📚 Year 13 Edexcel Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Memorisation Guide | Year 13 Edexcel 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific terminology is often the hidden challenge in Year 13 Edexcel Science. You need to recall definitions, link concepts, and apply precise language under exam pressure. This guide condenses memory hooks, mnemonics, and contextual tricks for the most frequently tested terms across Biology, Chemistry, and Physics. Use it alongside your notes to build a robust mental map of key vocabulary.
掌握科学术语往往是 Year 13 Edexcel 科学中隐蔽的挑战。你需要在考试压力下回忆定义、关联概念并运用精确的语言。本指南浓缩了生物、化学和物理中最常考术语的记忆挂钩、助记法和语境技巧。结合你的笔记使用它，以建立一个坚固的关键词汇心理地图。
1. Cellular Respiration Terminology | 细胞呼吸术语
Glycolysis splits glucose into pyruvate in the cytoplasm. Remember the ten intermediates with: 'Goodness Gracious, Father's Dog Sits Proudly; Auntie Pours Cookies' – Glucose, Glucose-6-phosphate, Fructose-6-phosphate, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, Dihydroxyacetone phosphate, Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate, 3-Phosphoglycerate, 2-Phosphoglycerate, Phosphoenolpyruvate, Pyruvate.
糖酵解在细胞质中将葡萄糖分解为丙酮酸。记住十个中间产物：'Goodness Gracious, Father's Dog Sits Proudly; Auntie Pours Cookies'——葡萄糖、葡糖-6-磷酸、果糖-6-磷酸、果糖-1,6-二磷酸、磷酸二羟丙酮、甘油醛-3-磷酸、1,3-二磷酸甘油酸、3-磷酸甘油酸、2-磷酸甘油酸、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸、丙酮酸。
The Krebs cycle produces reduced coenzymes and CO₂ in the mitochondrial matrix. Use the classic mnemonic: 'Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?' – Citrate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate, Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate.
克雷布斯循环在线粒体基质中生成还原型辅酶和 CO₂。使用经典助记法：'Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money, Officer?'——柠檬酸、异柠檬酸、α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酰辅酶 A、琥珀酸、延胡索酸、苹果酸、草酰乙酸。
Oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. Think 'Ox Phos' – oxidation drives phosphorylation. Protons flow back through ATP synthase, 'turning a molecular turbine'.
氧化磷酸化涉及电子传递链和化学渗透。想象“氧化磷酸化”——氧化作用驱动磷酸化。质子通过 ATP 合酶回流，“转动分子涡轮”。
2. Genetics and Gene Expression | 遗传与基因表达
The central dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein. Use 'Don't Read Poetry' s an to recall the flow. Transcription builds an mRNA strand complementary to the template strand of DNA, catalysed by RNA polymerase.
中心法则：DNA → RNA → 蛋白质。用“别读诗”来回忆流向。转录以 DNA 模板链为蓝本构建互补的 mRNA 链，由 RNA 聚合酶催化。
Translation occurs at ribosomes, where tRNA anticodons match mRNA codons. A helpful mnemonic for start/stop codons: 'AUG starts the show; UAA, UAG, UGA say "stop, you go away".'
翻译发生在核糖体，tRNA 反密码子与 mRNA 密码子配对。起始/终止密码子的助记法：“AUG 开场秀；UAA、UAG、UGA 说‘停，你走开’”。
Epistasis is when one gene masks the expression of another. Remember: 'Epistasis is like a blanket – it covers up' (e.g., coat colour in Labrador retrievers).
上位效应是指一个基因掩盖另一个基因的表达。记住：“上位像毯子——遮盖”（例如拉布拉多犬的毛色）。
3. Thermodynamics in Chemistry | 化学热力学
Gibbs free energy determines reaction feasibility:
ΔG = ΔH – T ΔS
When ΔG < 0, the reaction is spontaneous. The mnemonic 'Good Hot Tea System' (G = H – TS) helps recall the relationship.
吉布斯自由能决定反应可行性：ΔG = ΔH – T ΔS。当 ΔG < 0 时反应自发。助记符“好热茶系统”（G = H – TS）有助于回想此关系。
Standard enthalpy of formation, ΔHₓ°, refers to the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements under standard conditions. Remember: 'Formation builds from scratch'.
