📚 Year 12 CAIE Sociology: Key Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 12 CAIE 社会学：核心词汇速记指南
Mastering sociological terminology is the first step to scoring high in CAIE AS Sociology. This guide breaks down must-know concepts into manageable bite-sized definitions, each paired with a quick memory aid. Use these to anchor your understanding and recall during exams.
掌握社会学术语是在CAIE AS社会学考试中取得高分的第一步。本指南将必知概念分解为易消化的定义，每条都配有巧记法。用它们来巩固理解，助力考试回忆。
1. Core Sociological Concepts | 核心社会学概念
Norms: Unwritten rules of behaviour shared by members of a society, guiding everyday actions like queuing or greeting.
规范： 社会成员共享的不成文行为规则，指导排队、问候等日常举动。默念 "norm" 就像 "normal"，规范界定什么是 "正常"。
Values: Deeply held beliefs about what is good, right, and desirable, which underpin specific norms (e.g., respect for elders).
价值观： 关于何为好、对、可取的深层信念，支撑着具体规范（如尊老）。记住：价值观是根基，规范是枝叶。
Culture: The whole way of life of a society, including language, norms, values, clothes, and technology.
文化： 一个社会的整体生活方式，囊括语言、规范、价值观、服饰、技术等。联想 "culture" 取自 "cultivate"——一群人共同培育的生活土壤。
Cultural relativism: The practice of understanding a culture on its own terms, without judging it against the standards of another.
文化相对主义： 用该文化自身的尺度去理解它，不拿别的文化标准来评判。关键词 "相对"——没有绝对的高低，只有相对的差异。
2. Socialisation and Its Agents | 社会化及其机构
Socialisation: The lifelong process by which individuals learn the culture of their society and internalise norms and values.
社会化： 个体学习所处社会的文化、内化规范与价值观的终身过程。拆字记："社会化" 即将人变得具备 "社会性" 的过程。
Primary socialisation: Early childhood learning, mainly within the family, where basic norms, language, and values are absorbed.
初级社会化： 早期童年学习，主要在家庭内，吸收基本规范、语言和价值观。 "初级" 如地基，打下个性与情感根基。
Secondary socialisation: Later learning beyond the family, carried out by schools, peer groups, media, and workplaces.
次级社会化： 走出家庭后的学习历程，由学校、同伴群体、媒体和工作场所完成。记 "次"为 "接着"，是进入更广阔社会的延伸训练。
Agencies of socialisation: The specific institutions and groups that deliver socialisation; key examples are the family, education, peer group, mass media, and religion.
社会化机构： 实施社会化的具体组织和群体；典型者为家庭、学校、同伴、大众传媒和宗教。想象 "机构" 是输送文化规则的 "传送带"。
3. Identity and the Self | 身份与自我
Identity: A person's sense of who they are, shaped by social interactions and group memberships.
身份： 一个人对 "我是谁" 的感知，由社会互动与群体归属塑造。问自己 "ID"——这就是你的身份标签。
Ascribed status: A social position fixed at birth or assigned involuntarily, like sex, race, or royal title.
先赋地位： 天生注定或非自愿赋予的社会位置，如性别、种族、贵族头衔。"Ascribed" 含 "scribe"（刻写），出生时即被刻上。
Achieved status: A social position gained through personal effort, talent, or choice, such as doctor, athlete, or criminal.
自致地位： 通过个人努力、才能或选择获得的社会位置，如医生、运动员或罪犯。"Achieved" 就是靠自己 "达到"。
Looking-glass self (Cooley): The theory that we develop our self-image through the reflections and reactions of others, as if looking in a mirror.
镜中我（库利）： 我们通过他人的反映与回应形成自我形象，就像照镜子一样。想象你从他人的瞳孔里看见自己。
4. Research Methods Terminology | 研究方法术语
Validity: The extent to which a research study measures what it claims to measure, providing a true picture of social reality.
效度： 研究在多大程度上真正测量了它声称要测量的东西，如实反映社会真实。"效" 即 "有效"，数据是否抓住了真相。
Reliability: The consistency of research findings; if repeated under the same conditions, the study would produce similar results.
