📚 Year 13 Edexcel Biology: Rapid Memorisation Guide to Key Terminology | Year 13 Edexcel 生物：词汇术语速记指南
Building a rich biological vocabulary is the fastest route to higher marks in Year 13 Edexcel Biology. Once you move beyond rote definitions and see the logic inside each term – its roots, its story, its connections – you unlock the command of language that examiners reward. This guide distils the subject's most challenging terminology into simple memory hooks, root–word breakdowns and contrasting pairs, so you can learn more in less time and recall it precisely under exam pressure.
建立丰富的生物词汇库是 Year 13 Edexcel 生物斩获高分的最快途径。当你超越死记硬背，看懂每个术语内部的逻辑——它的词根、它的故事、它的联系——你就掌握了一种考官青睐的语言能力。本指南将科目中最棘手的术语提炼为简单的记忆锚点、词根拆解和对比成对，帮助你用更少的时间学得更多，并在考试压力下精准再现。
1. Why Master Terminology? | 为何要掌握术语？
In Edexcel Year 13 Biology, questions regularly begin with 'Define the term…' or 'Explain what is meant by…', and command words such as 'describe' and 'explain' demand precise scientific vocabulary. A loosely worded answer loses marks even when the underlying understanding is sound. Moreover, the A2 topics – bioenergetics, nervous coordination, ecosystems, genetics and evolution – are built on a tightly knit web of technical terms. When you master the terminology, you are simultaneously building a mental framework that makes processes like chemiosmosis or allopatric speciation feel obvious rather than abstract.
在 Edexcel 13 年级生物中，试题常以“定义术语……”或“解释……的含义”开头，“描述”与“解释”等指令词都要求精确的科学词汇。即使理解到位，措辞松散的回答仍会丢分。此外，A2 阶段诸主题——生物能学、神经协调、生态系统、遗传与进化——全都构建在一张紧密交织的术语网络之上。当你掌握术语时，你同时在搭建一个思维框架，让化学渗透或异域物种形成等过程变得清晰直观，而非抽象难懂。
2. The Power of Word Roots | 词根的力量
Many biological terms can be cracked open like a safe if you know the Greek and Latin roots. Treat every term as a puzzle: 'photo-' means light, '-synthesis' means putting together, so photosynthesis is literally 'putting together with light'. 'Glyco-' refers to sweet or sugar; '-lysis' means splitting; glycolysis is therefore the splitting of glucose. 'Troph' relates to nourishment – autotroph (self-feeding) and heterotroph (feeding on others). 'Hyper-' means above or excessive, 'hypo-' below or deficient, 'iso-' equal. Once you collect a handful of these building blocks, unfamiliar terms in the exam become decipherable on the spot.
如果你了解希腊语和拉丁语词根，很多生物术语就能像打开保险箱一样被拆解。把每个术语看作拼图：“photo-”意为光，“-synthesis”意为组合，因此 photosynthesis 的字面意思就是“用光来组合”。“glyco-”指甜或糖；“-lysis”是裂解，所以 glycolysis 即葡萄糖的裂解。“troph”与营养有关——autotroph（自养）和 heterotroph（异养）。“hyper-”表示超出或过多，“hypo-”表示低下或不足，“iso-”表示相等。一旦你收集了一批这样的构词元件，考试中遇到的陌生术语当场就能猜出含义。
3. Photosynthesis Terminology Unlocked | 破解光合作用术语
Photophosphorylation – 'photo' + 'phosphorylation' – is the light-driven addition of a phosphate group to ADP to make ATP. Picture a beam of light photographing a phosphate onto ADP. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves electrons cycling back to the photosystem, producing ATP only; non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces ATP, reduced NADP and O₂.
光合磷酸化——“photo”+“phosphorylation”——是光能驱动下将磷酸基团加到 ADP 上生成 ATP 的过程。想象一束光把磷酸基团“拍照”粘贴到 ADP 上。环式光合磷酸化中电子循环回到光系统，只产生 ATP；非环式光合磷酸化则产生 ATP、还原型 NADP 和 O₂。
Photolysis – 'light splitting' – uses light energy to split water: 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ + O₂. Link it to 'photo' (light) and 'lysis' (break). Chemiosmosis – 'chemi-' (chemical) + 'osmosis' (pushing) – member Rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) as the enzyme that grabs CO₂, and that GP (glycerate 3-phosphate) is reduced to GALP (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate) using ATP and reduced NADP.
