📚 Year 13 CAIE Physical Education: Essential Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | A-Level体育核心词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the precise vocabulary is crucial for success in the CAIE A-Level Physical Education examinations. This guide compiles key terms from anatomy, physiology, psychology, biomechanics and contemporary issues, each paired with a concise definition to accelerate your revision and improve exam technique.
掌握精确的术语词汇是在CAIE A-Level体育考试中取得成功的关键。本指南汇编了解剖学、生理学、心理学、生物力学和当代议题中的核心术语，每个术语都配以简洁的定义，以加快你的复习效率并提高考试技巧。
1. Cardiovascular & Respiratory Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统术语
troke volume or heart rate during exercise raises Q to supply working muscles with oxygen.
心输出量（Q）是心脏每分钟泵出的血液量（Q=心率×每搏输出量）。运动时每搏输出量或心率的增加会提升Q，为工作肌群供氧。
VO₂ max represents the maximum oxygen uptake attainable during exhaustive exercise; it is a gold-standard measure of aerobic power.
最大摄氧量（VO₂ max）代表力竭运动中能达到的最大摄氧能力，是衡量有氧功率的金标准。
oved in and out of the lungs per minute, calculated as tidal volume × breathing frequency.
每分通气量（VE）是每分钟进出肺部的空气总量，由潮气量×呼吸频率计算得出。
Arteriovenous Oxygen Difference (a-vO₂ diff) indicates the amount of oxygen extracted by tissues from the blood; a higher value reflects greater oxygen consumption at the muscle level.
动静脉氧差（a-vO₂ diff）反映组织从血液中摄取的氧量；数值越高说明肌肉水平的耗氧量越大。
Haemoglobin is the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds with oxygen; its concentration influences oxygen-carrying capacity.
血红蛋白是红细胞中含铁的蛋白质，能与氧结合；其浓度影响血液的携氧能力。
2. Muscular & Skeletal System Terms | 肌肉与骨骼系统术语
Motor Unit is a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates. The 'all-or-none' law states that when a motor unit is stimulated, all its fibres contract maximally.
运动单位指一个运动神经元及其所支配的全部肌纤维。“全或无”定律表明，当运动单位受刺激时，其所有肌纤维都会最大程度地收缩。
Slow Oxidative (Type I) fibres are fatigue-resistant, rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, and are suited for endurance activities.
慢氧化（I型）纤维抗疲劳，线粒体和肌红蛋白含量丰富，适合耐力运动。
Fast Glycolytic (Type IIb) fibres generate rapid, forceful contractions but fatigue quickly; they rely on anaerobic glycolysis.
快糖酵解（IIb型）纤维产生快速、有力的收缩但易疲劳，依赖无氧糖酵解供能。
Sliding Filament Theory explains muscle contraction: myosin heads bind to actin active sites, pulling actin filaments towards the sarcomere centre, shortening the muscle.
肌丝滑动学说阐释肌肉收缩：肌球蛋白头部与肌动蛋白结合位点结合，牵引肌动蛋白丝向肌节中心滑行，使肌节缩短。
Antagonistic Muscle Pairs act in opposition (e.g., biceps and triceps); one contracts as the agonist while the other relaxes as the antagonist to produce coordinated movement.
拮抗肌群成对作用（例如肱二头肌与肱三头肌）；一块收缩为主动肌，另一块舒张为拮抗肌，从而产生协调运动。
3. Energy Systems & Exercise Physiology | 能量系统与运动生理学
ATP-PC (phosphocreatine) system provides immediate energy for high-intensity efforts lasting up to 10 seconds, without oxygen and without forming lactate.
ATP-PC（磷酸肌酸）系统为不超过10秒的高强度运动即刻供能，无需氧气且不产生乳酸。
Anaerobic Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate, then converts it to lactate when oxygen is scarce, resynthesising ATP rapidly but causing a drop in pH (metabolic acidosis).
无氧糖酵解将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸，在缺氧时将其转化为乳酸，快速再合成ATP，但会导致pH降低（代谢性酸中毒）。
Lactate Threshold is the exercise intensity at which blood lactate concentration begins to rise exponentially; it is a strong predictor of endurance performance.
乳酸阈是指运动强度达到某个点后血乳酸浓度开始呈指数上升的转折点；它是预测耐力表现的重要指标。
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) is the elevated oxygen intake after strenuous activity to restore homeostasis, clear lactate, and replenish phosphocreatine and oxygen stores.
运动后过量氧耗（EPOC）指剧烈运动后持续升高的摄氧量，用于恢复内稳态、清除乳酸、补充磷酸肌酸和氧储备。
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) is VCO₂ / VO₂, used to estimate fuel usage; an RER of 0.7 suggests fat oxidation, while 1.0 indicates carbohydrate metabolism.
呼吸交换率（RER）是二氧化碳排出量与摄氧量之比，用于估计燃料使用；RER为0.7提示脂肪氧化，1.0表明碳水化合物代谢。
4. Biomechanics Principles & Motion | 生物力学原理与运动
Force is a push or pull that changes an object' , ground reaction force is the equal and opposite force exerted by the ground on the body.
力是改变物体运动的推或拉（F=m×a）。在运动中，地面反作用力是地面对身体施加的大小相等、方向相反的力。
nge in momentum and helps explain how extending the force application time can reduce injury.
动量（p=m×v）在封闭系统中守恒
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