信度： 研究结果的可重复一致性；在相同条件下重复也能得到类似结果。信——"可信"，结果不能碰运气。
Operationalisation: The process of turning abstract sociological concepts into measurable variables (e.g., defining "poverty" as income below 60% of median).
操作化： 把抽象社会学概念转化为可测量变量的过程（如将 "贫困" 定义为收入低于中位数60%）。让概念 "落地"，变得可操作。
Triangulation: Using multiple research methods or data sources to cross-check findings, thus increasing both validity and reliability.
三角测量： 使用多种方法或数据来源交叉验证研究结果，从而提升效度与信度。几根柱子支起帐篷，一个倒了还有别的撑住真相。
5. Sampling and Ethical Issues | 抽样与伦理议题
Sampling: Selecting a smaller group (sample) from the wider research population to represent it in a study.
抽样： 从更广泛的研究总体中选取较小的组（样本）来代表整体。好比从一锅汤里舀一勺尝咸淡。
Random sampling: Every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected, which boosts representativeness.
随机抽样： 目标总体中每个成员被选中的概率均等，增强代表性。"Random" 确保不带偏见，像抽签。
Stratified sampling: Dividing the population into known strata (e.g., age groups) and sampling proportionally from each to mirror the overall structure.
分层抽样： 将总体划分为已知层级（如年龄组），再从各层按比例取样，以复制整体结构。分层如切蛋糕，每层都拿一些。
Ethical issues: Moral principles that guide research conduct, including informed consent, confidentiality, anonymity, and protection of participants from harm.
伦理问题： 指导研究行为的道德原则，包括知情同意、保密、匿名、保护参与者免受伤害。研究做得再漂亮，不可伤人一根毫毛。
6. Family Types and Diversity | 家庭类型与多样性
Nuclear family: A family unit consisting of two married, opposite-sex parents and their biological children, often idealised in traditional models.
核心家庭： 由一对已婚异性父母及其亲生子女组成的家庭单位，在传统模型中被理想化。"核" 心——紧密的直系小家庭。
Extended family: A family arrangement that goes beyond the nuclear unit to include grandparents, aunts, uncles, or cousins living together or nearby.
扩展家庭： 超越核心单元的家庭安排，包含同住或邻近的祖辈、姨舅、堂表亲等。纵向横向都 "扩" 充了亲属网。
Reconstituted family: Also called a blended or stepfamily, formed when adults bring children from previous relationships into a new partnership.
重组家庭： 也称为混合家庭或继亲家庭，成年人在新伴侣关系中带入先前关系的子女。"再" 一次 "组" 织，把碎片拼成新图。
Same-sex family: A family headed by a same-sex couple who may raise biological, adopted, or donor-conceived children.
同性家庭： 由同性伴侣主导的家庭，他们可能抚养亲生、领养或捐卵/捐精生育的子女。挑战传统定义，家庭的核心是关爱而非性别。
7. Functions of the Family | 家庭的功能
Primary socialisation: As described earlier, the family's role in teaching children society’s norms and values from a very young age.
初级社会化： 如前所述，家庭负责在幼儿期传授社会规范和价值观。家庭是社会的 "第一间教室"。
Stabilisation of adult personalities (Parsons): The emotional support that family members provide one another, especially through the "warm bath" analogy, helping adults cope with stress of the outside world.
成人人格稳定（帕森斯）： 家庭成员之间提供的情感支持，尤其通过 "暖水池" 比喻，帮助成人缓解外界压力。回家就像泡进一缸温水，化解一天的疲劳。
Economic function: The family provides for its members' material needs—food, shelter, clothing—and historically acted as a unit of production.
经济功能： 家庭供给成员的物质需要——食、住、衣——历史上曾是生产单位。记住家庭的 "经济账本"：不仅是消费，也是资源再分配。
Reproduction: The family's role in producing the next generation and thereby ensuring the continuation of society.