标准生成焓 ΔH₀ 指在标准状态下由单质生成一摩尔化合物时的焓变。记住：“生成从零开始构建”。
Entropy, S, is a measure of disorder. 'S for Scatter' – systems naturally increase their entropy unless energy is supplied to maintain order.
熵 S 是混乱度的量度。“S 代表分散”——系统自然趋向熵增，除非有能量维持秩序。
4. Redox and Electrochemistry | 氧化还原与电化学
The mnemonic 'OIL RIG' is essential: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons). For electrolysis, 'AN OX, RED CAT' reminds us that oxidation occurs at the anode and reduction at the cathode.
助记符“OIL RIG”至关重要：氧化是失去电子，还原是得到电子。对于电解，“阳氧阴还原”提醒我们氧化发生在阳极，还原发生在阴极。
Standard electrode potentials, Eº, are measured against the standard hydrogen electrode. The cell EMF is given by:
E⁰(cell) = E⁰(reduced) – E⁰(oxidised)
Think 'Right – Left' when using a cell diagram.
标准电极电势 E⁰ 以标准氢电极作为参比。电池电动势：E⁰(电池) = E⁰(还原) – E⁰(氧化)。使用电池图时可想成“右减左”。
5. Organic Chemistry Reaction Types | 有机化学反应类型
Nucleophiles are electron-pair donors that love positive charge. Recall: 'Nu- is new friend to nucleus'; electrophiles are electron-pair acceptors, 'Electro loves electrons'.
亲核试剂是电子对供体，喜爱正电荷。回想：“亲核是原子核的新朋友”；亲电试剂是电子对受体，“亲电爱电子”。
For nucleophilic substitution: SN1 proceeds via a carbocation intermediate and gives racemisation; SN2 is bimolecular with inversion of configuration. 'One step slow, two steps go.'
亲核取代：SN1 经过碳正离子中间体，导致外消旋化；SN2 是双分子反应，构型翻转。“一步慢，两步走”。
Free radical substitution involves initiation, propagation, and termination. The sequence is 'Initiation starts with light; propagation keeps the chain going; termination kills the radicals.'
自由基取代涉及链引发、链增长和链终止。顺序是“引发靠光；增长让链延续；终止杀灭自由基”。
6. Electric and Magnetic Fields | 电场与磁场
th is defined as E = F/q, while gravitational field strength is g = F/m. Use the parallel: 'E for electrical, g for gravity – both force per unit something.'
电场强度定义为 E = F/q，而重力场强度为 g = F/m。记住平行关系：“E 为电，g 为重力——都是单位‘某物’所受的力”。
Magnetic fields are created by moving charges or permanent magnets. Fleming' or effect: thumb = force, first finger = field (N to S), second finger = current (+ to -).
磁场由运动电荷或永磁体产生。弗莱明左手定则给出电动机效应：拇指 — 力，食指 — 磁场（N 到 S），中指 — 电流（+ 到 -）。
Capacitance, C = Q/V, measures the ability to store charge. Mnemonic: 'Charlie Quits Violin' – charge over voltage.
电容 C = Q/V，衡量储存电荷的能力。助记：“查理放弃小提琴”——电荷除以电压。
7. Quantum Phenomena and Wave-Particle Duality | 量子现象与波粒二象性
The photoelectric effect: electrons are emitted from a metal surface when incident light exceeds the threshold frequency. Use 'P.E.E. – Photon Energy Exceeds work function (ϕ)'.
光电效应：当入射光频率超过阈值频率时，电子从金属表面逸出。用“PEE——光子能量超过功函数 (ϕ)”。
De Broglie wavelength:
λ = h / p
Particles exhibit wave-like behaviour; the wavelength is inversely proportional to momentum. 'Wavelength is small for heavy, fast bullets.'
德布罗意波长：λ = h / p。粒子表现出波的行为；波长与动量成反比。“重而快的子弹波长小”。
tronvolt, eV, is the energy gained by an electron moved through 1 V: 1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J. 'eV is energy for voltage.'
电子伏特 eV 是电子在 1 伏特电势差下获得的能量：1 eV = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J。“eV 是电压对应的能量”。
8. Nerve Impulses and Synapses | 神经冲动与突触
The resting potential is maintained at about –70 mV by the Na⁺/K⁺ pump. A simple count: '3 Na⁺ out, 2 K⁺ in – three outsides, two insides.' This creates a negative interior.