光解——“light splitting”——利用光能分解水：2H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ + O₂。把它与“photo”（光）和“lysis”（裂解）联系起来。化学渗透——“chemi-”（化学）+“osmosis”（推进）——描述 H⁺ 沿电化学梯度通过 ATP 合酶的运动，以此驱动 ATP 合成。卡尔文循环固定 CO₂；请记住 Rubisco（核酮糖二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶）是捕捉 CO₂ 的酶，GP（甘油酸-3-磷酸）在 ATP 和还原型 NADP 的作用下被还原为 GALP（甘油醛-3-磷酸）。
4. Respiration Terminology in a Nutshell | 呼吸作用术语一览
Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm; 'glyco-' (sugar) + 'lysis' (splitting) yields pyruvate, a small amount of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and reduced NAD. The link reaction decarboxylates and dehydrogenates pyruvate to form acetyl CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix. Oxidative phosphorylation takes place on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae); here the electron transport chain transfers electrons, pumping H⁺ to create a proton gradient, and chemiosmosis produces the bulk of ATP.
糖酵解发生在细胞质中；“glyco-”（糖）+“lysis”（裂解）生成丙酮酸、少量 ATP（底物水平磷酸化）和还原型 NAD。连接反应使丙酮酸脱羧脱氢，形成乙酰辅酶 A，后者进入线粒体基质中的克雷布斯循环。氧化磷酸化在线粒体内膜（嵴）上进行；在这里电子传递链传递电子，泵出 H⁺ 形成质子梯度，通过化学渗透产生大量 ATP。
To memorise the sequence, use the story chain: Glucose is split (glycolysis) → pyruvate links to acetyl CoA → acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle → electrons power the ETC → oxidative phosphorylation harvests ATP. Remember that NAD⁺ and FAD act as electron carriers; when reduced they become NADH and FADH₂.
要记住顺序，可以使用故事链：葡萄糖被裂解（糖酵解）→ 丙酮酸连接成乙酰辅酶 A → 乙酰辅酶 A 进入克雷布斯循环 → 电子驱动电子传递链 → 氧化磷酸化收获 ATP。请记住 NAD⁺ 和 FAD 是电子载体；被还原后成为 NADH 和 FADH₂。
5. Nerves and Signals: Key Terms | 神经与信号：关键术语
Resting potential is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest (around −70 mV). When a stimulus opens voltage-gated Na⁺ channels, depolarisation occurs as Na⁺ floods in and the inside becomes less negative. If the threshold potential is reached, an action potential fires – a rapid, all-or-nothing rise and fall in membrane potential. Repolarisation follows as K⁺ channels open and K⁺ exits; hyperpolarisation is a brief overshoot below resting potential.
静息电位是神经元静息时的膜电位（约 −70 mV）。当刺激打开电压门控 Na⁺ 通道时，Na⁺ 内流使膜内负电性减弱，发生去极化。若达到阈电位，动作电位爆发——膜电位一次快速的、全或无式的升降。随后 K⁺ 通道开放、K⁺ 外流引起复极化；超极化则是短暂低于静息电位的超射。
Saltatory conduction – from Latin 'saltare' (to jump) – occurs in myelinated axons, where action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next, speeding up transmission. At the synapse, the presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft; the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, generating an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Summation can be spatial (several presynaptic neurons) or temporal (rapid succession from one neuron).
跳跃传导——源自拉丁语“saltare”（跳跃）——发生在有髓鞘的轴突上，动作电位从一个郎飞结跳至下一个，加快传递速度。在突触处，突触前神经元将神经递质释放到突触间隙；神经递质与突触后膜上的受体结合，产生兴奋性或抑制性突触后电位。总和可以是空间总和（多个突触前神经元）或时间总和（单一神经元的快速接连发放）。
6. Ecosystems and Energy Flow | 生态系统与能量流动
Biomass is the total mass of living material in a given area or trophic level. Trophic levels describe feeding positions: producers (autotrophs), primary consumers, secondary consumers, and so on. Energy flow is captured by the equation:
生物量是给定区域或营养级中活物质的总质量。营养级描述取食层次：生产者（自养生物）、初级消费者、次级消费者等等。能量流动由下式捕捉：
NPP = GPP − R
photosynthesis; net primary production (NPP) is what remains after respiratory losses (R) – nergy is available to the next trophic level. Efficiency transfers are typically low (≈ 10%).