再生产： 家庭承担繁衍下一代的责任，从而确保社会延续。"再生产" 既指生孩子，也指劳动力代际更替。
8. Education and Socialisation | 教育与社会化
Formal curriculum: The officially taught body of subjects and knowledge set out in timetables and syllabuses, such as maths, languages, and science.
正式课程： 时间表和教学大纲中明文规定的教学内容，如数学、语言、科学。一眼可见的 "明" 课。
Hidden curriculum: The unplanned, informal lessons learned at school—punctuality, obedience, competition, gender roles—transmitted through daily routines and teacher expectations.
隐性课程： 学校中未经计划的非正式学习——守时、服从、竞争、性别角色——通过日常惯例和教师期待传递。躲在正式课表背后的 "暗" 教育。
Labelling: The process by which teachers attach a definition or stereotype to a student (e.g., 'bright', 'troublemaker'), which can shape that student's self-concept and performance.
贴标签： 教师给某学生贴上定义或刻板印象（如 "聪明"、"捣蛋鬼"），这个过程可能塑造该生的自我认知与表现。像给商品打价格标签，学生由此被估价。
Self-fulfilling prophecy: When a label or prediction leads a student to behave in ways that make the initial false belief come true.
自我实现预言： 一个标签或预判导致学生做出相应行为，最终使原本不实的信念成真。你相信我会失败，然后我就真的 "如你所愿" 失败了。
9. Education and Inequality | 教育和不平等
Material deprivation: Lack of physical resources, such as poor housing, malnutrition, and insufficient educational materials, which can hinder academic achievement.
物质剥夺： 缺乏物质资源，如恶劣住房、营养不良、教育资料不足，从而妨碍学业成就。没书桌、没早餐，大脑也 "挨饿"。
Cultural deprivation: The theory that working-class underachievement stems from a deficiency in cognitive stimulation, language skills, and attitudes (e.g., immediate gratification) within the home.
文化剥夺： 一种理论，认为工人阶级学业不良源于家庭中认知刺激、语言技能和态度（如即时满足）的匮乏。不是穷在钱包，是 "穷" 在早期文化资本。
Cultural capital (Bourdieu): The knowledge, skills, tastes, and ways of speaking that middle-class families transmit, giving children an advantage in the education system.
文化资本（布迪厄）： 中产阶级家庭传递的知识、技能、品味和言说方式，在教育体系中赋予子女优势。文化也可以像金钱一样投资、积累、兑换。
Meritocracy (as ideology): A system where rewards and positions are supposedly allocated according to ability and effort; critics argue it obscures class, race, and gender inequalities.
精英治理（作为意识形态）： 声称奖励和位置按能力与努力分配的体制；批评者认为它掩盖了阶级、种族和性别不平等。宣扬 "你行你上"，却看不到起跑线早已画在不同地方。
10. Sociological Theories Overview | 社会学理论概览
Functionalism: A consensus theory viewing society as a stable system of interrelated parts, each serving a function to maintain social order and cohesion.
功能主义： 一种共识理论，视社会为稳定系统，各部分相互关联，各自发挥功能以维持社会秩序与团结。想象人体器官：心泵血、肺呼吸，社会亦然。
Marxism: A conflict approach focusing on class struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners) and the proletariat (workers), seeing society as defined by economic exploitation.
马克思主义： 一种冲突取向，聚焦资产阶级（所有者）与无产阶级（工人）的阶级斗争，认为社会由经济剥削定义。关键词 "冲突"——老板与工人的利益永远在拔河。
Feminism: A conflict theory highlighting patriarchy—the systematic dominance of men over women—and seeking to explain and end gender inequality.
女性主义： 强调父权制（男性对女性的系统性支配）的冲突理论，旨在解释并终结性别不平等。记住 "费米宁" 不是柔弱，是揭示性别权力结构。
Interactionism: A micro-level approach that focuses on small-scale, face-to-face interactions and how individuals construct meaning through language and symbols.
互动论： 微观取向，聚焦小范围、面对面的互动，以及个体如何通过语言和符号建构意义。把社会放大到每一场对话、每一个表情。
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