loads | 结构与载荷术语
Bending Moment (M) – The internal moment that causes a beam to bend; at any section it is the algebraic sum of moments about that section.
弯矩（Bending Moment, M） – 使梁发生弯曲的内力矩；任一截面处，它等于该截面一侧所有外力矩的代数和。
Shear Force (V) – The internal force acting perpendicular to the beam's axis; it resists sliding between adjacent sections.
剪力（Shear Force, V） – 垂直于梁轴线的内力，抵抗相邻截面的滑移。
Deflection (δ) – The displacement of a beam or structural element under load; critical for serviceability limit states.
挠度（Deflection, δ） – 梁或结构构件在载荷下的位移量，对正常使用极限状态至关重要。
Buckling – Sudden lateral instability of a slender compression member, occurring before the compressive yield stress is reached.
屈曲（Buckling） – 细长受压杆件在达到压缩屈服应力前突然发生的侧向失稳现象。
Truss – A framework of members connected at joints, designed to carry axial tension and compression efficiently.
桁架（Truss） – 由节点连接的杆件框架，能高效承受轴向拉力和压力。
4. Electrical Fundamentals & Circuits | 电气基础与电路术语
Ohm's Law – between two points is directly proportional to the voltage across the two points, V = IR.
欧姆定律（Ohm's Law） – 流过导体两点间的电流与两点间电压成正比，公式为 V = IR。
Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL) – The sum of currents entering a junction equals the sum of currents leaving it; Σ Iin = Σ Iout.
基尔霍夫电流定律（KCL） – 流入节点的电流之和等于流出节点的电流之和；Σ Iin = Σ Iout。
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) – The algebraic sum of all voltages around any closed loop is zero; Σ V = 0.
基尔霍夫电压定律（KVL） – 任一闭合回路中，各部分电压的代数和为零；Σ V = 0。
Thevenin's Theorem – Any linear two‑terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent voltage source Vth in series with a resistance Rth.
戴维南定理（Thevenin's Theorem） – 任何线性二端网络可等效为一个电压源 Vth 与一个电阻 Rth 串联。
Impedance (Z) – e total opposition to alternating current, combining resistance and reactance; Z = R + jX.
阻抗（Impedance, Z） – 对交流电的总阻碍作用，包含电阻和电抗；Z = R + jX。
5. Electronics & Control Systems | 电子学与控制系统术语
Diode – A semiconductor device that allows current to flow in one direction only, used for rectification.
二极管（Diode） – 只允许电流单向导通的半导体器件，常用于整流。
Operational Amplifier (Op‑Amp) – A high‑gain voltage amplifier with differential inputs, widely used in analogue signal processing.
运算放大器（Op‑Amp） – 具有差分输入的高增益电压放大器，广泛应用于模拟信号处理。
Open‑Loop Gain – The gain of an amplifier when no feedback is applied; very high for ideal op‑amps.
开环增益（Open‑Loop Gain） – 无反馈时放大器的增益；理想运放的开环增益极高。
Closed‑Loop Control – A system where the output is fed back and compared with the input to minimise error.
闭环控制（Closed‑Loop Control） – 将输出反馈并与输入比较以减小误差的系统。
PID Controller – A control loop mechanism employing Proportional, Integral and Derivative actions to maintain a desired setpoint.
PID 控制器（PID Controller） – 利用比例、积分和微分作用的控制回路机制，用于维持设定点。
6. Thermodynamics & Fluids | 热力学与流体术语
Specific Heat Capacity (c) – The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 K or 1 °C.
比热容（Specific Heat Capacity, c） – 使 1 kg 物质温度升高 1 K 或 1 °C 所需的能量。
Thermal Conductivity (k) – A material property indicating its ability to conduct heat.
导热系数（Thermal Conductivity, k） – 表示材料导热能力的性能参数。
Efficiency (η) – For a heat engine, η = Wnet / Qin = 1 – Qout / Qin. Maximum efficiency is given by the Carnot cycle.
效率（Efficiency, η） – 对于热机，η = Wnet / Qin = 1 – Qout / Qin。最大效率由卡诺循环给出。
Bernoulli's Equation – For an inviscid, steady, incompressible flow: P + ½ρv² + ρgh = constant.
伯努利方程（Bernoulli's Equation） – 对无粘、稳态、不可压缩流体：P + ½ρv² + ρgh = 常数。
Reynolds Number (Re) – A dimensionless number, Re = ρvd/μ, predicting whether a flow is laminar or turbulent.
雷诺数（Reynolds Number, Re） – 无量纲数 Re = ρvd/μ，用于判断流动是层流还是湍流。
7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺术语
Casting – Pouring molten metal into a mould cavity where it solidifies, taking the shape of the cavity.
铸造（Casting） – 将熔融金属浇入型腔，凝固后获得型腔形状的工艺。
Forging – Shaping metal using compressive forces, typically delivered by a hammer or press, improving strength.