总初级生产量（GPP）是光合作用转化为化学能的总光能；净初级生产量（NPP）是扣除呼吸消耗（R）后剩余的部分——这部分能量可供下一个营养级利用。能量传递效率通常很低（约 10%）。
on (organic N → NH₄⁺). Eutrophication is the enrichment of water with nutrients, leading to algal blooms, oxygen depletion and death of aquatic life. Succession describes the directional change in a community over time, from pioneer species to a climax community.
营养循环术语：固氮（N₂ → NH₄⁺/NH₃）、硝化（NH₄⁺ → NO₂⁻ → NO₃⁻）、反硝化（NO₃⁻ → N₂）、氨化（有机氮 → NH₄⁺）。富营养化是水体营养盐富集，导致藻华、缺氧和水生生物死亡。演替描述群落随时间发生的定向变化，从先锋物种到顶极群落。
7. Genetics & Evolution Terminology | 遗传与进化术语
Gene – a sequence of DNA that codes for a polypeptide. Allele – an alternative form of a gene. Genotype is the genetic constitution; phenotype is the observable characteristic, shaped by genotype and environment. Homozygous means having two identical alleles at a locus; heterozygous means having two different alleles.
Gene（基因）——编码一段多肽的 DNA 序列。Allele（等位基因）——基因的另一种形式。Genotype（基因型）是遗传组成；Phenotype（表现型）是可观察的特征，由基因型和环境共同塑造。Homozygous（纯合）指某基因座上有一对相同的等位基因；Heterozygous（杂合）指有一对不同的等位基因。
Gene pool – all the alleles in a population. Allele frequency – how common an allele is in the gene pool. Genetic drift – der effects (small group colonises a new area). Speciation is the formation of a new species; allopatric speciation ('allo-' = other, 'patric' = fatherland) requires geographical isolation, whereas sympatric speciation ('sym-' thout geographical barriers, often through behavioural or temporal reproductive isolation.
基因库——一个种群中全部的等位基因。等位基因频率——某等位基因在基因库中的常见程度。遗传漂变——等位基因频率的随机变动，在小种群中作用尤为显著；它包括瓶颈效应（种群急剧缩减）和奠基者效应（一个小群体移居新区域）。Speciation 是新物种的形成；异域物种形成（“allo-”=其他，“patric”=祖国）需要地理隔离，而同域物种形成（“sym-”=共同）则在没有地理屏障的情况下发生，通常通过行为或时间上的生殖隔离实现。
8. Commonly Confused Term Pairs | 常见易混淆术语辨析
Gene vs Allele: A gene is a region of DNA that determines a trait; an allele is a specific version of that gene. Think of 'gene' as the street and 'allele' as the house number.
Gene vs Allele：基因是决定性状的一段 DNA 区域；等位基因是该基因的一个具体版本。可以把“基因”想象成街道，“等位基因”则是门牌号。
Genotype vs Phenotype: Genotype is the instruction manual; phenotype is the product assembled from those instructions plus environmental influences. A plant may have the genotype for tallness but a stunted phenotype if deprived of light.
Genotype vs Phenotype：基因型是说明书；表现型是根据说明书加上环境影响组装出来的成品。一株植物可能拥有高杆的基因型，但若缺乏光照，就会表现出矮化的表现型。
Habitat vs Niche: A habitat is the organism's address; the niche is its profession – its role in the ecosystem, including what it eats, what eats it, and its impact on the environment.
Habitat vs Niche：栖息地是生物的住址；生态位是它的职业——在生态系统中的角色，包括它吃什么、被谁吃，以及对环境的影响。
Transcription vs Translation: eotides); translation decodes mRNA into a polypeptide (change of language to amino acids). 'Transcribe' = write across, 'translate' = change language.
Transcription vs Translation：转录是将 DNA 抄写成 mRNA（同属核苷酸语言）；翻译是把 mRNA 解码为多肽（换成氨基酸语言）。Transcribe 即誊写，translate 即翻译。
9. Active Recall and Flashcards | 主动回忆与闪卡
Flip the typical flashcard: put the term on one side and, instead of
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