静息电位由钠钾泵维持在约 –70 mV。简单的计数：“3 个 Na⁺ 出，2 个 K⁺ 进——三出二进”。这营造了膜内负电。
Action potential stages: depolarisation (Na⁺ channels open), repolarisation (K⁺ channels open), hyperpolarisation (overshoot), then return to resting. 'Na rushes in, K rushes out.'
动作电位阶段：去极化（Na⁺ 通道开放）、复极化（K⁺ 通道开放）、超极化（过冲），然后恢复静息。“钠冲进来，钾冲出去”。
Saltatory conduction occurs in myelinated axons: the action potential jumps from node of Ranvier to node. Imagine 'a salmon leaping between stones' to remember the speed boost.
跳跃传导发生在有髓轴突中：动作电位从一个郎飞氏结跳至下一个。想象“鲑鱼在石头间跳跃”以记住速度的提升。
9. Ecological Succession and Populations | 生态演替与种群
Succession is the change in species composition over time. Primary succession starts on bare rock; pioneer species like lichens create soil. Think 'Pioneers prepare the ground.'
演替是物种组成随时间的变化。初级演替始于裸露岩石；地衣等先锋物种创造土壤。想象“先锋物种开疆拓土”。
Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an ecosystem can support. Mnemonic: 'Carrying capacity is the cap on the population.'
环境容纳量是生态系统能支撑的最大种群数量。助记：“容纳量是种群的上限帽”。
tition is between members of the same species; interspecific is between different species. 'Intra = inside one species; Inter = between species.'
种内竞争是同一物种成员间的竞争；种间竞争是不同物种间的竞争。“Intra = 在一个物种内部；Inter = 物种之间”。
10. Nuclear Physics | 核物理
The rate of radioactive decay follows:
N = N₀ e–λ t
where λ is the decay constant. Half-life links to λ by T₁/₂ = ln 2 / λ. 'Half-life is inversely proportional to decay constant.'
放射性衰变速率遵循：N = N₀ e–λ t，其中 λ 是衰变常数。半衰期与 λ 关系：T₁/₂ = ln 2 / λ。“半衰期与衰变常数成反比”。
inding energy: The mass of a nucleus is less than the sum of its individual nucleons. This 'missing mass' multiplied by c² gives the binding energy. Remember 'E = m c² – energy for missing mass.'
质量亏损与结合能：原子核的质量小于其单个核子质量之和。这个“丢失的质量”乘以 c² 得到结合能。记住“E = m c²——为丢失的质量而存在的能量”。
Activity, A = λ N, is measured in becquerels (Bq). 'Activity = constant × number of radioactive nuclei.'
活度 A = λ N，单位为贝克勒尔 (Bq)。“活度 = 常数 × 放射性原子核数”。
11. Common Confusions and Memory Hooks | 常见混淆与记忆挂钩
Endothermic vs exothermic: 'Endothermic Enters heat, Exothermic Exits heat.' An endothermic reaction feels cold; exothermic feels hot.
吸热与放热：“Endothermic 吸入热，Exothermic 排出热”。吸热反应感觉冷；放热反应感觉热。
Genotype vs phenotype: 'Genotype is the Genetic code; Phenotype is the Physical expression.' A sunflower's genotype may code for height, but the phenotype depends on environment.
基因型与表现型：“基因型是遗传密码；表现型是物理表达”。向日葵的基因型可能编码株高，但表现型依赖于环境。
Accuracy vs precision: accuracy is closeness to the true value; precision is closeness among repeated measurements. 'aCcurate is Correct; Precise is clustered.'
准确度与精确度：准确度是接近真实值的程度；精确度是重复测量之间的接近程度。“accurate 是正确的；precise 是聚拢的”。
Scalar vs vector: scalar has magnitude only (e.g., speed, energy); vector has magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity, force). 'V for Vector and V for direction.'
标量与矢量：标量只有大小（如速率、能量）；矢量有大小和方向（如速度、力）。“V 代表矢量，也代表方向”。
12. Quick-Reference Terminology Table | 速查术语表
Below is a condensed table of high-yield terms paired with memory triggers. Use it for last-minute revision to lock in definitions.
以下是一个浓缩的高频术语表，搭配记忆触发器。用于考前最后一刻复习以锁定定义。
| Term (English) | Memory Trigger |
|---|---|
| Activation Energy (Eₐ) | The energy hill to climb; 'Activation = Action start' |
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