锻造（Forging） – 利用锤击或压力机施加压缩力使金属成形，同时改善强度。
CNC Machining – Computer Numerical Control machining where tool movements are pre‑programmed to produce parts with high accuracy.
数控加工（CNC Machining） – 通过预编程控制刀具运动，实现高精度零件加工的计算机数控技术。
Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing) – Joining materials layer by layer from a 3D model, as opposed to subtractive methods.
增材制造（3D Printing） – 根据三维模型逐层堆叠材料的成形技术，与减材制造相对。
Tolerance – The permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension; tight tolerances increase manufacturing cost.
公差（Tolerance） – 物理尺寸允许的变动范围；公差越小，制造成本越高。
8. Engineering Design & CAD/CAM | 工程设计与计算机辅助术语
CAD (Computer‑Aided Design) – The use of computer systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis or optimisation of a design.
CAD（计算机辅助设计） – 使用计算机系统辅助设计的创建、修改、分析或优化。
CAM (Computer‑Aided Manufacturing) – The use of software to control machine tools in the manufacturing process.
CAM（计算机辅助制造） – 通过软件控制机床完成制造过程。
FEA (Finite Element Analysis) – A numerical method for solving complex structural, thermal and fluid problems by breaking a geometry into small elements.
有限元分析（FEA） – 将几何模型离散为小单元来求解复杂结构、热与流体问题的数值方法。
Design for Manufacture (DFM) – The proactive design of products to simplify manufacturing, reduce cost and improve quality.
面向制造的设计（DFM） – 前瞻性地设计产品以简化制造、降低成本并提升品质。
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) – An analysis of the environmental impacts of a product from raw material extraction to disposal.
生命周期评估（LCA） – 分析产品从原料获取到废弃处理全过程的环境影响。
9. Standards, Safety & Sustainability | 标准、安全与可持续发展术语
BS EN ISO Standards – International and European standards adopted by the British Standards Institution, ensuring quality, safety and interchangeability.
BS EN ISO 标准 – 由英国标准协会采纳的国际与欧洲标准，确保质量、安全与互换性。
Risk Assessment – A systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity or undertaking.
风险评估（Risk Assessment） – 系统地评估项目或活动可能涉及的潜在风险的流程。
COSHH – Control of Substances Hazardous to Health regulations; required to manage chemical and biological risks in the workplace.
COSHH – 有害物质控制法规，要求管控工作场所的化学与生物风险。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) – Equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards, e.g. hard hats, safety goggles, respirators.
个人防护装备（PPE） – 为减少危险暴露所穿戴的装备，如安全帽、护目镜、防尘面具。
Circular Economy – An economic model aimed at minimising waste and making the most of resources through reuse, repair and recycling.
循环经济（Circular Economy） – 通过再用、维修和回收，最大限度减少废弃物并充分利用资源的经济模式。
10. Memorisation Techniques & Mnemonics Bonus | 记忆技巧与助记符锦囊
Acronyms – Create short words from first letters. For ductile versus brittle recall: 'DUCTILE' - Deforms, Ultimate warning, Cracks slowly, Tough, Impact resistant, Large strain, Energy absorbing. For brittle: 'BRITTLE' - Breaks suddenly, Rapid fracture, Instant failure, Tiny deformation, Transgranular cleavage, Low energy, Explosive sound.
首字母缩写法 – 用首字母组成单词。比如记忆塑性：'DUCTILE' 变形大、有预兆、缓慢开裂、韧性好、耐冲击、应变大、吸能。脆性：'BRITTLE' 断裂快、急速破坏、瞬间失效、变形小、解理断裂、低能量、声响清脆。
The 'Pairing' Technique – Link an engineering term with a vivid mental image. For example, picture 'shear stress' as a deck of cards sliding apart, and 'Young's modulus' as a stiff spring being stretched.
配对联想 – 把工程术语与生动的画面配对。例如，想象“剪应力”是一副扑克牌被横向错开，“杨氏模量”则是一根强硬的弹簧被拉长。
Flashcard Layering – Write the term on one side, the English definition on the other; later add a layer with a Chinese translation and an example equation. Review daily.
闪卡分层法 – 一面写术语，另一面写英文定义；随后添加上中文翻译和公式示例层，每天复习。
Equation Visualisation – = F/A as just symbols, visualise a force arrow pushing on a square, with the stress colour‑coded (e.g. red for overload). This anchors the formula in physical reality.
公式可视化 – 不要只记 σ = F/A 符号，想象一个用力箭头推在方块上，并用颜色标示应力大小（如超载为红色），使公式扎根于物理现实。
Teach It in 2 Minutes – Explain the term to a peer using both English and Chinese; teaching forces you to clarify concepts and uncover gaps.
两分钟讲授法 – 用中英双语给同伴解释术语；教授的过程倒逼你理清概念并发现盲点。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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